02 Studies in Honor of WKS

tudies in

onor of

illiam

elly

impson

Volume 1

Peter Der ManuelianEditor

Rita E. FreedProject Supervisor

Department of Ancient Egyptian,Nubian, and Near Eastern Art

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston1996

001-a Contents vol. 1 Page iii Thursday, July 22, 2004 1:55 PM

Front jacket illustration:

The Ptolemaic Pylon at the Temple of Karnak, Thebes, looking north. Watercolor over graphite by Charles Gleyre (18061874). Lent by the Trustees of the Lowell Institute. MFA 161.49. Photograph courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Back jacket illustration:

Palm trees at the Temple of Karnak, Thebes. Watercolor over graphite by Charles Gleyre. Lent by the Trustees of the Lowell Institute. MFA 157.49. Photograph courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Endpapers:

View of the Giza Pyramids, looking west. Graphite drawing by Charles Gleyre. Lent by the Trustees of the Lowell Institute. MFA 79.49. Photograph courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Frontispiece:

William Kelly Simpson at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1985

Title page illustration:

A document presenter from the Old Kingdom Giza mastaba chapel of Merib (

g

21001), north entrance thickness(gyptisches Museum Berlin, Inv. Nr. 1107); drawing by Peter Der Manuelian

Typeset in Adobe Trump Mediaeval and Syntax. Title display type set in CentaurEgyptological diacritics designed by Nigel StrudwickHieroglyphic fonts designed by Cleo Huggins with additional signs by Peter Der ManuelianJacket design by Lauren Thomas and Peter Der Manuelian

Edited, typeset, designed and produced by Peter Der Manuelian

Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1996All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher

isbn

0-87846-390-9

Printed in the United States of AmericabyHenry N. Sawyer Company, Charlestown, MassachusettsBound by Acme Bookbinding, Charlestown, Massachusetts

001-a Contents vol. 1 Page iv Thursday, July 22, 2004 1:55 PM

An Inventory List from Covingtons Tomb and Nomenclature for Furniture in the Old Kingdom

Edward Brovarski

eventy-five ye

inadequacy of

recently JanssRamesside village ostudies and special vprogress of egyptolo

the appearance of a that have extended

remains to be done.

2

Jac. J. Janssen,

Commo

3

A few such publicatio

Egyptian Miscellanies

(

Wrterbuch der gyptisc

auf den Jahreszeitenrelie

NAWG

8 (1961); 45 (1

Minerals

(Berlin, 1961);

Neuen Reiches

, pts. 16

Materialien zur Wirtsch

Wallert,

Fische und Fisch

and Wolfhart Westendor

Janssen,

Commodity Pric

Saqqara (QS 2405),

SAK

ihre Ttigkeit im Alten

graphique

, 3 vols. (Pari

materiaux pigraphique

Nathalie Baum,

Arbres e

4

In addition to the specilike to thank Dr. James Pme in a number of particwords on my behalf in

CDD

). I am also indebtedSherman, for editing andManuelian spent long hvolume, scanning and formatticompiling Table 1.

S

1

Battiscombe Gunn, Th

08 BROVARSKI Page 117 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMderably improving the manuscript. Finally, Dr. Peter Derbove and beyond the call of duty as editor of the presentng the numerous figures that accompany this article andars ago Battiscombe Gunn commented on the our lexical knowledge of ancient Egyptian.1 Moreen, in his masterly study of the economy at thef Deir el-Medineh, remarks that lexicographicalocabularies are among the most urgent needs for thegy.

2 Although the last few decades have witnessed

number of monographs and works of broader scope considerably our lexical knowledge,

3 a great deal

4

dity Prices from the Ramessid Period (Leiden, 1975), p. 3.ns which come readily to mind are Ricardo A. Caminos, Late-London, 1954); Hildegard von Deines and Hermann Grapow,hen Drogennamen (Berlin, 1959); Elmar Edel, Zu den Inschriftenfs der Weltkammer aus dem Sonnenheiligtum des Niuserre,964); J.R. Harris, Lexicographical Studies in ancient Egyptian Wolfgang Helck, Materialien zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte des(Wiesbaden, 196169), with Inge Hoffman, Indices zu W. Helck,aftsgeschichte des Neuen Reiches (Mainz, 1970); Ingrid Gamer-kulte im alten gypten (Wiesbaden, 1970); Hildegard von Deines

f, Wrterbuch der medizinischen Texte, 2 vols. (Berlin, 196162);es; Hartwig Altenmller, Das lmagazin im Grab des Hesire in 4 (1976), pp. 129; Rosemarie Drenkhahn, Die Handwerker und gypten (Wiesbaden, 1976); Dimitri Meeks, Anne Lexico-s, 19771982) (hereafter AL); Grard Charpentier, Recueil des relatifs la botanique de lEgypte Antique (Paris, 1981);t arbustes de lEgypte ancienne (Leuven, 1988).fic acknowledgments in footnotes of the present article, I would. Allen and Prof. Janet H. Johnson for sharing their expertise withulars. The latter, moreover, very agreeably looked up a number ofthe files of the Chicago Demotic Dictionary Project (hereafter to my wife, Del Nord, and an old friend and colleague, Elizabeth consi

ours, a

e Egyptian Word for short, RecTrav 39 (1920), p. 101.

Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson

118

In the course of an illustrious career in which he has made sig-nificant contributions to practically every branch of Egyptologyarchaeology, art, history, philology, and so onKelly Simpson hasshown a lively interest in lexicography, as demonstrated especially inthe four volumes of Papyrus Reisner.

5

Inasmuch as he has also publishedone of the offering lists that form the focus of the current article in avolume of the Giza Mastaba series initiated by him,

6

I hope he will findthe present study of interest. It is dedicated to him with heartfeltappreciation for more than twenty years of friendship, inspiration, andencouragement.

7

In the files of the Department of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, andNear Eastern Art inof an inventory list

on the lower cornerson Smith refers to his study of Old K

length:

This [the note] wouvated by Dow Covineast of the Third Khasekhemuwy, bustone mastaba whicrecollection, apparenand it is uncertain wtheless the possibiliis further strengthenan early compartmcalled

wn

determinwas made of wolf skpartment list is verytransition period Dwhole east wall of tpart of the decoratiois that the thousandmore common lateryellow in early pain

5

William Kelly Simpson

6

Idem,

Mastabas of the W

number (17) in the list of

7

The second part of this appear in the

Festschrift

8

I should like to thank toEastern Art, Museum oCovingtons Tomb. Mr

9

A History of Egyptian

1949), p. 141 (hereafter

H

08 BROVARSKI Page 118 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PM Boston is a drawing in pencil on aging brown paperof offerings (fig. 1).

8 Someone has written in pencil

of the sheet Covingtons Tomb. William Steven-the penciled note and discusses the offering list in

ingdom sculpture and painting.9 We quote him at

ld seem to refer to the large panelled brick mastaba exca-gton and Mr. Quibell on a high point in the ridge south-Pyramid. This tomb was probably of the reign of

t Covington also uncovered a few other pits and even ah is certainly as late as Dyn. IV, if not later. No one has any

tly, of the finding of a painted wall in any of these tombs,hether it came from a chapel or a burial-chamber. Never-

ty that it may have come from the great panelled mastabaed by inner evidence in the list itself. It is in the form of

ent list containing garments (including an unusual oneed by a wolf and apparently implying that the garment

in), furniture, granaries, food, and drink. This type of com- rare after the reign of Cheops, and is characteristic of the

yn. IIIIV. Its most elaborate form is exemplified by thehe corridor of Hesi-ra. Therefore it would form a suitablen of a mastaba of the end of Dyn. II. Another early detail sign is painted yellow instead of the green which became for all plant forms, basket work, &c., which were oftentings.

, Papyrus Reisner IIV, 4 vols. (Boston, 19631986).estern Cemetery: Part 1 (Boston, 1980), p. 35, pl. 61a, fig. 47; see

monuments on pp. 127ff. below.article, on the nomenclature of boxes and chests, is scheduled tofor another distinguished scholar, Prof. Edward F. Wente. Dr. Rita E. Freed, Curator of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, and Nearf Fine Arts, Boston, for permission to publish the list from. Nicholas Thayer redrew the pencil sketch in ink for publication.Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom, 2nd ed. (London,ESP).

Edward Brovarski,


The ridge referresouth of the Great Ptrees which, accordpictures taken at the

half a mile and, agaily at its southern enbuilt mastaba on th

10

W.M. Flinders Petrie,

G

Fig. 1. Inventory offering list from Covingtons Tomb.

08 BROVARSKI Page 119 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PM119

d to by Smith rises from the plain about half a mileyramid, above the Muslim cemetery and a group of

ing to Petrie, was a well-known landmark in many turn of the century.

10 The rock ridge runs south for

n as noted by Petrie, is riddled with tombs, especial-d. Covington and Quibell excavated the great brick-e top of the ridge in 19023, but the mastaba known

izeh and Rifeh (London, 1907), p. 1.


120

today as Covingtons Tomb was already marked on the plan ofLepsius.

11

Covington and Quibell opened and traced round the mastaba,and the formers 1905 report is illustrated with plans and a section.

12

Petrie investigated the great mastaba, which was designatedMastaba T by him, in 19067, discovering hundreds of fragments ofstone vessels in its subterranean chambers, stone balls (or marbles) for agame, a beautifully polished chert object, and model tools of copper.

13

Although no royal name was recovered, Petrie thought that the generalarrangement and position of the chambers beneath the mastaba were ofthe same basic type as the Third Dynasty mastabas uncovered byGarstang at Beit Khallaf.

14

He also noted that the mastaba had the sametype of all-round paning fourteen bays aand eight projection

On the east sidstone platform, of ture remained. A pi

Seeing Covingtopalace-facade mastadated it to the reignarchaeological group

Henri Frankfortpalace-facade mastacults, in that the arremonies.

18

The offedoors of the panellin

erations of Egyptian

11

Carl Richard Lepsius,

D

56), 1, pl. 14 (hereafter L

pyramids of Giza in Ka

between pp. 12223. Theplateau in Mark Lehner,

Notes

135 (Fall, 1992), fig

12

Dow Covington, Mas

13

Gizeh and Rifeh

, pp. 7

14

Ibid., p. 7. For the Beit

(London, 1901), pls. 7 and

15

Petrie,

Gizeh and Rife

16

Ibid., p. 7, pl. 3 A. Fro(ibid., p. 8) concluded thafor the king buried in t

17

George Andrew Reis

Accession of Cheops

(Ca

18

Henri Frankfort, The

pp. 34950.

08 BROVARSKI Page 120 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMelling as did the mastabas of early Dyn. 1, there be-nd fifteen projections in the length and seven bayss in the width.

15

e of Mastaba T, Petrie also cleared around a largewhich the basement of the walls of the superstruc-t in the middle was cleared but led to nothing.

16

ns Tomb/Giza Mastaba T as the last example of aba with elaborate panelling on all four sides, Reisner of Khasekhemuithat is, to the beginning of the characteristic of Dyn. 3.

17

noted the unsuitability of all-round niching in thebas of Dyns. 12 to the requirements of the offeringangement afforded no real focus for the funerary cer-rings were presumably deposited at one of the greatg immediately opposite the body.

