02. CHAPTER - 2 Physilophy of Safety

8/19/2019 02. CHAPTER - 2 Physilophy of Safety

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CHAPTER - 2

Philosophy of Safety

1. What is Philosophy?2. Philosophy of Safety

2.1 Need of Safety Philosophy 2.2 Nature and Subjects of Safety

Philosophy

3. Safety Terminology 1!! termsde"ned#

$. %essage of the &ord 'S()*T+, -. Philosophy of (ccident ausation

What is stated in Chapter-1 about theConcept of Safety falls within the scope of philosophy of safety which we will see,now, in further detail.

1 WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

Philosophy is originally an Indianbranch of knowledge. It had existence inour country before the nglish word!philosophy" ca#e into the existence.

$housands years ago our profound%ushies and great thinkers told about!&'(! )ele#ent* and search for its!&'(+ ! )knowledge*, and this

!&'(+ ! is our oldest and currentsynony# for the nglish word!philosophy". It has its origin in edas,S#ruties, Shruties, /pnishads,%a#ayana, Shri#at 0hagwat and otherPurans, ahabharat, 2ita and #any oldand #odern Indian literatures. 2itaexplains it as follows3

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assesses the knowledge, its root,#easure and li#itations.

Philosophy has three originalbranches31. Ontology searching the root cause or

funda#ental ele#ent)s* in the creationof world.

T. Cosology searching how this Gisibleworld is deGeloped fro# the Jnalele#ent.

U. Episteology discussing the for#s,types, tests and li#itations of theknowledge. $here are three conceptions about

philosophy of science V1. Its purpose is to think about the line of

thinking and logic of science, andT. Its function is to coordinate Garious

kinds of knowledge, andU. Its speciJc work is to analyse the

#ethodology and proble#s of science.aKor proble#s of philosophy of

science are the proble#s of reductionis#,technological explanation, causation andinduction.

!i"e#en$e %et&een S$ien$e an'Philosophy

$he s$ien$e has speciJc subKectsand diGisions, it rests upon experience,

obserGation, experi#ent andexa#inations, its rules are uniGersal,unaltered and unchangeable. It has notwo opposite state#ents or opinions andit does not recognie religion.

$he philosophy has no speciJcsubKect, it interprets facts and Jndings, itsearches for co##on principles lying atthe root of facts, it Jnds generality of totality, it does not need experience orexperi#ent, its attitude is intellectual andlogical, it includes theories of opposite

opinions also Gi. reality and ideology,spiritualis# and #aterialis#, #&-N#&,4S&X -N4S&X, theistic and atheistic,free behaGiour and #orality etc. Itrecognises the religion and always looksfor the Jnal truth.

2 PHILOSOPHY O( SA(ETY

fter understanding the nature of philosophy in general, let us be precise

oGer the philosophy of safety.

2)1 *ee' of SafetyPhilosophy+

$he obKectiGes of philosophy of safetyare to protect and serGe the #ankind, tosearch, suggest and apply )i* the safeways of behaGiour )action*, )ii* the safeworking conditions and )iii* the safeenGiron#ent for the safety, health andwelfare of all people.

$his shows the highest i#portance of the subKect of safety, as it has startedfro# the age-old need of safety and hasto last for continuous and per#anentneed foreGer. $his is the supre#esigniJcance of the philosophy of safety.

2)2 *at,#e an' S,%e$ts of Safety Philosophy+

Safety is directly connected withscience, technology, engineering, health,hygiene, toxicology, psychology and#anage#ent. It has speciJc rules orprinciples on speciJc safety subKects. $hephilosophy of safety tries to search andcoordinate the co##on causes andre#edial #easures for general as well as

speciJc safety proble#s. It begins withthe basic need or reYuire#ent of safety,its funda#entals, causation analysis andassess#ent, #ethods of detection of unsafe condition, unsafe action andreason and seYuence of accidentoccurrence. It searches for the principlesand #ethods of accident preGention andspeedy control after the happening,safety deGices, Jttings, techniYues and#easures, factors i#peding andapproGing safety, safety responsibilityand roles of Garious agenciesZter#inology, theories and #ysteries of accident causation, preGention andcontrol. It studies for physical,physiological, psychological and otherfactors aecting and strengtheningsafety. It studies costs and types of accidents and their signiJcance, type of safety #anage#ent necessary and waysand #eans of proGiding and #aintainingsafe working conditions and hu#an

actions aecting health and safety of people and the safety of enGiron#ent. It

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touches the origin, deGelop#ent anda#end#ent of safety law and itsinnoGation and all safety needs in theareas of industrial and enGiron#entalsafety including safety at ho#e, road,rail, water and air. $hus the Jeld of safetyphilosophy is unli#ited, its scope is Gery

wide to include the entire subKects of safety fro# origin to the research, thelatest deGelop#ent and fro# causationand behaGioural analysis to the #odernconcept of design, testing, reliability,haard control technology, risk analysis,assess#ent and audit, e#ergencyplanning, public awareness andinGolGe#ent progra##es and all futuredeGelop#ents.