19 Succeeding gen-

s sporadically distinguished the second niche fromenkmaeler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, 12 vols. (Berlin, 1849

D I/II); see Petrie, Gizeh and Rifeh, p. 7. See also the plan of therl Baedeker, Egypt and the Sdn, 8th rev. ed. (Leipzig, 1929), mastaba appears as well on the isometric drawing of the Giza

Excavations at Giza 19881991, Oriental Institute News and. 1.taba Mount Excavations, ASAE 6 (1905), pp. 193218. 8, pls. 3 A, 4, 6 D, E. Khallaf mastabas, see John Garstang, Mahasna and Bt Khallf 18.

h, pp. 78, pl. 7.m its location in front of Covingtons Tomb/Mastaba T, Petriet the stone platform might have been the base of a stone templehe mastaba.ner, The Development of the Egyptian Tomb down to thembridge, MA, 1936), p. 248. Origin of Monumental Architecture in Egypt, AJSL 58 (1941),

Edward Brovarski,


the south in some wayby adding a wooden flooring or a projectingentranceand ultimately by the withdrawal of the niche into the bodyof the mastaba and its expansion into an internal chapel.

20

Such a chapelwould indeed be the logical place for a painted offering list, protectedfrom the weather as it would be, but Covingtons Tomb lacks anysuch arrangement.

Cognizant of this difficulty, Smith says: it is uncertain whether itcame from a chapel or a burial-chamber. Since the earliest examples ofthe practice of decorating the walls of the burial chamber date to a muchlater period, namely to the end of the Fifth Dynasty, such a location canprobably be safely excluded from consideration.

21

Smith observed

Boston drawing is chis very rare after th

would form a suitabDyn. 2. In support osand sign is paintedcommon later for ayellow in early pain

Unfortunately, Stion, nor am I able the coloring of Old from the tombs of Kand Rahotep.

23

AccHathor-nefer-hetep

although the sign ina red base and stem

served paint to whiis yellow, the stem

19

George A. Reisner, T

(Cairo, 1934), p. 580.

20

See W.M. Flinders P

Memphis V

(London, 191

1914), p. 4, pl. 18; cf. Fra

21

George Andrew Reisne

by William Stevenson S

GN

2); Klaus Baer,

Rank

133, 293 [479].

22

HESP

, p. 141.

23

HESP

, pp. 36682.

24

Margaret A. Murray,

S

25

HESP

, pp. 374, 378 [M


that the type of inventory list represented in thearacteristic of the transition period of Dyn. 34, bute reign of Cheops.

22 He therefore felt that the list

le part of the decoration of a mastaba of the end off this early date, he further observed that the thou- yellow instead of the green which became more

ll plant forms, basketwork, etc., which were oftentings.mith provided no documentation for the last asser-

to substantiate it with reference to his appendix onKingdom hieroglyphs, which incorporates evidencehabausokar, Hathor-nefer-hetep, Nefermaat, Atet,

ording to Murray, the thousand sign in the niche ofis green,

24 as are those in Rahotep and Wepemnofret,

the slab-stele of Nefert-iabet has a yellow leaf and.25

In the only archaic niche-stone with well-pre-ch I have access, that of Imet from Saqqara, the leafred, and the rhizome black with green roots.

26

he History of the Egyptian Mastaba, in Mlanges Maspero 1

etrie, G.A. Wainwright, and A.H. Gardiner, Tarkhan I and3), p. 13, pls. 15 [2], 18; W.M. Flinders Petrie, Tarkhan II (London,

nkfort, Monumental Architecture, pp. 35152.r, A History of the Giza Necropolis, vol. 2, completed and revisedmith (Cambridge, MA, 1955), p. 57 (hereafter ReisnerSmith,and Title in the Old Kingdom (Chicago, 1960), pp. 126, 293 [455];

aqqara Mastabas 1 (London, 1904), pl. 42. 12].


122

Moreover, later examples of the inventory offering list do exist, forinstance, numbers (11)(23) in the following list of monuments, andthere is other evidence to suggest that the list from Covingtons Tombis not so early in date as Smith thought.

First, the list uses a later form of the determinative for mantles ormantle-like garments. In the early listsKha-bau-sokar (3), Hathor-nefer-hetep (4), Irensen (7), Metjen (8), and Rahotep (9)and in the pic-ture list on the eastern wall of the painted corridor of Hesyre, the deter-minative is , , , or the like. In the later lists from G 4260 (12)and anon. (13), those of Izi (14) and Setju (17), and the list preserved inBoston, the mantles are determined by .

27

Second, the term

otherwise first appereign of Shepseskaf.

Moreover, as a r

mw, mw, bdt, zw

almonds (

w

)

30

arCovingtons Tomb

In addition, in thhas two distinct forinstances it turns upwith leaf turned forwfrom the reign of Kslab-steles.

32

The uthe Old Kingdom, b

Finally, the last

pwt nkw(t) nbt,

While this entry occ

is a commonplace i

26

W. Stevenson Smith,

pl. 13. There exists in Bosthe stela was on deposit

27

In the panel of Nedji (6

b mw

with the later.

28

The letters in parenthsion below, pp. 130ff.

29

Winfried Barta,

Die alt

30

The tubers of

Cyperus

Hawa bei Aswan

II/1/2 (

31

Cf. Adolf Erman and

vols. (Berlin, 192631), 5

32

George Andrew Reisn

pls. 1720 and 57 (hereaf

33

Henry George Fischer,

08 BROVARSKI Page 122 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PM t bed (a) in the list from Covingtons Tombars in the furniture list from anon. (13) from the

Earlier the word for bed was st(-n-)t (g).28

ule in the Fourth Dynasty, the grain lists consist oft, and b.

29 Dates (bnr) and the so-called earth

e also common, and likewise appear in the list from along with an unknown grain or fruit, tw(?).

31

e list from Covingtons Tomb, the thousand-signms. While the leaf is usually turned forward, in twoward. In our corpus, the earliest instance of the signard occurs in the slab-stele of Seshat-sekhentiu (11)

hufu. Both versions of the sign appear in the otherpright leaf reappeared sporadically in the course ofut from then on the forward facing leaf was usual.

33

entry in the Covington Tomb list is t nb(t) bnrt rn-everything sweet, vegetables, and all donations.urs in none of the early inventory lists, it nbt bnrtn the great ritual offering list of the Old Kingdom

The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt (Baltimore, 1958),ton an aquarelle made by Joseph Lindon Smith in 193839, when

in Emerys magazine at Saqqara. ), mst is determined by an earlier form of the determinative and

eses refer to the lettering of the items of furniture in the discus-

gyptische Opferliste (Berlin, 1963), p. 45. esculentus L.; see Elmar Edel, Die Felsengrber der Qubbet elWiesbaden, 1970), p. 22 [7].Hermann Grapow, eds. Wrterbuch der gyptischen Sprache 5, p. 329, 17 (hereafter Wb. 15).er, A History of the Giza Necropolis 1 (Cambridge, MA, 1942),ter Reisner, GN 1). Ancient Egyptian Calligraphy (New York, 1988), p. 33 [M 12].

Edward Brovarski,


from the end of the Fourth Dynasty.

34

Slightly earlier

t nbt bnrt rnpwtnbt nkwt

appears on the south wall of the chapel of Khufukhaf I and onthe sarcophagus of Minkhaf, both sons of Khufu.

35

If, as internal evidence seems to indicate, the copy of the list inBoston is at least as late as the Fourth Dynasty, it obviously could nothave come from the structure known as Covingtons Tomb. Whatthen are we to make of the label on the drawing? Smith notes that DowCovington also uncovered a few other pits and a stone mastaba whichcertainly dates to Dyn. 4 or later. No one had any recollection of thefinding of a painted wall in any of these tombs, wrote Smith, yet it isnot impossible that the original offering list whose copy is now pre-served in Boston canearly denuded struthat bears his name(about 28 x 12 metr

mastaba built of im

mastaba is presumaeast side of Coving

If the fragmentamastaba, it may havtabas referred to byno details.

38

In his exhaustivtwo types, the rituaoffering list (Inven

ritual of the funerareffects and other equBartas inventory oment list.

40

As Smwhole east wall of most extensive exewould have it, the c

34

Hermann Junker,

Gza

Selim Hassan,

Excavatio

12, 16, 32, 40.

35

William Kelly Simpso

fig. 31; W. Stevenson Sm

36

Covington, Mastaba

37

Ibid., p. 196.

38

Ibid., p. 193. He does ras 1st, 3rd, and 26th Dyn

39

Barta,

Opferliste

, pp. 7

40

GN

1, pp. 33234.


me from the stone mastaba. Covington places thiscture just 11 meters to the east of the great mastaba, describing it as a large bluish-grey stone mastabaes) excavated by Mariette,

36 and again as a large

mense blocks of oyster-filled limestone.37

Thisbly identical with the large stone platform on thetons Tomb/Mastaba T excavated by Petrie.ry compartment list does not derive from the stonee been found in or near one of the other four mas-

Covington, about which he unfortunately provides

e study of offering lists, Prof. Barta distinguishedl offering list (Ritualopferliste) and the inventorytaropferliste).

39 Whereas the former preserves the

y offering cult, the latter enumerates the householdipment which might be of utility in the next world.

ffering list corresponds to Reisners old compart-ith notes, the so-called cupboard list covering thethe corridor in the tomb of Hesyre represents themplar of the inventory offering lists but, as fateaptions inscribed at the top of the wall have largely

, 12 vols. (Vienna, 19291955), 1, p. 258; Barta, Opferliste, p. 43;ns at Gza, 10 vols. (Oxford, 1932; Cairo, 193660), 6, pt. 2, pls. 7

n, The Mastabas of Kawab, Khafkhufu I and II (Boston, 1978),ith, The Coffin of Prince Min-khaf, JEA 19 (1933), pl. 22.Mount, p. 193; cf. p. 194.

efer to objects and fragments of 4th, 5th, and 6th Dynasty, as wellasty, date (ibid., p. 194).8.


124

been lost.

41

More complete offering lists include food and drink, linen,unguents and perfumes, mantles, metal utensils, stone vessels, house-hold furnishings, and on occasion, woodworking tools (14, 23).

42

Ra-hotep (9) adds to these board games, a ewer and basin for hand-washing,a beaded collar, a staff and scepter, and another item of uncertain iden-tity.

43

Kayemankh (23) also has a new class of objects that did not appearin the older listsa whole dockyard of ships and boating equipment.

In general, the elaborate system of compartition used by Khabau-sokar (3) and Hathor-nefer-hetep (4) was not followed, and an entry nor-mally consisted of only two compartments with the name of the objectabove and the thousand-sign below. Far rarer is the wide compartmentwith a heading that vides an indication ocase of pottery or muncommon is a sepBoston list is uniquwithin the same coSenenu (19, 20) set smaller compartmeitem. Grain ricks lafowl are frequently although on occasiotheir own (9, 12, 17,

Reisner, writinging list at Giza wasSeshemnofer I (21) holder slab-steles, sopolis.

44

The materiaken (if not always uthe Fifth Dynasty (

41

J.E. Quibell,

The Tomb

42

Cf. Barta,

Opferliste, p43 Cf. Barta, Opferliste, ppresent article, as they hTimothy Kendall, Passinancient Egyptian funerarL 5 (1985), cols. 6535(forthcoming British Musgypten 1 (Munich, 197Mehen, Mysteries, and 52; idem, The Historicatian Religion, (Ph.D. dis44 GN 1, pp. 33233.

08 BROVARSKI Page 124 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMspecifies the nature of the several objects below, pro-f the material from which they were made or, in theetal vessels, identifies their contents (21). Equally

arate compartment for the determinative (12). Thee in the present corpus in placing the thousand signmpartment as the named item, while the lists ofdeterminative and thousand-sign side by side in ant below the compartment with the name of thebeled with their contents and offerings of oxen andshown in a register beneath the compartment list,n, both ricks and offerings have compartments of 18). in 1942 when the evidence for the inventory offer- rather more limited than at present, assumed thatad copied the list on the east wall of his chapel fromme of which were then still visible in the necro-l available today (1521) suggests rather an unbro-niform) development until about the the middle of21, 22). Thereafter the inventory offering list does

of Hesy (Cairo, 1913), pls. 6, 7 [1], 1022.p. 89.. 37. The board games (mn, mn, znt) are not considered in the

ave been the subject of much discussion in recent years; see, e.g.,g through the Netherworld: The Meaning and play of senet, any game (Belmont, MA, 1978), p. 3, n. 1; idem, Schlangenspiel,

5; idem, Mehen: The Ancient Egyptian Game of the Serpent,eum publication); Edgar B. Pusch, Das Senet-Brettspiel im Alten9); idem, Senet, L 5 (1985), cols. 85155; Peter A. Piccione,Resurrection from the Coiled Serpent, JARCE 27 (1990), pp. 43l Development of the Game of Senet and its Significance for Egyp-sertation, University of Chicago, 1990).

Edward Brovarski, An Inventory List from Covingtons Tomb and Nomenclature for Furniture in the Old Kingdom

seem to fall out of favor, except for a brief revival in the so-calledGertekammer of Kayemankh (23).

The beginning of the compartment list in Boston is lost. Traces in-dicate five or more original registers, of which four remain. The first sur-viving register is damaged, but clearly contains part of a linen list,followed by a list of mantles, a furniture list, and eight grain ricks. It isthe last compartment that contains the phrase t nb(t) bnrt rnpwtnkw(t) nbt. The individual entries are as follows.

x + 1 [ . . . ]x + 2 zpt zpt-linen.

45 This type of cloth does not otherwise

appear in the linen-lists.46

x + 3 [ . . . ]x + 4 [ . . . ]x + 5 [ . . . ] [ .x + 6 [ . . . ] [ .x + 7 []sd cx + 8 wn wox + 9 srw orx + 10 -t plax + 11 (w?)t b

45 Henry G. Fischer, VaDynasty Titles Relating tMostly Textual, on Davpalimpsest, traces of a pr46 See, e.g., William Stev13949; Elmar Edel, Beden Kleiderlisten des Alt47 sd is to be found in Izi, in the Covington Topl. 24), and in the false dthese monuments, and aFifth (Baer, Rank and TiTombs of the Old Kingdoof sd ) serves to design16 and XV 9 (W. WestenNachtrag).48 Wb. 1, 324, 16; Wilhep. 274 (hereafter KoptHWdon, 1925), p. 21; AL 1 (149 Raymond O. Faulkner(hereafter FCD); CaminPrices, pp. 17879; Lotha50 Wn occurs in the tomin the mantle-list of Izi athe word is determined shown in a hunt scene (Ppair of animals is larger probably wolf, since wtion of some varieties of 51 For the srw chest and


. . ]-mantle . . ]-mantleanine-skin mantle

47

lf-48

or jackal49

-skin (mantle)50

namental casket

51

in boxed(a)

ria Aegyptiaca, JARCE 2 (1963), p. 25; idem, A Group of Sixtho Ptah and Sokar, JARCE 3 (1964), p. 26 and n. 15; idem, Notes,ies Deir el Gebrwi, JARCE 13 (1976), p. 11. The word is inevious text remaining visible.enson Smith, The Old Kingdom Linen List, ZS 71 (1935), pp.itrge zum gyptischen Lexikon VI: Die Stoffbezeichnungen inen Reiches, ZS 102 (1975), pp. 1330.the compartment lists of Kha-bau-sokar, Hathor-nefer-hetep, andmb list, on the coffin of Minkhaf (Smith, Min-khaf, p. 154,oor panel of Sneferu-seneb (Reisner, GN 1, pl. 57b). The latest oflso the last cited, belongs to the mid-Fourth Dynasty or the earlytle, pp. 125, 293 [451]; Yvonne Harpur, Decoration in Egyptianm [London and New York, 1987], p. 269). sdd (the younger formate a member of the zoological genus Canis in Pap. Jumilhac XIIdorf, in Edel, Beitrge zum gyptischen Lexikon VI, p. 30, 2.

lm Spiegelberg, Koptisches Handwrterbuch (Heidelberg, 1921),b); David Paton, Animals of Ancient Egypt (Princeton and Lon-

977), p. 91; 2 (1978), p. 98; 3 (1979), p. 70., A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (Oxford, 1962), p. 63os, Late-Egyptian Miscellanies, p. 538; Janssen, Commodityr Strk, Wolf, L 6 (1986), col. 1285.b of Hesyre (Tomb of Hesy, pl. 19). Subsequently the term is foundnd in that on the panel of Sneferu-seneb (n. 47). In the Boston list,by a standing canine. At Beni Hasan two wn and two zb areercy E. Newberry, Beni Hasan 2 [London, 1894], pl. 4). The formerthan the latter. If zb is jackal (Wb. 3, 420, 513), then wn isolves are the largest members of the genus Canis with the excep-domestic dogs (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1956 ed., s.v. Wolf.). -t box, see the publication cited in n. 7 above.


126

x + 12 wsr (sic) headrest (b). The exceptional orthography of wrs as , with the head and neck of a canine, is paralleled by the

spelling of sr as rs in the two lists of Senenu (1920), with the bundle of flax stems as ,

x + 13 gst two-legged backrest (j)x + 14 t-mw Upper Egyptian barley

52

x + 15 t-mw Lower Egyptian barley53

x + 16 bdt emmer

54

x + 17 zwt wheat55

x + 18 b[] b[]-grain56

x + 19 bnr dates57

x + 20 w earth almond(s)x + 21 t nbt bnrt everything sweetx + 22 rnpwt vegetablesx + 23 nkt nbt

Several other caing lists are to be foonly appears at the vfrom Helwan (1).

58

In the two earlyof furniture are reprgrams which wouldsmall box with a ronesut has a double vaulted box. In addiearly Dyn. 5 (16), idsignify the objects dnames of the individ

52 Wb. 1, 142, 14; A.H. Gp. 221* (hereafter AEOUntergyptische Gerste,53 Wb. 1, 142, 13; Henri W54 AEO 2, pp. 221*23*,(1963), pp. 201202.55 Wb. 3, 426, 1217; AEOGrivetti, Food: The Giftalien, pp. 400, 632, 693.56 See W.W. Struve, MaKnste in Moskau (BerliBread and Beer ProblemsHenri Wild, Brasserie etQubbet el Hawa II/1/2, p57 See Ingrid Wallert, DGermer, Flora des phara58 Barta, Opferliste, p. 24

p 3p

08 BROVARSKI Page 126 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMand all donations

tegories of objects contained in the inventory offer-und already in earlier steles, but the furniture listery end of the Second Dynasty in the stele of Satba

furniture lists of Satba and Ni-djefa-nesut (2), itemsesented by ideograms unaccompanied by the phono- indicate the precise word intended. Satba shows aund handle at the top and a stool(?), while Ni-djefa-column headrest (c), a small rectangular box, and ation, in the list of Merib from the end of Dyn. 4 oreograms of a stem-type headrest (c) and a bed (a or g)epicted, but the other furniture lists spell out theual items.

ardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1947), 2,); cf. Renate Mller-Wollermann, Die sogenannte Ober- und VA 3 (1987), pp. 3941.ild, Gerste, L 2 (1976), col. 554.

279*; Edel, Inschriften auf den Jahreszeitenreliefs, NAWG 5

2, pp. 222*23*; William J. Darby, Paul Ghalioungui, and Louis of Osiris, 2 vols. (London, 1977), 2, pp. 49091; Helck, Materi-

thematischer Papyrus des Staatlichen Museums der schnenn, 1930), pp. 60ff.; AEO 2, pp. 223*25*; Charles F. Nims, The of the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, JEA 44 (1958), pp. 6064; panification au tombeau de Ti, BIFAO 64 (1966), p. 98 with n. 2;. 22 [9].ie Palmen im Alten gypten (Berlin, 1962), pp. 33ff.; Renateonischen gypten (Mainz am Rhein, 1985), pp. 23234..


The following is a chronological ordering of all the furniture lists ofwhich I am aware.

59 Since the captions over the objects are destroyed,

the cupboard list of Hesyre is excluded.

(1) Satba, niche stone, Helwan tomb no. 1241 H 9; Zaky Y. Saad, Ceiling Stelaein Second Dynasty Tombs from the Excavations at Helwan (Cairo, 1947),p. 41, no. 20, pl. 24; end of Dyn. 2, Barta, Opferliste, p. 24.

(2) Ni-djefa-nesut, niche stone, in Hannover, No. 1935, 200, 46; KestnerMuseum, Hannover, Ausgewhlte Werke der Aegyptischen Sammlung (Han-nover, 1958), cat. no. 12; first half of Dyn. 3, Barta, Opferliste, pp. 3031.

(3) Kha-bau-sokar, stone-lined niche from Saqqara, in Cairo, CG 1385; Murray,Saqqara Mastabas 1, pl. 1; temp. Djoser, see Nadine Cherpion, Le Mastabade Khabausokar (MM90.

(4) Hathor-nefer-hetCG 13861388; Mu

(5) Sisi, niche stone,no. 23, pl. 27; late D

(6) Nedji, woodenDenkmler aus Sa4.

(7) Irensen, panel of1393; Ludwig Borchim Museum von Kaliste, pp. 40, 156.

(8) Metjen, panel ofBerlin 1105 G; LDMuseen zu Berlin Smith, HESP, p. 149

(9) Rahotep, false doPetrie, Medum (Lon

59 I believe I can make outhe false door of the Wasen Egypte, 19511952 Owhat look to be portionslished and the character otomb, see Bertha Portergraphical Bibliography omented by Jaromir Mledifferent individual from60 Dr. Dietrich Wildung,trouble to provide me witlike to express my apprecgone considerable deterio


A 2): problmes de chronologie, OLP 11 (1980), pp. 79

ep, wife of (3), stone-lined niche from Saqqara, in Cairo,rray, Saqqara Mastabas 1, pl. 2.