. SA(ETY TER/I*OLO0Y [ike other branches of science, #any

&ords and terms are now well deJned insafety science. So#e ter#s are deJnedby statutes fro# legal point of Giew. So#eco##only used safety ter#inology isgiGen below. It is #ost i#portant tounderstand these words as they clarify#any concepts of safety philosophy,safety science and safety law. Htherter#s are deJned in respectiGe chapters.

Ror ter#inology of SQS, see part \.T of Chapter -1]. Ror ter#inology of %iskanage#ent, see part 1.1T of Chapter V1^.

.)1 A$$i'ent+

n accident is deJned in dierentways V

Qictionary #eaning of !accident" is anunexpected eGent or #ishap. It is deJnedas an eGent that is not expected,intended or i#agined. It refers the e/ent not the result or eect.

n accident is an unplanned eGentthat interrupts the co#pletion of anactiGity and that #ay )or #ay not* causeda#age to person, property orenGiron#ent.

n accident is that occurrence in aseYuence of eGents, which producesunintended injury , death or propertyda#age. n accident refers to the eGent,

not to the result of the eGent.

0nintentional injury is the preferredter# for accidental inKury in the publichealth co##unity. It refers to the resultof an accident.

n accident is unintended, unplannedeGent or its seYuence caused by unsafecondition)s* or_and unsafe act)s* and #ay

result in i##ediate or delayedundesirable eects.n accident is an unplanned and

uncontrolled eGent in which the action orreaction of an obKect, substance, person,or radiation results in personal inKury orthe probability thereof.

It is also deJned as an unexpected,unintended or unforeseen eGent thatcauses inKury, loss or da#age

n accident is any unplanned, suddeneGent, which causes or is liable to causean inKury to #an, #aterials )includingplant* or enGiron#ent.

n accident is any occurrence thatinterrupts or interferes with the orderlyprogress of the actiGity which causes orlikely to cause inKury with or withoutda#age to property or enGiron#ent.

n accident is the result of carelessness, casualness or any faultknown or unknown.

n accident is an unwanted transfer

of energy beyond the threshold li#its. Incase of accident to a person,physiological energy loss is an accidentwhile in other cases it #ay be an energyloss fro# #aterial.

It is an eGent, which is unexpected,unaGoidable and unintended - Suchman

n accident is an unexpected,unaGoidable, unintentional act resultingfro# the interaction of host )accidentGicti#*, agent )inKury deliGerer* andenGiron#ental factors within situations,

which inGolGe risk taking and perceptionof danger - Suchman.

n accident is an unplanned eGent,which has a probability of causingpersonal inKury or property da#age orboth. It #ay result in physical har#)inKury or disease* to person)s*, da#ageto property, loss to the co#pany, a near#iss or any co#bination of these eectsincluding delayed eect.

n accident is an unexpected,

unplanned eGent in a seYuence of eGents,that occurs through a co#bination of

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causes, it results in physical har# )inKuryor disease* to an indiGidual, da#age toproperty, eYuip#ent, building etc., a near#iss, loss to the co#pany, or anyco#bination of these eects.

n accident is an unplanned, notnecessarily inKurious or da#aging eGent

that interrupts the co#pletion of anactiGity. It is inGariably preceded by anunsafe act or an unsafe condition or theirco#bination.

n industrial )occupational* accidentis also deJned as an undesirable eGentthat results in a certain length of disability and stoppage of work and ti#eloss due to the eect of a production-related dangerous factor or a co#binationof such factors.

n occupational accident is presentlyregarded as an index or a sy#pto# of dysfunction in a syste# for#ed by aproduction unit, such as a factory, aworkshop, a shift or a workplace.

ccupational accident is also deJnedas `any organic or functional inKury orda#age to body, li#bs or health orpsychic disorder due to an external,sudden or Giolent cause occurring duringwork or due to work itself and resulting indeath or total or partial, per#anent or

te#porary incapacity for work.)atal accident or death from accident is an accident that results in one or #oredeaths within one year.

Philosophy of A$$i'ent+ It shouldbe noted fro# aboGe deJnitions of !accident" that V1. In accident pheno#enon, which

includes eGent and its eect, !eGent"is #ore i#portant then its !eect".ect or conseYuence #ay or #aynot be there. Ror exa#ple, a person

getting che#ical splash )exposure*,struck by falling body, falling bystriking against obKect, falling fro#height, getting electric shock or#eeting with road accident #ay notget any inKury or his nor#al actiGity#ay not be interrupted. Eere eGenthas taken place but it has not anotable eect. Gen then this is anaccident for the purpose of Jnding the!cause" of eGent and re#edial

#easures to preGent its recurrence.