Helwan tomb no. D. H 6 ; Saad, Ceiling Stelae, pp. 4648,yn. 3, Barta, Opferliste, pp. 35, 156.

panel from offering niche; Ahmad Moh. Badawi,arah, 1, ASAE 40 (1940), pp. 495501, pl. 46; early Dyn.

offering niche or of false door from Saqqara, in Cairo, CGardt, Denkmler des Alten Reiches (ausser den Statuen)iro 1 (Berlin, 1937), p. 52, pl. 13; early Dyn. 4, Barta, Opfer-

false door of stone-lined cruciform chapel from Saqqara, 2, pl. 3; Aegyptische Inschriften aus den Kniglichen1 (Leipzig, 1913), p. 81 (hereafter IB 1); temp. Khufu,.60

or panel from Medum, in London, BM 1242; W.M. Flindersdon, 1892), pl. 13; T.G.H. James, Hieroglyphic Texts on

t the word hn on the edge of the inscribed right-hand aperture ofherman of the God, Senenu in Jean Leclant, Fouilles et travauxrientalia n.s. 22 (1953), pl. 17 [31]. Above and on the left aperture, of two separate linen-lists are visible. Since the tomb is unpub-f the rest of the list unknown, I have not included it here. For the and Rosalind L.B. Moss, assisted by Ethel W. Burney, Topo-f Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, vol. 3, 2d ed., rev. and aug-k (Oxford, 19741981), p. 48 (hereafter PM 32). This Senenu is a the Senenu of our list (19)(20). Director of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, went to considerableh photographs of the panels of Metjen and Merib (16), and I wouldiation to him. The furniture determinatives in both have under-ration since the panels were copied by Lepsius.


128

Egyptian Steles, etc. 1, 2d ed. (London, 1961), pl. 1 (2) (hereafter HTES 12);temp. Khufu, Smith, HESP, p. 149.

(10) Rahotep, left side of false door recess, in London, BM 1277; Petrie, Me-dum, pl. 13; HTES 12, pl. 3 (3); as last.

(11) Seshat-sekhentiu, slab-stele, Giza tomb G 2120, in Boston, MFA 06.1894;Ronald J. Leprohon, Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum; Boston 2 (Mainz,1985), pp. 5962 (hereafter CAA); temp. Khufu, Reisner, GN 1, pp. 6667, 417,427, and passim.

(12) Anonymous, slab-stele, Giza, Junker Mastaba II n = G 4260; Junker, Gza1, pp. 18191, fig. 36, pl. 29a; temp. Khufu, ibid., p. 14.

(13) Anonymous, slShepseskaf, ibid., p.

(14) Izi, fragment of Mogensen, Glyptothagen, 1930), pl. 93,

(15) Ni-hetep-KhnumMoneim Abu-Bakr, Dyn. 4, Barta, Opfer

(16) Merib, false dooG; LD 2, pl. 19 = IBp. 267.

(17) Setju, slab stel13.4341: Simpson, WBoston 2, pp. 9396;

(18) Painted invent(fig. 1); end Dyn. 4 o

(19) Senenu, left apefor University of Aleor early Dyn. 5.

62

(20) Senenu, right ap

61 This tomb has been ase.g., Hermann Kees, ADecoration, p. 267; Nadi1989), pp. 9899. The daGiza, on which see recenBIFAO 84 (1984), pp. 3547, nos. 1/2 (JanuaryMaBartas date for the tomb62 I owe my knowledge ofwho very kindly placed h

08 BROVARSKI Page 128 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMab-stele, Giza, ibid., pp. 22931, fig. 53, pl. 37b; temp. 14.

wall relief from Saqqara, in Copenhagen, IN 672; Mariahque Ny Carlsberg. La collection gyptienne (Copen- p. 90; end Dyn. 4; Barta, Opferliste, pp. 4445.

, right aperture of false door, Giza, Western Field; Abdel-Excavations at Giza 19491950 (Cairo, 1953), fig. 10; endliste, p. 44.

61

r panel, Giza tomb G 2100Iannexe (LG 24), Berlin 1107 1, p. 99; temp. ShepseskafUserkaf, Harpur, Decoration,

a, intrusive in Giza tomb G 2353 B, in Boston, MFAestern Cemetery, p. 35, pl. 61a, fig. 47; Leprohon, CAA

end Dyn. 4 or early Dyn. 5, Reisner, GN 1, p. 333 (7).

ory list from Covingtons Tomb, Giza, South Field(?)r early Dyn. 5.

rture of false door, Giza, West Field, Abu Bakr excavationxandria (1953); unpublished, see PM 32, p. 48; end Dyn. 4

erture of false door, as last.

signed to widely divergent periods within the Old Kingdom; see,usgrabungen in Giza, OLZ 50 (1955), col. 43741; Harpur,ne Cherpion, Mastabas et hypoges dAncien Empire (Brussels,te involves the vexed question of late Old Kingdom archaism attly Nadine Cherpion, De quand date la tombe du nain Seneb?,54, and Henry G. Fischer, review of Harpur, Decoration, in BiOrrch, 1990), p. 90, n. 1. Until this problem is resolved, we follow arrived at by an analysis of offering lists. the existence of the two lists of Senenu (1920) to Henry Fischer,is hand copies, made in 1959, at my disposal.


(21) Seshemnofer I, inventory list on east wall of chapel, Giza tomb G 4940(= LG 45); LD 2, pl. 28; UserkafNeferirkare, Harpur, Decoration, p. 270.

(22) Kapunesut Kai, inventory list on south wall of chapel, Giza, West Field;unpublished, discovered by Dr. Zahi Hawass in 1992, early to middle Dyn. 5.

63

(23) Kayemankh, Giza, West Field, G 4561; painted Gertekammer on wallsof burial chamber; Junker, Gza 4, pp. 7071, pl. 9; Dyn. 6, Harpur, Decoration,p. 270.

The chronological order of numbers (6) to (10) differs from that ofBarta, who placed Nedji before Rahotep, but Metjen and Irensen afterRahotep, Nofret, and Nefermaat.

64 According to Smith, from the type of

mastaba and burial, or early Khufu, andSmith himself placechapels. To my minclosely related in though the panel of that it is slightly lapears under each enlist that follows. Bethree panels, is an inin that order, but inmals and birds appepanels. But in Rahospelled out, as in theites from the reign the ox-head has a ppanel, in addition, twbeneath the table, wbau-sokar and Hathvessels, and linen. Asteles.

67 The small

b mw along withlinking the panels o63 For the date, cf. JunkeDr. Hawass, General Diring me to include the inflication. I would also likefurniture utilized in the 64 Barta, Opferliste, p. 1565 HESP, p. 149.66 Reisner, GN 1, pl. 39.67 Reisner, GN 1, pls. 17


Reisner dated the tomb of Nefermaat to late Sneferu that of Rahotep definitely to the reign of Khufu.

65

d Metjen with Rahotep as the latest of the cruciformd, the three panels of Nedji, Irensen, and Metjen arecomposition, iconography, and palaeography. Al-Rahotep is also related, there are several indicationster in date. In all four panels, the thousand-sign ap-try in the linen list, but is absent in the inventoryneath the linen list, at the right of each of the firstventory list comprising oils, mantles, and furniture, Rahoteps case the oils are omitted. Heads of ani-ar in a register beneath the inventory list in all fourteps panel the names of the sacrificial animals are slab-steles of Seshat-sekhentiu and Princess Meret-

of Khufu.66

In Metjens panel, only the ideogram ofrecomplement, n (presumably for ng). In Rahoteps

o of the animal heads appear in the ideographic listhich in the other three panels and the niches of Kha-or-nefer-hetep, is restricted to bread, beer, alabasternimals also appear beneath the table in several slab-figure of a panther that serves as a determinative of the mantle-sign is a specific palaeographic featuref Nedji and Irensen.

68

r, Gza 3, pp. 12345. I would like to express my appreciation toector of Antiquities of the Giza Pyramids and Saqqara, for allow-ormation from the tomb of Kapunesut Kai in advance of his pub- to thank Ms. Amani Abdel-Hameid for facsimile drawings of thepresent article (with revisions by the author).6.

, 18 a,19, 20.


130

In the following discussion, the investigation of the terms for furni-ture and their applications in periods later than the Old Kingdom is lim-ited in scope and mainly included for purposes of comparison.

a) t type de lit le plus simple: Frises dobjets, p. 243; das Bett:Wb. 1, 23, 12; das Bett mit vier Fen: Junker, Gza 4, p. 71; niedrigerSessel (Bett?) mit Rinderfen: Hermann Ranke, Die gyptischenPersonennamen 1 (Glckstadt, 1935), p. 4 [17].

t first occurs, under the simple form t, in the tomb of Metjen inearly Dyn. 4, where an attendant carries a bed so labeled on his back(fig. 2a).

69 The bed has bent wood legs and appears to slope slightly to-

wards the foot. The determinative of t in the slab-stele of the reign ofShepseskaf from a Gly sloping bed with(n)-t (g) in the early

The slightly sloone of three bed typThe second type als(fig. 8)

72 or lions

73 l

ed on bulls (fig. 2cDynastic theriomo68 Cf. HTES 12, pl. 18 [2].69 LD 2, pl. 6; IB 1, p. 870 Table 1 at the end of thfor furniture occurring in71 E.g., Tomb of Hesy, pl.vols., ed. by Dr. Zaki IskEgypt (Cambridge, 1992),Das Grab des Nianchchnin shadow] [t]); Naguib198089), 1, fig. 9. 72 E.g., Tomb of Hesy, pl.fig. 81; HTES I2, pl. 29 [2men (Mainz am Rhein, 173 E.g., Dows Dunham an(Boston, 1974), fig. 8, pl. 74 L. Epron, F. Daumas, pl. 174 (= fig. 3c) (t nt hbStatuen) im Museum voMoussa and Hartwig Al1971), pl. 20.75 The Sakkarah Expediti95; N. de G. Davies, The(t); 2, pls. 10 (t), 23 (hThebes (Cairo, 1977), pls76 Hollis S. Baker, Furnitdifferent types of construAncient Egyptian Furnit

08 BROVARSKI Page 130 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMiza anonymous mastaba is definitely that of a slight- bent wood legs.

70 An identical sign determines st-

lists.ping bedframe with bent wood legs (fig. 2b) is onlyes depicted in Old Kingdom scenes of daily life.

71

o has a sloping bedframe but is supported by bullsegs. The third type is a horizontal bedframe support-)74

or lions75

legs. While actual examples of Earlyrphic beds are fitted with bulls legs,

76 Queen

4.is article should be consulted for the signs determining the words our corpus in the ensuing discussion. 20 [49, 50]; Selim Hassan, Excavations at Saqqara, 19371938, 3ander (Cairo, 1975), 2, fig. 39; Eugen Strouhal, Life in Ancient

fig. 159 (= fig. 2b = Ahmed M. Moussa and Hartwig Altenmller,um und Chnumhotep [Mainz am Rhein, 1977], pl. 63 [left leg lost Kanawati, The Rock Tombs of El-Hawawish, 9 vols. (Sydney,

20 [51, 52]; Junker, Gza 4, fig. 10 (= fig. 22) (t); Hassan, Gza 4,]; Ahmed M. Moussa and Friedrich Junge, Two Tombs of Crafts-975), pl. 2.d William Kelly Simpson, The Mastaba of Queen Mersyankh III

9 d; Hassan, Saqqara 3, pl. 28 B. and H. Wild, Le tombeau de Ti, 3 vols. (Cairo, 19391966), 3,n); Ludwig Borchardt, Denkmler des Alten Reiches (ausser denn Kairo 2 (Cairo, 1964), p. 199, pl. 106 (CG 1777); Ahmed M.tenmller, The Tomb of Nefer and Ka-hay (Mainz am Rhein,

on, The Mastaba of Mereruka, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1938), 1, pls. 94 Rock Tombs of Deir el Gebrwi, 2 vols. (London, 1902) 1, pl. 14ereafter Gebr.); Mohamed Saleh, Three Old-Kingdom Tombs at. 4, 13.ure in the Ancient World, (New York, 1966), pp. 2123. For thection in early dynastic beds, see ibid., pp. 2223, and G. Killen,

ure 1 (Warminster, 1980), pp. 2426.