T. Gent #ay be one or #ore. Hne thingfalls or #any things fall one by one,only Jre takes place or explosionfollows the Jre, eGents of pri#ary andsecondary explosion, collision of #anyGehicles, one person dies or #orepersons die in a seYuence or due to

dierent inKuries in one accident #ayconstitute one accident.U. Idea of !accident by chance" is not

acceptable in safety philosophy. achaccident has its !cause" or !causes"that need inYuiry, inGestigation andeorts to re#oGe the#. Consideringaccident as chance or fate does nothelp to preGent the accident and #ayresult in another accident. Gen if itis considered as chance, the !causes"of that chance occurrence arei#portant.

. $here #ay not be i##ediacybetween eGent and eect. Rorexa#ple, pain or sy#pto# #ayappear after repeated actions or fewhours or days after the accident,cancer #ay occur after years fro# theexposure of a toxic substance. $hisdelay or !latency period" hides theeect for so#e ti#e. EoweGer suchaccident of delayed eect #ay proGe

#ost serious and needs thoroughinGestigation and eectiGe control#easures Gi. pesticide poisoning.

. Quration or span of eGent #ay beshort or long. Span of eGent should beconsidered fro# its beginning to theend of the eect or conseYuence.

$herefore when eect occurs Kustafter the eGent begins, duration of eGent is short and when eect occursafter a long ti#e )i.e. delayed eect*fro# the beginning of the eGent,

duration of the eGent is long. $herefore in deJnition of accident,i##ediate or delayed, both theeects are included. Chronic disease)eect* reYuires eGents of longduration.

[egal deJnition of !nonfatal inKuryaccident" or !dangerous occurrence"#akes it reportable after the durationof ] hours fro# the ti#e of accident.

$hus legal deJnition of accident has

considered ] hours duration of eGentto notice any har#ful eect. ccident

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causing death or possibility of deathis to be reported i##ediately )Sec.]] ]], the Ractories ct*.

See Chapter- for further detailsabout !accident", its causation andpreGention and Chapters-T] T^ for

other deJnitions.

.)2 A$$i'ent Conse,en$eAnalysis+

Conse,en$e #eans eect or resultof a speciJc eGent.

ccident ConseYuence nalysis is ananalysis of the expected eects of anaccident, independent of freYuency andprobability.

ostly this is carried out after theco#pletion of %isk ssess#ent to predictthe conseYuences i.e. seGerity of theeects due to the assu#ed worst credibleaccident scenarios.

With accident conseYuence analysis,the ulnerability nalysis #ay be carriedout of the persons, property andenGiron#ent adGersely aected.

Co#puter software is useful incarrying out conseYuence analysis andGulnerability analysis.

In such type of analyses,deter#ination of following things isi#portant V1. $ype of substance being released e.g.

gas, liYuid or liYuid with Gapour etc.T. $ype of release i.e. instantaneous,

continuous, inter#ittent etc.U. [eak rate or outow Golu#e and rate

of eGaporation in case of liYuid pool.. Qispersion calculation of the released

#ass. Para#eters of at#ospheric

conditions are considered e.g. windspeed, weather condition )stabilityclass*, cloudiness, terrain conditionsand sinking #echanis# )inuence of trees, houses etc as obstruction*.

. Qa#age distances i.e. da#agingconcentration or eect at dierentdistances in the direction of wind orother directions. Plotting of footprint.

. SeGerity of the eect i.e. Gulnerabilityin ter#s of possible deaths, inKuries,destruction of buildings or da#age to

enGiron#ent. /se of Probit eYuation.

\. Plotting of !risk counters" on the area#ap of place of release and Gicinity.Counters should indicate low, #ediu#and high risk areas.

.). A$$i'ent P#eention+

ccident preGention is both scienceand art. It represents, aboGe all otherthings, control i.e. the control of hu#anperfor#ance, #achine or eYuip#entperfor#ance and physical enGiron#ent.

$he word !control" connotespreGention as well as correction of unsafeconditions and actions. PreGention is theJrst step of control.

$o control unsafe hu#an actions,knowledge of psychology, philosophy and

#anage#ent are necessary. $o controlunsafe conditions, knowledge of engineering, health eects, industrialhygiene, ergono#ics etc. are necessary.

ccident preGention reYuires JGesteps3 organisation, fact-Jnding, analysisof the facts found, selection of re#edyand application of re#edy. Sixth step of onito#ing should be considered. Itincludes #easure#ent of result,assess#ent i.e. co#paring with legalcriteria or standard, feedback and further

i#proGe#ent if necessary. See Chapter V for details.

.)3 Ai# Poll,tion+

In short it #eans conta#ination of airby har#ful substances like toxic gas,dust, Gapour, acid fu#es, ue gases etc.When it exceeds legal per#issible li#it, itis considered legally har#ful.

In its broad #eaning it includes

detection, #onitoring and che#icalanalysis of air pollution control eYuip#entand engineering #easure#ents andstandards of industrial and auto#otiGee#issions and co##on air Yualitypara#eters, odours, acid rains, ther#aldischarge, gas and particulate e#ission,cli#ate change, greenhouse eect, oonedepletion, che#ical and biologicalaspects of air pollution, radioactiGe fallout, radiation leGels and their eectsZ andeects of air pollutants on soil, plants and

ani#als.

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.)4 APELL+

It #eans !wareness andPreparedness for #ergencies at [ocal[eGel". It is a co-operatiGe progra##e of the /nited ations nGiron#ent

Progra##e )/P*, Industry andnGiron#ent Hce prepared in une1^]\, and was started in late 1^]].

P[["s #ain goals are to preGenttechnological accidents )disasters* and,failing this, to #ini#ise their i#pacts.

$his is achieGed by assisting decision-#akers and technical personnel toincrease co##unity awareness of haardous installations and to preparecoordinated response plans inGolGing

industry, goGern#ent and the localco##unity, in case unexpected eGents atthese installations should endanger life,property or the enGiron#ent.

$hus P[[ consists two parts )1*ProGision of infor#ation to theco##unity, which is called !Co##unitywareness" and )T* Ror#ulation of a planto protect the public, which is called!#ergency %esponse". )Hn-site and o-site #ergency plans are legallysuggested*.

.)5 Ca#e an' Types of Ca#e+

%easonable care is that degree of care exercised by a prudent #an inobserGance of his legal duties towardothers.

Gery person has a legal duty toexercise due care for the safety of othersand to aGoid inKury to others if possible.Co##on carriers #ust exercise great

care.Responsi%le $a#e is the safety dutytowards society. ow this has deGelopedas a syste#atic approach.

%esponsible care is a che#icalindustry initiatiGe, which started inCanada in the late 1^\js and is slowlygaining worldwide #o#entu#. It isGoluntary and the willing co#pany has tode#onstrate its co##it#ent to i#proGeall aspects of perfor#ance relating tosafety, health enGiron#ent. $his helps,

in turn, to deGelop and #aintain publicacceptability of that industry.

In India, IC has adopted six codesof #anage#ent practices for responsiblecare as under3

1. $he Process Safety Code.

T. $he #ployee Eealth Safety Code.U. $he Pollution PreGention Code.. $he Co##unity wareness

#ergency %esponse Code.. $he Qistribution Code, and. $he Product Stewardship Code.

.)6 CASH+

$his #eans Change gents for Safety Eealth. $his is a ter# used for

occupational Eealth and Safety progra#where dierent agents like noise, dust,heat-stress, inKures, che#ical exposures,PP, light, Gentilation etc are consideredas target for necessary change to getdesired i#proGe#ent at the work place.

.)7 Chei$al A$$i'ent+

s deJned u_r T)a* of the Che#icalccidents )#ergency Planning,Preparedness, and %esponse* %ules,

1^^, it #eans an accident inGolGing afortuitous or sudden or unintendedoccurrence while handling any haardousche#icals deJned in rule T)b* resultingin continuous, inter#ittent or repeatedexposure to death or inKury to any personor da#age to any property but does notinclude an accident by reason only of waror radioactiGity.

.)8 Chei$al Safety+

It #eans !safety" fro# haards of che#ical. See deJnition of !safety" at Sr.o. U.\\ following.

.)19 Co'e of P#a$ti$e+

It is a docu#ent oering practicalguidance on the policy, standard-settingand practice in occupational and generalpublic safety and health for use by

goGern#ents, e#ployers and workers inorder to pro#ote safety and health at the

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national leGel and at the leGel of theinstallation. code of practice is notnecessarily a substitute for existingnational legislation, regulations andsafety standards.

.)11 Con:ne' Spa$e+

ConJned space as deJned in clause)o* of Part-1, Schedule-1^, %ule-1jT,2uKarat Ractories %ules, #eans any spaceby reason of its construction as well as inrelation to the nature of the work carriedtherein and where haards to the personsentering into working inside exist or arelikely to deGelop during working.

or#ally a conJned space isenclosed fro# all sides except one for

entering inside and co#ing out fro# thesa#e e.g. #anhole or open top. It is not anor#al place for working. Insi'e #is;sinclude V possibility of toxic gas or dust,oxygen deJciency, Jre, explosion, highte#perature, sudden ow or pressure,accidental starting of stirrer etc., buryingunder free owing solid e.g. grain,ce#ent, sugar, drowning in liYuid atbotto# and si#ilar causes.

IHSE, /S describes !conJnedspace" as a space which has any one of

the following characteristics31. [i#ited opening for entry and exit.T. /nfaGourable natural Gentilation, orU. ot designated for continuous worker

occupancy.

ConJned space is also classiJed asthat V- has Gertical or #ae exit, or- contains loose dust, uidised

#aterials or unstable solids.

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• Rire, explosion, escape of #olten#etal, hot liYuor, gas etc.

• xplosion of a pressure Gessel.• Collapse or subsidence of a structure.Ror Qangerous Che#ical %eaction seePart U.U^.

.)15 !isaste#+

Qisaster is a catastrophic situation inwhich the day-to-day patterns of life are,in #any instances, suddenly disruptedand people are plunged into helplessnessand suering and as a result needprotection, clothing, shelter, #edical andsocial care and other necessities of life,such as-

1. Qisasters resulting fro# naturalpheno#ena like earthYuakes, Golcaniceruptions, stor#, surges, cyclones,tropical stor#s, oods, landslides,forest Jres and #assiGe insectinfestation. lso in this group, Giolentdraught, which will cause a creepingdisaster leading to fa#ine, diseaseand death #ust be included.