Hetepheres Is gold slightly sloping bedftypes are identified frame with leonineinsufficient docume

While animal lestools, the determinone step further by pbed probably bore a Two beds (t) depicalso have lion heads77 ReisnerSmith, Giza N78 See nn. 7074.79 Georges Daressy, La Inscriptions, ASAE 16 (

Fig. 2. Old Kingdom beds.

a

b

c


sheathed wooden bed has lions legs supporting arame.

77 With one exception, all these types and sub-

by the term t.78

The exception is the sloping bed- legs, and this is probably simply the result ofntation. gs were common on Old Kingdom beds, chairs, andative of t in the furniture list of Izi seemingly goesroviding the bedframe with a lions head. The actuallions head at the head end of each of the side poles.ted in Sixth Dynasty burial chambers at Heliopolis and legs.

79

ecropolis 2, pp. 3233, fig. 33, pls. 2526.

ncropole des grands prtres dHeliopolis sous lAncien Empire I:1916), pp. 196 [7]; 202 [11].


132

Beds mentioned in Old Kingdom private documents were valuableobjects. The well-known Hausurkunde states that a bed (t) and twodifferent kinds of cloth made up the price paid for a house or tomb.

80

The following death-bed injunction contained in the Letter to the Deadon Cairo Linen CG 25975,

81 from the end of the Dyn. 6 or the decades

immediately following, further underscores a beds value: May thewood of this my bed ( ) which bears me rot(?), should the sonof a man be debarred from his household furniture.

82

In the object friezes on Middle Kingdom coffins the term for bed issometimes spelled tyt ( ).

83 In the ensuing Second Intermedi-

ate Period, in Adm. 3, 5, and 14, 1, the word appears as twt, twt( ,

Janssen is of theappears in several Ddecoration, is a varias a funeral couchfor bed,

86 and t,

87

a straight wooden frSince funerary coucand the two beds fsometimes tails as beds ( ) re

80 On this document, colAncien Empire gyptienVercoutter (Paris, 1985), 81 Alan H. Gardiner and 3, pls. I and I A, line 4 (has the result of the additiseems that wt was origiing in fig. 1 whether the 82 The translation is tha1990), p. 211. For a differof Seankhenptahs Housp. 184.83 Gustave Jquier, Les Fp. 243.84 Alan H. Gardiner, ThLeiden (Pap. Leiden 344 The Hyksos: A New Inve85 Commodity Prices, pp86 Wb. 3, 119, 1415; Fris87 Janssen, Commodity P88 Wb. 3, 11920. t-be18. Dynastie (Leipzig, 1989 For Egyptian funerary Roman Period in the Roy

` 6 -`~~

` n M -`~

-`~~

08 BROVARSKI Page 132 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PM).84

opinion that the term ytt ( , etc.), whicheir el-Medineh texts mentioning the cost of coffinant of Old Kingdom t.

85 He further identifies ytt

in contrast to nkyt, the usual New Kingdom term the ordinary type of Deir el-Medineh bed which hadame, four straight legs and matting for springs.

88

hes often had lions heads and legs, like the bed of Izirom decorated burial chambers at Heliopolis, andwell, he may be right.

89 Nevertheless, lion-headed

ferred to in the stela of Pi(ankh)y were probably in-

nsult most recently Bernadette Menu, Ventes de maisons sous, in Francis Geus and Florence Thill ed., Mlanges offerts Jean

pp. 25155 and passim.Kurt Sethe, Egyptian Letters to the Dead (London, 1928) , pp. 1ereafter L. to D.). On ibid., p. 15, the written w in t is explainedon of the suffix to a feminine noun in the status pronominalis. Itnally written in the Boston list, but it is not clear from the draw-

quail chick has simply flaked away or was purposely painted out.t of Edward F. Wente, in Letters from Ancient Egypt (Atlanta,ent treatment of the same passage, see Harco Willems, The Endehold (Letter to the Dead Cairo JDE 25975), JNES 50 (1991),

rises dobjets des sarcophages du Moyen Empire (Cairo, 1921),

e Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage from a Hieratic Papyrus inrecto) (Leipzig, 1909), pp. 32, 89. For the date, see John van Seters,stigation (New Haven and London, 1966), pp. 10320.. 23940.es dobjets, p. 243.rices, pp. 18084.

ds could also be quite sumptuous; see Kurt Sethe, Urkunden der14), p. 667, 25 (hereafter Urk. 4).lion-beds, see Winifred Needler, An Egyptian Funerary Bed of theal Ontario Museum (Toronto, 1963), esp. pp. 47.

nM ~~-~


tended for sleeping, since they were provided with sheets of fine linen.90

In Late Period and Graeco-Roman times, , t, and even w designatelion-headed beds, including the bier of Osiris.

91

While Ranke wondered whether t might not be the term for a lowseat or chair, he was probably misled by the form of the determinativein the name t-k, which could easily be mistaken for a seat withanimal-legs ( ).

92 However, the determinative of t is sometimes

contracted for reasons of space and symmetry. The caption in the tombof Ti reproduced in fig. 2c, with the width of the determinative half thatof the bed depicted below, provides an especially clear instance.

b) wrs head-rest: Murray, Saqq. Mast. 1, p. 34; chevet: Frisesdobjets, p. 237; Schlafen: Wb. 1, 33

Contained withDynasty official Hedom headrests (fig. 3dle a double columnheadrest with plain indicate that the firalabaster.

95 All thre

niture lists. A drawing in th

a type of folding heafore the New Kindo

The Wb. providKingdom. AlthoughPeriod, examples fro

90 N.-C. Grimal, La stle47089 (Cairo, 1981), ll. 191 Wb. 1, 23, 1112. Thethe tomb of Djer at Abydboth front paws of whichReconsidered, Oriental92 Ranke, PN 1, p. 4, 20; 93 Tomb of Hesy, pl. 21; 94 George A. Reisner, Ke95 Pace Quibell, Tomb osents a white wood.96 Friedrich Wilhelm vonpl. 27 [107]; Fischer, Ko97 E.A. Wallis Budge, ThGuide to the Third and F13, pp. 234 [d], 236; Fisheadrests are popular in

Fig. 3. Headrests of Hesyre (a) and Kagemni (b).

a

b


die Kopfsttze (aus Holz oder Alabaster) zum5, 9.

in a box in the object frieze in the tomb of the Thirdsyre are the three most popular types of Old King-a).

93 On the left is a stem type headrest, in the mid-

type with abacus, and on the right a single columnstem and abacus.

94 The different colors and patterns

st two were made of ebony and the third perhaps ofe types of headrests are well represented in the fur-

e tomb of Kagemni (fig. 3b) may provide evidence fordrest, actual examples of which are not known be-

m.96

es no references to wrs later in date than the New headrests possibly remained in use into the Romanm well-dated archaeological contexts are rare.

97 In

triomphale de Pi(ankh)y au Muse du Caire JE 48862 et 4708610, 118; n. 441 on p. 147. stone Osiris bed of Second Intermediate Period date found inos is formed by the bodies of two lions, the heads, tails, legs and are carefully delineated; see Anthony Leahy, The Osiris Bed

ia 46 (1977), p. 424.see now El-Hawawish 6, pl. 13 b, fig. 29b.cf. the colored rendering on ibid., pl. 14.rma 13 (Cambridge, MA, 1923), pp. 22932, types I1, I2, II1.f Hesy, p. 17, who thinks the pale yellow color of the last repre-

Bissing, Die Mastaba des Gem-ni-kai, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1905), 1,pfsttze, L 3 (1979), col. 689 and n. 60.e Mummy (London and New York, 1987), pp. 24849; idem, Aourth Egyptian Rooms (London, 1904), pp. 6973; Reisner, Kermacher, Kopfsttze, col. 690 with n. 62. Amulets in the form ofthe Saite Period, see ibid., n. 63.


134

Demotic wrs refers to both the supports of a board on which the body ofthe Apis bull rests during the embalming process and a support beneathhuman mummies.

98 In the latter context it is quite natural to assume

that a headrest is intended.99

c) wz(t) grand fauteuil: Raymond Weill, La IIe et la IIIe Dynastie(Paris, 1908), p. 254; sedan-chair: Griffith, in: Medum, p. 38; sedan-chair: Murray, Saqq. Mast. 1, p. 35; Tragsessel: Wb. 1, 384, 5;litire: Frises dobjets, p. 238.

Wz appears in the furniture lists of Hathor-nefer-hetep, Rahotep(10), and Seshemnefer I. Hathor-nefer-heteps carrying chair was fash-ioned from ebony. The determinatives approximate in form the carryingchair of Queen Hetfile.

100 The body of

armrest on one sidecarefully delineatedchairs are shortened

In one of SeneGardiner, the balancwz and only seconreading wzt is probthe New Kingdom w

Prof. Goedicke sign of high social raborne in a carrying of high officials of thtomb of Rahotep.

105

carrying chair was anoble youths of theHetep-her-en-ptah r98 R.L. Vos, The Apis Emoccurs in hieratic; Mustan. 6. Both references from99 Wb. connects wrs witde la lange Copte [Louvgrammatical grounds.100 ReisnerSmith, GN 2101 Alan H. Gardiner, Egyafter Gardiner, EG). Garpresent example is after Saqqarah 1 (London, 190Walter B. Emery, Archaic102 Wb. 1, 384, 78.103 Hans Goedicke, A F45 (1959), p. 9.

08 BROVARSKI Page 134 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMepheres I, mother of Khufu, when viewed in pro-the chair with its high back, the curved frame of the, and one of the side boards of the foot rest are all. Due to space limitations, the carrying poles of the, however.nus lists appears (20). According toe post sign, Old Kingdom , originally had the valuedarily acquired the value z.

101 For that reason, the

ably to be preferred in the present case. Moreover,ord for carrying chair was wzt.

102

has observed that the carrying chair or litter was ank and importance.

103 The motif of the tomb owner

chair or palanquin recurs in the tombs of a numbere Old Kingdom

104 beginning with a portrayal in the

There is some evidence to suggest that the use of a prerogative granted by the king, who also assigned Residence to carry the chair.