T. Second group includes disastrouseGents occasioned by #an, or by

#an"s i#pact upon the enGiron#ent,such as ar#ed conict, industrialaccidents, factory Jres, explosions andescape of toxic gases or che#icalsubstances, riGer pollution, #ining orother structural collapses, air, sea, railand road transport accidents, aircraftcrashes, collisions of Gehicles carryingina##able liYuids, oil spills at sea,and da# failures.

.)16!isaste# /anageent Plan

=!/P>+

$his is the reYuire#ent of 2oGern#ent Qept. )oR, 2PC0, RactoryInspectorate, Collectorate etc.* underGarious cts and %ules.

It includes Hn-site e#ergency planand H-site e#ergency plan. Its keyele#ents are V

1. 0asis of the plan or risk

assess#ent. Eaards and

e#ergency situations aredeter#ined with their possibleeects. $ypical scenarios andconseYuences are outlined for thepurpose of o-site e#ergency plan)see part U.T*.

T. ccident preGention procedures

and control #easures.Hrganisational set-up and diGisionof responsibility. It includes listingof control #easures proGided inthe factory and to be #anagedfro# outside if not aGailable in thefactory. Eelp fro# outsideagencies.

U. #ergency response procedures.It includes e#ergency controlcentre, co##unication syste#and description of roles to beplayed by plant people andoutside agencies.

. %ecoGery procedures. It includessafe shut down or ow restrictionprocedure, eGacuation andrestoring of nor#al condition.

See Chapter V 1^ for details.

.)17 E$ology+

It includes interaction between

#icrobes, plants and ani#als and theirenGiron#ent, which are pri#arily aectedby cli#ate, water resources, soil and#an, ecosyste# studies, ecology of grasslands, woodlands and wetlands, aridones and high altitude enGiron#ents,coastal ecosyste#, #angroGes, aYuaticecosyste#, fresh water, riGer basins,brackish water, #arine, estuarine and soilecology.

.)18 Ee#gen$y+#ergency could be deJned as any

situation, which presents a threat tosafety of person or_and property. It #ayreYuire outside help also.

s deJned in clause T)K* of Schedule1^ of Che#ical Works u_r 1jT of the2uKarat Ractories %ules )2R%*, emergency #eans a situation leading to acircu#stance or set of circu#stances inwhich there is a danger to the life or

health of persons or which could result in

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big Jre or explosion or pollution to thework and outside enGiron#ent, aectingthe workers or neighbourhood in a serious#anner, de#anding i##ediate action.

It is also deJned as, !a dyna#icincident in which there is continuingpotential for #aKor inKury, ill health,

da#age to property, to the process or tothe enGiron#ent."

.)29 Ee#gen$y Plan+

#ergency plan is a for#al writtenplan, which on the basis of identiJedpotential haards at the installationtogether with their conseYuences,describes how such haards and theirconseYuences should be handled either

on-site or o-site. See QP at Sr. o.U.1\.See Chapter V 1^ for details.

.)21 Ee#gen$y Se#i$es+

#ergency serGices #ean externalbodies which are aGailable to handle#aKor accidents and their conseYuencesboth on-site and o-site, e.g. Jreauthorities, police, health serGices etc.

.)22 Eni#onent+

s deJned u_s T)a* of thenGiron#ent )Protection* ct, 1^], itincludes water, air, land and the interrelationship which exists a#ong andbetween water, air and land, and hu#anbeings, other liGing creatures, plants,#icro-organis#s and property.

.)2. Eni#onental

/anageent+

In its broad #eaning it includes2oGern#ent policies, planning,progra##es, regulations and legislations,international agree#ents, enGiron#entali#pact assess#ents)I*, enGiron#entaleducation, enGiron#ental law and legalactions, sustainable deGelop#ent, sitingof industries, clean technologies, eco-deGelop#ent and ecosyste#

#anage#ent, #anagerial aspects of

forestry, biosphere, conserGation, wasteand wildlife.

.)23 Eni#onent /anageentPlan =E/P>+

fter identiJcation and assess#ent of

adGerse i#pacts on enGiron#ent due toproposed actiGity of a new plant orexpansion of existing plant and afterpreparation of nGiron#ent I#pactssess#ent )I* docu#ent, nGiron#entanage#ent Plan )P* beco#esnecessary.

$he P describes general goodpractice #easures and site-speciJc#easures to #itigate potential i#pactsdue to the proposed industrial actiGities.

$he P proGides #echanis# to addresspotential adGerse i#pacts, to instructcontractors and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all proKectworks.

Ror each stage of the progra##e, theP suggests eectiGe #itigation of eGerypotential biophysical and socio-econo#ici#pact identiJed in the I. It presentsfollowing infor#ation3

1. list of #itigation #easures.T. Para#eters to be #onitored to

ensure eectiGe i#ple#entationof the action.

U. $i#e schedule to i#ple#entactions to ensure that theobKectiGes are fully #et.

.)24 Eni#onental Poll,tant+

QeJned u_s T)b* of the nGiron#ent)Protection* ct 1^], it #eans any solid,liYuid or gaseous substance present insuch concentration as #ay be, or tend tobe, inKurious to enGiron#ent.

*n/ironmental Pollution #eans thepresence of enGiron#ental pollutant inenGiron#ent.

.)25 E##o#+

rrors are of dierent types, Gi.hu#an error, design errorZ planning,production, operation and #aintenanceerror etc.

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Eu#an error can be deJned as ahu#an"s action, which diers fro# or isinconsistent with prescribed orestablished behaGiours or procedures. It#ay be of two types3 predictable orrando#.

Predictable error occurs under si#ilar

conditions and can be foreseen because ithas occurred #ore than once.%ando# error is non-predictable and

uniYue in nature. Ror exa#ple, all of asudden a y or insect enters in eye due towhich a worker #ay throw away a tool orlose his balance and cause error. 0ut if ies beco#e co##on pheno#ena i.e.predictable, the error beco#espredictable one and re#edial #easuresare reYuired.

Eu#an error takes place due too#ission )failure to perfor# a reYuiredfunction* or co##ission )perfor#ing afunction not reYuired*, failure to recognisehaard, poor response, poor ti#ing, wrongdecision, sudden disturbance etc.

.)26 Ea$,ation+

It #eans to #oGe all people fro# athreatened area to a safer area. It isreYuired as a function of Hnsite or Hsite

#ergency Plan.

.)27 (i#e P#eention an'Cont#ol+

It is a special aspect of da#agecontrol. It protects #achinery, #aterials,#anufactured goods, #oney assets and#anpower fro# da#age due to Jre.

See Chapter - 1U for details.

.)28 (lash :#e an' et :#e+

@ash :#e is the non-explosiGeco#bustion of a Gapour cloud resultingfro# a release of a##able #aterial intothe open and which after #ixing with air,ignites. ash Jre results fro# theignition of a released a##able cloud inwhich there is essentially no increase inco#bustion rate. $he ignition sourcecould be electric spark, a hot surface andfriction between #oGing parts of a#achine or an open Jre.

$hus ash Jre #eans a release of a##able gas under unconJnedcondition in the presence of air andignition source. Qispersion process occursbetween [[ and /[ with no increase inco#bustion rate.

et :#e occurs when a##able gas

releases fro# the pipeline )or hole* andthe released gas ignites i##ediately.Qa#age distance depends on theoperating pressure and the dia#eter of the hole or opening.

.).9 (o#esee-a%ility+

#an #ay be held liable for actionsthat result in inKury or da#age only whenhe was able to foresee dangers and risks

that could be reasonably anticipated..).1 (o#est#y+

It includes aorestation, includingsocial forestry and energy plantation,deforestation, ecology and #anage#entof forests, inuence of forest on thephysical enGiron#ent, protection of forests, soil conserGation and erosion of forests, watershed _ catch#ents#anage#ent, endangered andthreatened plant species.

.).2 Han'ling of a S,%stan$e+

s deJned u_s T)d* of thenGiron#ent )Protection* ct, it #eansthe #anufacture, processing, treat#ent,package, storage, transportation, use,collection, destruction, conGersion,oering for sale, transfer or the like of such substance.

.).. Ha#f,l Eleent+

It #eans a substance, which incontact with the hu#an body is likely tocause, during e#ploy#ent and long after,identiJable by #odern #ethods, inKuriesand diseases or likely da#age to thehealth of the present and futuregenerations. Ear#ful ele#ents #ay beinKurious, toxic, corrosiGe or irritating.

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.).3 Haa#'s+

Haa#' #eans existing unsafecondition or action or situation or eGentor their co#bination which haspotentiality to cause accident butaccident has not happened.

Eaard is an inherent property of asubstance, agent, a source of energy orsituation haGing the potential of causingundesirable conseYuences.

Eaard #eans an intrinsic capacityassociated with an agent or processcapable of causing har#.

Eaard is deJned as, !any eGent withthe potential to cause har#, ill health,inKury, da#age to property, plant,products or the enGiron#ent, production

losses or increased liabilities."Eaard is a condition with thepotential of causing inKury to personnel,da#age to eYuip#ent or structures, lossof #aterial, or lessening of the ability toperfor# a prescribed function. Whenhaard is present, the possibility exists of these adGerse eects occurring.

$he causes of accidents generallyre#ain latent for so#e ti#e before anaccident occurs. $hese latent or potentialcauses are haards. Eaards are

so#eti#es referred to synony#ously withaccident causes, but there is a cleardistinction that a haard can exist withoutan accident whereas an accident causewithout an accident is an absurdity.Eaard recognition, diagnosis andeli#ination are essential to anysuccessful safety progra##e.