106 Indeed, the official

eceived his carrying chair as a boon-which-the-king-

balming Ritual (Louvain, 1993), p. 341 (187), where the word alsofa el Amir, A Family Archive from Thebes (Cairo, 1959), p. 27, the files of the CDD.

h babyl. urua, but Werner Vycichl (Dictionnaire tymologiqueain, 1983], p. 232 [hereafter DELC]) questions the equation on

, pp. 3334, fig. 34, pls. 2729.ptian Grammar, 3rd ed. rev. (London, 1969), p. 521 (U 39) (here-

diner notes that the sign appears in z already in PT 960. TheN. de G. Davies, The Mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep at0), pl. 13 (272). For the archaic form of the carrying chair, see, e.g., Egypt (Baltimore, 1961), fig. 3; PT 811a.

ragment of a Biographical Inscription of the Old Kingdom, JEA

6$


gives.107

Reisner pointed out that carrying chairs were used for visits ofinspection of all sorts.

108 In the Old Kingdom carrying-chairs also appearfrom time to time in workshop

109 and bedroom

110 scenes.

d) m footstool with sandals? upon it: Griffith, in Petrie, Medum,p. 38; sandal tray: Tarkhan 1, p. 25; Badewanne fr die Fsse, Bil-dung von waschen: Wb. 2, 46, 5; footbath, laver: Henry G. Fischer,Some Emblematic Uses of Hieroglyphs with Particular Reference to anArchaic Ritual Vessel, MMJ 5 (1972), p. 8; wooden basin with em-placements for washing the feet: idem, Mbel, L 4 (1980), col. 185.

The determinative in Rahoteps list shows a rectangular receptaclewith a projecting element at the top.

111 In the center the outline of two

feet presumably instood, while his feeof a footbath, from foot occupying its made of red clay, haa broken appendage104 References are to be fo(Paris, 195278), 4, p. 32W.M. Flinders Petrie, DeMastaba of Ptahshepsegraphical Notes on Giza MKawab, Khafkhufu I anHawawish 1, fig. 13; 2, nofret in the Museum oPractical Economics of TCarrying Chair, in DavKlaus Baer (Chicago, 19lished. For discussions,Hildesheim, 1982), p. 28105 Petrie, Medum, pl. 21106 Kurt Sethe, Urkundel. 14 (hereafter Urk. 1); G107 Urk. 1, 231, 14. Theinstance of periphrasis. SSnfte (bnr AngenehmKnig.108 Reisner, GN 1, p. 368109 E.g., Maria Mogensenhagen, 1921), fig. 38; Mpp. 15254 below.110 HTES I2, pl. 29.111 Fischer, Emblematic112 H. Bonnet, Ein Frh(10C-3) = Renate Kraus(Leipzig, 1976), 16, no. 9thal and Dr. Renate Kraupresent article.

Fig. 4. Early Dynastic footlaver from Abu Sir.


dicate where in the original the user would havet were being washed. Curiously, an actual examplean archaic grave at Abu Sir, has only a single (right)middle (fig. 4).

112 The rectangular basin, which is

s inward slanting sides. At the top of the footbath is that corresponds to the projecting element of the

und in Jacques Vandier, Manuel darchologie gyptienne, 6 vols.9, n. 2, and PM 32, pp. 354 (2), 903 (2), to which should be addedshasheh (London, 1898), pl. 24; Miroslav Verner, AbusirI: The

s I (Prague, 1977), pls. 5355; William Kelly Simpson, Topo-astabas, in Festschrift Elmar Edel (Bamberg, 1979), fig. 3; idem,

d II, fig. 27, pl. 11b; fig. 38, pl. 25a (= Vandier no. xxviii); El-fig. 21; William Kelly Simpson, The Offering Chapel of Kayem-f Fine Arts, Boston (Boston, 1992), pl. E; Ann Macy Roth, Theomb-building in the Old Kingdom: A Visit to the Necropolis in aid P. Silverman, ed., For His Ka: Essays Offered in Memory of94), fig. 16.1; G 2374, Khnumenti, east wall of Room I, unpub- see Luise Klebs, Die Reliefs des alten Reiches 1 (reprint,; Junker, Gza, 11, pp. 25154; Vandier, Manuel 4, pp. 32863..n des Alten Reiches, 2 ed. (Leipzig, 1933), pp. 43, ll. 1618; 231,oedicke, Biographical Inscription, pp. 811, pl. 2.

word for carrying-chair in this passage evidently represents anethe (Urk. 1, 231, n. ff) translates: einer, dem der Knig einemacher) machen lie. Junge leute trugen ihn darin hinter dem

; see more recently Roth, Visit to the Necropolis, pp. 22740., Le mastaba gyptien de la glyptothque Ny Carlsberg (Copen-ersyankh III, fig. 5, pl. 5[b]; Nianchchnum, pl. 62. See further,

Hieroglyphs, p. 8.geschichtliches Grberfeld bei Abusir (Leipzig, 1928), pl. 35, 3pe, gyptisches Museum der Karl-Marx-Universitt Leipzig/7, pl. 4 (Inv. Nr. 2339). I would like to thank Prof. Elke Blumen-spe for the photograph of the footlaver reproduced as fig. 4 of the


136

determinative in Rahoteps list. What evidently represent the straps of asandal are incised on the outline of the foot. On the rim of the basin, andalso evidently on the broken appendage, are herringbone designs. Twoother wooden footbaths with sloping sides and the outline of a singlefoot on a crossbar were found by Petrie in Dyn. 1 graves at Tarkhan.

113

One of these shows clearly that the projecting appendage at the top,evident in Rahoteps list and in the Abu Sir footbath, was, at least inorigin, a projecting U-shaped handle.

114

Baker illustrates a stool of Late Period date with footstandsattached to the top that he believed was possibly used in a bath,

115 but

Fischer doubts the identification.116

e) wt table: Frisger Tisch): Wb. 3, 2

wt and hn apanonymous slab-steside of the false doostone vessels, not wubiquitous type of l(see fig. 5a).

117 Raho

Reisner was of introduced by Khasexamples have beenNumerous practicawell as models, havlesser extent in tom

wt is a regulaDynasty and later.

1

sometimes washed

113 Tarkhan 1, pp. 11, 25n. 80.114 Tarkhan 1, pl. 11 [25]115 Furniture, fig. 213, p.116 Mbel, n. 81.117 Emery, Archaic EgypVandier, Manuel 1, pt. 2,184 with nn. 6465.118 ReisnerSmith, GN 2119 Walter B. Emery, Thepl. 36; Saad, Ceiling Stela120 ReisnerSmith, GN Emery, Archaic Egypt, p.121 Barta, Opferliste, p. 1122 See Junker, Gza 3, pp

08 BROVARSKI Page 136 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMes dobjets, p. 246; Platte mit Untersatz (einbeini-26, 1113.

pear together in the abbreviated furniture list in thela from G 4260. From its determinative on the leftr recess of Rahotep, where it is depicted among theith the furniture, it is clear that wt represents theow, flat-topped circular table with a tubular supportteps wt is said to be of alabaster.the opinion that the flat-topped circular table wasekhemui at the end of Dyn. 2.

118 Subsequently,

found in tombs of Dyn. 1 and earlier Dyn. 2.119

l examples of stone offering tables of this type, ase been found all through the Old Kingdom, and to abs as late as Dyn. 12.

120

r item in the great ritual offering list of the Fifth21

On the walls of Old Kingdom tombs a wt isas a preliminary to the funerary rites depicted

122 or

, pls. 11 [24, 25], 12 [10, 11]; see Fischer, Mbel, col. 185 and

; cf. ibid., pls. 11 [26], 12 [9]. 139.

t, fig. 142. See also ibid., pp. 55, 56 (types 40, 41 and 42), pl. 36; pp. 77274; ReisnerSmith, GN 2, p. 101; Fischer, Mbel, col.

, p. 101. Tomb of Hemaka (Cairo, 1938), pp. 55, 56 (types 40, 41 and 42),e, pl. 29 A.

2, p. 101; Fischer, Mbel, col. 184 with nn. 6465; see also 242.73.. 108, 109, no. 7, fig. 10; Vandier, Manuel 4, p. 107, no. 7, fig. 30.


serves to convey food to the tomb owner.123

At funerary banquets, thedeceased regularly sits on a chair or stool before a table of bread offeringsconsisting of a high stone or pottery stand on which a wt-table isplaced (fig. 5b),

124 while family members and guests sit on the ground

and eat from low wt-tables.125

That wt-tables were also used in thecourse of earthly meals seems indicated by the marsh scenes in two OldKingdom tombs in which an official sits on the ground and is served ameal from just such a table.

126

In Hesyres tomb, two round-top tables, painted yellow to representalabaster, are shown alongside a series of barrels that seem to representcorn measures.

127 Hesyres household furniture comes next, however,

just after a divider actually to be counwall, two other wwith handles for easare stone bowls andble service.

128

Wb. 3, 226, 12 nbut the citations alwt-tables are liste

In the Middle Kcircular tables, altholy or wrongly, is asIntermediate Periodsorts,

131 encompass

123 See LD 2, pl. 23; Junk124 Ibid., fig. 31 (= fig. 5Nferirkar-Kaka (Les pEdward Brovarski, A Sthavsmuseet Bulletin 18 the tubular support of thstand. The ensemble canMinkhaf, pl. 22. The wp. 246; ArchAbousir 1, p125 E.g., Ti 1, pls. 5657;Reliefs and Inscriptions ffig. 5.2 126 J.E. Quibell, Excavatomitted in drawing?); Aypl. 30.127 Tomb of Hesy, pp. 25128 Ibid., p. 37, pl. 22.129 Ludwig Borchardt, Da130 Frises dobjets, p. 246131 Wb. 3, 226, 1416.

Fig. 5. Flat-topped circular tables with tubular supports.

a

b

c


at the right, and it is possible that the tables areted amongst the latter. Further along on the samet-tables are contained in covered boxes provided

e in carrying (fig. 5c). In identical containers nearby a ewer and basin, all presumably part of Hesyres ta-

otes that wt-tables may also be made from metal,l belong to the New Kingdom. In fact, seven metald in a dedication inscription of Neuserre.

129

ingdom, wt continues to be used for flat-toppedugh in one Dyn. 12 decorated coffin the term, right-

cribed to a small rectagular table.130

In the Second and later, the term also denotes altars of othering both hand-held offering stands,

132 flat offering

er, Gza 2, fig. 29; 3, figs. 27, 28; Kawab and Khafkhufu, fig. 32.a); Paule Posener-Kriger, Les Archives du temple funraire deapyrus dAbousir), 2 vols. (Cairo, 1976), 1, pp. 84 (d), 178 (B 13);ele of the First Intermediate Period from Naga-ed-Dr, Medel-(1983), p. 5 and n. 21. The example in fig. 5b clearly shows thate table was introduced as a tenon into the cavity at the top of the also evidently be referred to as wt; see Saure 2, pl. 63; Smith,ord for the pedestal is gn; see, e.g., Wb. 5, 174, 56; Frises dobjets,. 178 [B 13]. Nefer and Kahay, pls. 29, 3334, 36, 38; Jaromr Mlek, Newrom Five Old Tombs at Giza and Saqqara, BSEG 6 (1982), fig. 63,

ions at Saqqara (19071908) (Cairo, 1909), p. 3, pl. 61 (pedestallward M. Blackman, The Rock Tombs of Meir 5 (London, 1953),

26, pl. 17.

s Grabdenkmal des Knigs Ne-user-re (Leipzig, 1907), 3, pl. 28., fig. 646.