Chei$al Haa#' is a haard due toche#ical )including its property, storage,process, handling, eect etc.* and it isrealised by Jre, explosion, toxicity,corrosion, radiation etc.

/ao# Haa#' is a large-scaleche#ical haard, especially one, which#ay be realised through an acute eGent.

Ror aKor ccident Eaard )E* seepart U. following.

O$$,pational haa#'s are thehaards arising in course of and out of e#ploy#ent. $hey include physical,che#ical, biological, #echanical,electrical and psychological haards and

also occupational diseases and poisoning.

Rapi' #an;ing etho' is a #eansof classifying the haards of separateele#ents of plant within an industrialco#plex, to enable areas for priorityattention to be Yuickly established.

.).4 Haa#'s Analysis+

Eaard nalysis is )i* nalysis of #echanis# of haard occurrence and )ii*nalysis of ter#inal conseYuences of haards. It is YuantitatiGe. Its study isknown as Em )Eaard nalysis*. It#eans identi"cation of undesired eGents,which lead to the #aterialiation of ahaard, analysis of the #echanis#s bywhich such undesired eGents could occur,and estimation of the extent, #agnitude

and likelihood of any har#ful eects orconseYuences.In si#ple ter#, haard analysis

#eans classiJcation of haards, eg.che#ical haards, #echanical haards,electrical haards, fall haards, day andnight wise haards etc.

P#eliina#y Haa#' Analysis=PHA> is a procedure for identifyinghaards early in the design phase of proKect before the Jnal design has beenestablished. Its purpose is to identify

opportunities for design #odiJcations,which would reduce or eli#inate haards,#itigate the conseYuences of accidentsor both.

Em )Haard analysis* is generallyundertaken at the preli#inary stage of deter#ining the location, basic designprinciples and operational para#eters toestablish the adeYuacy of basic safety of design, operation and enGiron#entalcontrol. It #ay be followed by an updatedanalysis to establish Jnal risk leGels.Em exercise has to be undertaken bya professional tea# with expertise infailure #ode and eect analysis, faulttree analysis, si#ulation and #odelling,eGent tree and conseYuence analyses.

.).5 Haa#' Assessent+

Eaard assess#ent is an eGaluationof the results of a haard analysis

including Kudg#ents as to their

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acceptability and, as a guide, co#parisonwith releGant codes, standards, laws andpolicies.

Haop )Haard operability* studyis carried out by application of guidewordsto identify all possible deGiations fro#design intent haGing undesirable eects

on safety or operability, with the ai# of identifying potential haards.Haop studies are nor#ally

undertaken at an ad/anced stage of proKect i#ple#entation when the designcriteria are well established. $he studycan be used for both new and workingplants. $hey haGe to be carried out by#ultidisciplinary tea#s of experiencedtechnical personnel haGing detailedknowledge of both the design andoperation of a plant.

preli#inary Eaop study is intendedto reGiew the general para#eters of #aterials processed, unit operations andlayout of indiGidual units and plant sub-units. detailed Eaop study is reYuiredafter the Jnalisation of the designs toidentify the potentially haardoussituations and to arriGe at agreeableoptions to rectify design deGiations andano#alies.

See Chapter V1^ for details.

.).6 Haa#' I'enti:$ation+

It is an identiJcation of sources of haards and their causes. It is YualitatiGe.Its study is known as EmHP study.

any #ethods and techniYues areaGailable to identify haards. See ChapterV1^.

In si#ple ter#, it #eans listing of unsafe conditions, actions, situation etc.

Eaard identiJcation is the #osti#portant step. If haards are identiJedand re#oGed, risks are preGented. If risksare preGented, accidents are preGented. If accidents are preGented, inKuries andlosses are preGented and that is theobKect of safety.

.).7 Haa#'o,s $hei$al+

Eaardous che#ical is deJned u_sT)e* of the anufacture, Storage andI#port of Eaardous Che#icals %ules,

1^]^ as a listed che#ical in Schedule 1, Tand U therein. $he sa#e ter# is alsosi#ilarly deJned u_r T)b* of the Che#icalccidents )#ergency PlanningPreparedness and %esponse* %ules 1^^and u_r ])1*)a* of the 2uKarat Ractories%ules, 1^U.

When threshold Yuantity listed in Sch.T or U exceeds in a plant it is identiJed orclassiJed as a aKor ccident Eaard)E* installation. See Part U. also.

.).8 Haa#'o,s S,%stan$eBP#o$ess an' Rea$tion+

Haa#'o,s s,%stan$e is deJned u_sT)e* of the nGiron#ent )Protection* ct1^], as a substance or preparation

which, by reason of its che#ical orphysico-che#ical properties or handling,is liable to cause har# to hu#an beings,other liGing creatures, plants, #icro-organis#, property or the enGiron#ent.

It is an ele#ent, co#pound, #ixtureor preparation, which by Girtue of che#ical, physical or )eco* toxicologicalproperties constitutes a haard.