138

stones,133

square, crennelated altars,134

and great built altars, like thesun altar in the Re-Harakhte chapel on the upper terrace at Deir el-Bahri,which is topped by a cavetto cornice and torus moulding and approachedby a flight of steps.

135 wt is Demotic wy (fem.) and Coptic hyes,hoyib, hye

a.136

f) nd(w) chair or stool: Murray, Saqq. Mast. 1, p. 35; tabouret sansdossier: Weill, La IIe et la IIIe Dynastie, p. 253; Sitz, Thron (desKnigs oder eines Gottes); auch einfcher Sessel der Form : Wb. 3,314, 46; seat or carrying chair: Hassan, Giza 5, p. 122; 63, p. 56;chair: Gardiner, A Unique Funerary Liturgy, JEA 41 (1955), p. 14;stool with bent wood reinforcement: Henry G. Fischer, Notes onSticks and Staves in

The verb nd plainting of baskeers to make wreathsRahotep (10), the dea bent wood stretchThe determinative iDynasty statue of thtransforms the lattewas fashioned fromored yellow, perhaps

In the Pyramid TPT 606c, 736a, 1165mon type of archaic132 E.g., CG 36338: Wa(Leipzig, 1923), pl. 7 (b); Hel-Molouk near that of T133 Wolfgang Helck, Histder 18. Dynastie, 2nd ed134 Urk. 4, pp. 629, 639.135 Edouard Naville, Thealtars of this kind, see Ra136 W. Erichsen, Demotp. 274.137 Wb. 3, 312, 15; Norm1901), pl. 4; Pierre Montlancien empire (Strasbou13839; Caminos, LEM, 138 Killen, Furniture, p. 3139 Turin 3065. Dr. Annathe Museo Egizio, most view of the statue showinilar chair appears in the p140 Cf. ibid., pp. 27, 30, a

08 BROVARSKI Page 138 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PM Ancient Egypt, MMJ 13 (1978), p. 16 and n. 66.is applied to the action of bending wood, thets, and the twisting together of the stems of flow-.137

In the furniture lists of Hathor-nefer-hetep andterminative of nd(w) is a simple archaic stool wither beneath supporting both legs and seat: .

138

s, in fact, very like the bent wood seat of the Thirde princess Redji, although the addition of a low backr into a chair (fig. 6).

139 Hathor-nefer-heteps stool

imported ebony. In Rahoteps case the stool is col- indicating that it was made from a native wood.

140

exts this term seems to have a wider application. Inc, nd is determined by a drawing of the other com- stool with bulls legs and papyrus terminals on the

lter Wreszinski, Atlas zur altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte 1oward Carter, Report on the Tomb of Sen-nefer found at Biban

hotmes III no 34, ASAE 2 (1901), p. 200 (3).orisch-Biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Texte

. (Wiesbaden, 1983), p. 4, no. 7.

Temple of Deir el-Bahri 1 (London, 1894), p. 8, pl. 8. For earlieriner Stadelmann, Altar, L 1 (1972), cols. 14647.

isches Glossar (Copenhagen, 1954), p. 353; W. Vycichl, DELC,

an de Garis Davies, The Rock Tombs of Sheikh Sad (London,et, Les scnes de la vie prive dans les tombeaux gyptiens derg, 1925), p. 314; AEO 1, p. 66; Janssen, Commodity Prices, pp.

p. 42.8. Maria Donadoni Roveri, Soprintendente delle Antichit Egizie atkindly provided the photograph reproduced here as fig. 6. For ag the back, see Donadoni Roveri, Daily Life, pl. 169. A very sim-ainted corridor of Hesyre (Tomb of Hesy, pl. 18 [36]).

nd passim.


139

Fig. 6. Statue of Princess Redji, Turin 3065.

08 BROVARSKI Page 139 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PM


140

side-rails ( ). As in the archaic steles from Helwan and Saqqara, theseat of the stool is viewed from above.

141 nd with the same type of

stool as determinative figures in two archaic priestly titles m-nr Bsttryt nd and m-nr nm nty pr nd.

142

Again in the Pyramid Texts, nd(w) is applied to a throne-like seatwith back and arms.

143 The most specific determinative likewise pos-

sesses bulls legs and papyrus terminals ( ).144

In three instances, thethrone is said to be made from (meteoric) iron (b).

145 In PT 1906 c,

on the other hand, the throne is fashioned of ebony (hbn). An even moreelaborate theriomorphic throne is described in PT 1124: He (viz. theking) sits on this iron throne of his, the faces of which are those of lions,and its feet are the determines ndw inis the curved frame rying chairs (c) and

In a Dyn. 12 coports in the form ofotherwise destroyedvarious sorts, the le

The determinatteenth Dynasty disc141 Heinrich Schfer, Priand ed. by John Baines, wHESP, pp. 12223. In privMastabas et hypoges, p142 G. Maspero, Les maMariette publi dapres Khnum, Mariette copiGtterwelt des Alten Reing this as an otherwise pear necessary, I prefer to143 Kurt Sethe, Die alt770 c, 805 b; 2, spells 112144 PT 770 c, 805 b, 1124 signs , that resMiddle Kingdom and late770 c, 805 b and 1165 c, amy appreciation to Prof. sharing with me their bwalls of the pyramids of Pconfirm the accuracy of 145 See John R. Harris, 1961), pp. 16668.146 R.O. Faulkner, The A(hereafter FPT).147 Frises dobjets, p. 243148 Gardiner, Unique Fu

08 BROVARSKI Page 140 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMhooves of the Great Wild Bull.146

Just such a sign PT 1293 a ( ). A curious feature of these thronesof the armrest which otherwise appears on the car-on the portable chair illustrated in fig. 9b.ffin nd is written over four isolated furniture sup- bulls legs, the object or objects represented being.147

Since the word is otherwise applied to seats ofgs may well have belonged to two chairs or stools. ive of nd in a papyrus from a tomb of the Thir-overed beneath the Ramesseum

148 is that of a chair

nciples of Egyptian Art, ed. by Emma Brunner-Traut; translatedith a foreword by E.H. Gombrich (Oxford, 1974), p. 140, fig. 122;ate tombs this feature is attested as late as Dyn. 4; see Cherpion,.32 (Criterion 8), fig. 10, pl. 9, table on p. 155.stabas de lAncien Empire; fragment de dernier ouvrage de A.le manuscript du lauteur (Paris, 1889), p. 70. In the epithet ofed nt. Barbara Begelsbacher-Fischer, Untersuchungen zuriches (Freiburg and Gttingen, 1981), p. 48, emends to ndt, see-unattested feminine form of nd(w). Since emendation does ap- emend the t to d.

gyptischen Pyramidentexte, 4 vols. (Leipzig 190822), 1, spells4 a, 1165 c, 1293 a, 1298 a, 1301 b (hereafter PT and spell number).a. In the pyramids of Merenre and Pepy II, more conventionalizedemble the portable seat used to write the name of Osiris in ther (Gardiner, EG, p. 500 [Q 3]), determine the word nd(w); see PTnd also in PT 865 a, 873, a, 1016 a, 1165 c. I would like to expressJean Leclant and Mme. I. Pierre, who have been most generous ineautiful facsimile copies of hieroglyphic texts inscribed on theepy I and Merenre utilized in the text. Their facsimiles generally

Sethes hand copies of the same signs.Lexicographical Studies in Ancient Egyptian Minerals (Berlin,

ncient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1969), 1, p. 184.

and n. 1.nerary Liturgy, pl. V, l. 81, p. 14.


with carved animal-legs and tall straight back (the slanting back restcharacteristic of New Kingdom chairs is lacking): .

149

nd appears to represent an instance of a word with a very specificmeaning originally (stool with bent wood reinforcement), which overtime came to have a wider application, often seemingly without any ap-parent connection to the root meaning of the word: bull-leggedstool,lion-headed throne, straight-backed chair, and so forth. Onthe other hand, many of these types of seats probably incorporatedminor bent wood elements, such as small angular braces, and these mayhave constituted the tie that binds.

In the New Kingdom and later, the term acquires a new, if related,meaning: stairway

g) st-(n)-t seat of wle plus simple: Fris6, 21; Liegestuhl:

This is the earliKha-bau-sokars furdoes the indirect gheteps list, where in apposition, to ind14, 23).

151 In the lis

where the term is sut wood seems wood.

152

The determinatHathor-nefer-hetep,ing bedframe with drawings of the firsscale to be certain,

149 For this innovation, sand the chairs numbereda stele of the reign of Senat Abydos (New Haven,the late Middle Kingdom22.2) and 76 (ANOC 54.tleren Reichs im Museum49 (CG 20614), 55 (CG 2ents of these chairs, see n150 Wb. 3, 314, 1114.151 For this function ofgyptische Grammatik, made of wood from thosAmmoun, Crafts of Egyp152 On mnq-wood, see Ja


, (flight of) steps, especially of a throne or chapel.150

ood: Murray, Saqq. Mast. 1, pp. 3435; type de lites dobjets, p. 243; Name des Ruhebettes: Wb. 5,

Junker, Gza 4, p. 71.er of the two Old Kingdom words for bed. Only inniture list, where st-n-t bed of wood appears,enitive occur. Otherwise, except for Hathor-nefer-t follows st directly, st-t is usually written with ticate the material of which the bed is made (910,

ts of Khabausokar and his wife Hathor-nefer-hetep,bsumed under the heading s-wood, the elementredundant. In place of t, Senenu (19) has mnq-

ive in the early furniture-lists of Khabausokar and as well as in both of Rahoteps lists, is a gently slop-bent wood legs. In the published photographs andt two lists, the determinatives are on too small abut in both of Rahoteps lists the lower bend of the

ee Baker, Furniture, pp. 63, 12829; Killen, Furniture, pp. 5152, 4 and 5. The earliest depiction of such a chair known to me is inusert I; see William Kelly Simpson, The Terrace of the Great God 1974), pl. 51 (ANOC 33.1). They appear sporadically in steles of and Second Intermediate Period; see e.g., ibid., pls. 32 (ANOC

1); H.O. Lange and H. Schfer, Grab- und Denksteine des Mit- von Kairo 4 (Berlin, 1902), pls. 21 (CG 20434), 39 (CG 20537),

0732), 95 [613615], 96 [616625]; cf. pl. 93 [575]. For the anteced-. 167 below.

badal apposition, see Gardiner, EG, 90, 1; Elmar Edel, Alt-2 vols. (Rome, 1955, 1964), 1, 312. Possibly t distinguishes bedse in other materials like palm-stalks or wicker; see e.g., Deniset (Cairo, 1991), p. 69. nssen, Commodity Prices, p. 208.


142

bed legs definitely rest on drums. The same sort of bed (on wide drums)appears in a craft scene in the Tomb of the Two Brothers (fig. 2b), buthere the bed is designated by the later term, t (a).

153

In the tomb of the vizier Ptahshepses at Abusir, four, probably orig-inally five, male figures transport articles of furniture (fig. 7).

154 The

wall is damaged and only the upper part of the body of the first man re-mains, while the second figure is completely destroyed. Verner remarksthat the arms of the first man are turned backwards, which implies thathe must have been carrying a sizeable object together with the secondman behind him.

155 The piece of furniture carried by the two figures is

likewise destroyed, but an upright element in the space between the reararm and body of tsuggests that the obheld an angled backrup the rear of the proback and lions pawrow of five male fis(w) swt(yw) nthe inspector(s) of tr

A fairly commoreadying their mastGiza, for example, athe former set withiend to the former viover the latter is wrhigh back, square srails terminating inon fulcrum-shaped Saqqara mastaba of and bring them to thhere reads: dw st n

153 Nianchchnum, pl. 63154 Verner, Ptahshepses, 155 Ibid., p. 23.156 This detail is omitted157 Verner, ibid., p. 23, tritive of wd; see Edel, Alt158 See PM 32, pp. 357 [1159 Junker, Gza 4, fig. 10160 Ibid., p. 40.161 HTES I2, pl. 29 (2).

08 BROVARSKI Page 142 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMhe first figure, which may represent a footboard,ject was probably a bed.

156 The third man evidently

est (j) over one shoulder. The pair of figures bringingcession carry between them an arm chair with high legs. The horizontal line of inscription above the

gures reads as follows: spt swt r dw m st.sn (n) pr-t, Bringing the swt to be put in their places byeasurers of the estate.

157

n scene in Old Kingdom mastabas shows attendantsers bedchamber.

158 In the tomb of Kayemankh at

number of attendants prepare an armchair and bed,n a canopy, for their masters use (fig. 8).

159 The leg-

gnette reads w st dusting the armchair,160

whileitten wdt t, making the bed. The armchair has aupports on the sides for elbows and arms, and side papyrus flower ornaments, while its bulls legs restsupports. In a second bed-making scene from theWerirenptah, two men remove sheets from a cheste attendants making up the owners bed; the legendswt(yw), making the bed by the treasurers.

161

.photo 19, pl. 9.

in the drawing in ibid., pl. 9, but is clear in photo 19.eats the sentence differently. I take dw to be the masculine infin-g. Gramm. 1, Table 3 on p. 12*.

5], 907 [15]. A.


143

Fig. 7. Bearers of furniture in the tomb of the vizier Ptahshepses at Abu Sir.

Fig. 8. Bedchamber scene from the chapel of Ka-em-ankh.



144

From the evidence of the furniture lists, as well as the wall scenes inthe tombs of Ptahshepses and Werirenptah, it is clear that st in the OldKingdom was a term that encompassed beds as well as seats. Going onestep further, Henry Fischer has suggested that st in origin perhapsdesignated any piece of furniture on which one rested, whether seatedor reclining.

162

Erman in fact was of the opinion that the Egyptian bed was reallyonly a broader seat.

163 Beds from the early dynastic tombs of Tarkhan

are so short that a sleeper would have to curl up tightly when taking ad-vantage of one.

164 Actual early dynastic beds are usually low, rarely ex-

ceeding 30.8 cm, and chairs are often no higher.165

When depictedtogether in Old Kingto be of similar heigtheriomorphic beds board in lieu of a lowdid not draw a sharp

To return to st-sometimes labeled dence, st-(n)-t is onsupports, never to p. 130). This may realone does refer to tWerirenptah.

h) st ms Stuhl zuWe have just s

throne, also possesdual usage perhaps esitting in the furnitions as a determinlogogram in st-[n]-simple high-backed early as the Second 162 Henry George Fischer163 Adolf Erman, gypte164 Tarkhan I, pp. 2324(Paris, 1986), p. 188.165 Emery, Archaic Egyptp. 63, cat. no. 348; idem,195458), 1, p. 57, cat. no14; 37, no. 2; see also Tseated posture, are illusHelwan; see Baker, Furni166 See as well, Mersyank

08 BROVARSKI Page 144 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMdom daily life scenes, beds and chairs usually appearht.

166 Externally then, there is little to distinguish

and chairs except breadth and the presence of a foot- backrest. Perhaps for these reasons, the Egyptians

distinction between beds and chairs.(n)-t. Although beds with bent wood supports aret (a), as far as can be judged from the surviving evi-ly applied to the type of sloping bed with bent wood

the other two types of Old Kingdom beds (above,flect the nature of the evidence, however, since stheriomorphic beds in the tombs of Kayemankh and

m Sitzen: Junker, Gza 4, p. 71.een that the term st, generally translated seat,sed the meaning bed in the Old Kingdom. Thisxplains the existence of the term st-ms a seat for

ture list of Kayemankh. The sign , which func-ative of st-ms in the list of Kayemankh (and as at elsewhere), seemingly reflects the form of thechair with straight legs which is attested in relief asDynasty.

167

, Stuhl, L 6 (1985), col. 92.n und gyptisches Leben im Altertum (Tbingen, 1885), p. 261.; Henry George Fischer, Lcriture et lart de lEgypte ancienne

, p. 242. For actual beds or chairs, see idem, or-aa (Cairo, 1939), Great Tombs of the First Dynasty, 3 vols. (Cairo, 1949; Oxford,s. 538, 539; 2, p. 53, cat. no. 300; Killen, Furniture, pp. 2426, nos.omb of Hesy, pls. 1820. Higher chairs, which allowed a propertrated in niche-stones from the Second Dynasty cemetery atture, p. 37, figs. 24, 25, and below, n. 167.h III, fig. 8, pl. 9 a; El-Hawawish 1, fig. 9.


There is no queOld Kingdom. Abovchair is designated avizier Ptahshepses iis applied to a thrside-rails ( ).

169

headed, bull-legged of religious literatur

It is possible thincreasingly to be athis conjecture may167 Baker, Furniture, pp. sented in Old Kingdom sfouilles franais en Egyptin the Third Millenniump. 103, doubts that theseexamples in Second DynFischer, Lcriture et lartchair with low scroll legof such a chair in Cairo.lished by him as MiddleDr tomb N 3765, is actuof the Polychrome GrouIntermediate Period [BoDr, L 4 (1980), cols. 3tomb was almost certainthe later period. 168 Verner, Abusir 1, pl. 1169 PT 267 c. 170 PT 306 e, 509 c.

Fig. 9. Portable chairs in Old Kingdom tombs.

a

b

08 BROVARSKI Page 145 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMstion that st by itself could refer to seats during thee, we have seen that Kayemankhs bull-legged arm- st. An arm chair with lions legs in the tomb of thes likewise denominated.

168 In the Pyramid Texts st

one with bulls legs and papyrus terminals on theIn two other spells, the determinative of st is a lion-throne, the same sign that elsewhere in this corpuse serves as the determinative of ndw (f).

170

at t (a) appeared at a time when the word st camepplied to proper seats of various forms. Evidence for be provided by the furniture list of Izi. In that list t

3233, 51; figs. 2425. Straight-back chairs are sometimes repre-tatuary; see Institut franais darchologie orientale, Un sicle dee 18801980 (Cairo, 1981), cat. no. 59; Henry G. Fischer, Dendera B.C. (Locust Valley, NY, 1968), pp. 1023 and pl. 7. Fischer, ibid., chairs were patterned on a piece of furniture in daily use, but theasty stele, though admittedly few in number, suggest otherwise., p. 190, pls. 84 and 85, calls attention to a rigidly straight-backed

s in a boat model of the vizier Meketre and to an actual fragment A chair in the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, pub- Kingdom, ibid., pp. 18990, pl. 85, and said to be from Naga-ed-ally from N 3746, a tomb that yielded up a stele that forms part

p of Dynasty 9 (Dows Dunham, Naga-ed-Dr Stelae of the Firstston, 1937], p. 43, pl. 13 [2]; Edward Brovarski, Naga (Nag)-ed-089). According to Naga-ed-Dr Notebook 2, p. 4, however, thely reused in Dynasty 18, and the chair may conceivably belong to

c145

0.


146

is the term applied to a lion-headed bed, while st-t is determined bywhat appears to be a chair without legs . Presumably a kind of por-table chair that appears from time to time in Old Kingdom reliefs andpaintings was intended (fig. 9ac).

171

i) s table: Griffith, in Petrie, Medum, p. 38; ein Gert (Gestello.a.): Wb. 4, 22, 4.

The term s is known only from Rahoteps furniture list. The deter-minative looks like a high, straight-legged table. It is colored white,which may suggest it was made from an inferior wood and gessoed toimprove its appearance.

172 A table of similar proportions in the tomb of

the vizier Mereruka functions as a gaming board (fig. 10a).173

Tables are ubiqu

high, like Rahoteps(fig. 10c).

175 They m

ef) or stretchers (figtable has a cavetto10f).

178 Another, us

(fig. 10b). Although tdo not appear to hadently reserved for

As Fischer notesplayed legs much serves as a sideboar(ww).

182

171 E.g., Ti 1, pl. 16 (= fig. Two Craftsmen, pl. 1; NiReliefs in Brooklyn, inHawawish 1, fig. 9, pl. 6.Chnumhotep, a carrying172 See Baker, Furniture, 173 E.g., Mereruka 2, pl. 1174 E.g., Baker, Furniture1909], pl. 64).175 E.g., Mereruka 1, pl. 3176 E.g., ibid., pl. 90.177 E.g., ibid., pl. 30.178 LD 2, 61a. Cavetto-cNew Kingdoms, and actuDer Manuelian, in EdwarAge (Boston, 1982), cat. n179 E.g., Mereruka 1, pls.180 Fischer, Mbel, col181 Junker, Gza 8, fig. 92182 Wb. 1, 393, 15.

08 BROVARSKI Page 146 Thursday, July 22, 2004 12:42 PMitous in Old Kingdom representations. They can be and Mererukas tables, medium (fig. 10b)

174 or low

ay be reinforced with bent wood braces (figs. 10ab,. 10d)

176 or be provided with both (fig. 10ef).

177 One

cornice and torus molding at the upper edge (fig.ed for gaming purposes, may be fitted with a drawerhey often served as sideboards,

179 rectangular tables

ve been used for dining, a function which was evi-wt-tables (e).s, tables in general do not seem to have acquiredbefore Dyn. 11.

180 One exception (fig. 10g), which

d,181

probably falls into the category of cult tables

9a); Mogensen, Mast. g., fig. 38 (= fig. 19b); Junker, Gza 4, pl. 14;anchchnum, pl. 63 (= fig. 9c); Richard A. Fazzini, Some Egyptian Miscellanea Wilbouriana 1 (Brooklyn, 1972), p. 41, fig. 7; El In the mastabas of Kayemrehu (fig. 9b) and of Nianchchnum and chair is depicted nearby.p. 118.72.

, fig. 61 (= J.E. Quibell, Excavations at Saqqara 19071908 [Cairo,

0.

orniced, splayed leg tables are more common in the Middle andal examples exist; see Fischer, Mbel, col. 183 and n. 72; Peterd Brovarski, Susan K. Doll, and Rita E. Freed eds., Egypts Goldeno. 45; Fischer, Lcriture et lart, p. 182, pl. 66.

57, 58, 6364; 2, pls. 121, 122.. 184..


147

Fig. 10. Old Kingdom tables.

a

e

c

f

b

d

g



148

j) gs(w)t sloped footboard: Griffith, in: Saqq. Mast. 1, p. 35; two-legged inclined rest:an angled backrest rples, p. 140; lit: neigter form): WbSchemel oder Rckund ihre

02 Studies in Honor of WKS

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