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!ange#o,s Chei$al Rea$tions asdeJned in clause )k* of Schedule 1^ onChe#ical Works u_r 1jT of the 2uKaratRactories %ules, #ean high speedreactions, run-away reactions, delayedreactions etc. and are characterised byeGolution of large Yuantities of heat,

intense release of toxic or a##ablegases or Gapours, sudden pressure build-up etc.

/nit processes and operations#entioned in Sch. u_r ] of the 2uKaratRactories %ules, when inGolGe or likely toinGolGe !haardous che#ical" as deJnedin Part U.U] aboGe, actiGity in thatinstallation or isolated storage is calledhaa#'o,s in',st#ial a$tiity.

.)39 Haa#' s,#ey+It #eans the total eorts inGolGed in

an assess#ent of the haards fro#installations and their #eans of control.

.)31 Health an' To


14/27

O$$,pational Hygiene P#a$ti$eincludes3)a*%ecognition of the possible health

haards in the work enGiron#ent.)b*Galuation of haards, i.e. the process

of assessing exposure and reachingconclusion as to the leGel of risk to

hu#an health.)c*PreGention and control of haards,which is the process of deGelopingand i#ple#enting strategies toeli#inate_ reduce to acceptableleGels, the occurrence of har#fulagents and factors in the workplace. Itwill also account for enGiron#entalprotection.

See Chapter VT for details.

.)34 In',st#ial Hygiene A,'it+

Its ai# is to exa#ine industrialhygiene practices with a Giew to establishtheir eectiGeness in preGentingoccupational illness and theirconfor#ance with standards andregulations. udit report should indicatewhether key industrial hygieneprogra##e ele#ents )not necessarilydegree of co#pliance* are present orabsent. $he presence of a particular

ele#ent #erely indicates that theorganisation is capable of #oGing towardsdesirable preGenting goals. uditworksheets should include data gatheringfor#at and #aKor agents )heat, light,noise, radiation, conta#inants etc.*reGiew sheets. Industrial hygiene policy,laboratory facility, trained #anpowerZco##unication, structure etc. should alsobe reGiewed.

.)35 In,#y+InKury )occupational* #eans an inKury

that result in death, loss of consciousnessand ad#inistration of #edical treat#ent,te#porary assign#ent to other dutiesand transfer to another Kob, or inability toperfor# all duties on any day after theinKury.

In,#y is considered to includeoccupational disease and work-connecteddisability. Work injury is deJned as an

inKury suered by a person, which arises

out of and in the course of hise#ploy#ent. It is an external da#age tohu#an bodyZ disturbance or dysfunctionresulted fro# an accident. 0y cause it#ay be #echanical, ther#al, che#ical,radiated or co#bined.

In,#y is physical har# or da#age to

the body resulting fro# an exchange of )usually acute, #echanical, che#ical,ther#al or other enGiron#ental* energythat exceeds the body"s tolerance.

!isa%ling in,#y is an inKury causingdeath, per#anent disability, or anydegree of te#porary total disabilitybeyond the day of the inKury )ccidentRacts, 1^^\, SC, /S*.

So,#$e of in,#y is the principalobKect such as tool, #achine oreYuip#ent inGolGed in the accident and isusually the obKect inicting inKury orproperty da#age. lso called agen$y oragent)

P#ope#ty 'aage a$$i'ent is anaccident, which results in propertyda#age, but in which no person isinKured.

*on-fatal in,#y a$$i'ent is an

accident in which at least one person isinKured, and no inKury results in death.

See Chapter V for details.

.)36 In-pla$e =plant>P#ote$tion+

It #eans to direct people to Yuicklygo inside a building and re#ain insideuntil the danger passes. It is preferred

when eGacuation is not possible or #orerisky. It is not safe if the Gapours areexplosiGe. People inside should keepdoors, windows and Gentilating syste#closed to stop ingress of toxic gases.

.)37 Isolation+

It #eans to isolate haard area andto deny entry to keep people away fro#the area if they haGe not to play anye#ergency response role. It is the Jrst

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step for any protectiGe action thatfollows.

Isolation GalGe #eans a stop GalGe.

.)38 ISRS+

It #eans International Safety %ating

Syste#. Safety rating certiJcate isawarded by Q to the haardous plants. $he syste# includes Tj safety ele#ents,which are audited and based on the audit,safety rating nu#ber is awarded. $hesyste# proGides scope for furtheri#proGe#ent in safety areas to gethigher rating nu#ber in the next audit.

.)49 La%o,# P#ote$tion+

It is deJned as a syste# of legal actsand releGant socio-econo#ic,technological and organisational#easures ensuring safety and health,accident preGention, industrial hygieneand Jtness to work.

.)41 Lia%ility+

It #eans an obligation to rectify orreco#pense any inKury or da#age for

which the liable person has been heldresponsible.

.)42 Loss Cont#ol+

In safety philosophy the word !loss"has #any #eanings.

[oss includes inKury, illness, diseaseor death to a person.

[oss includes da#age to property,eYuip#ent, #aterial, cost of replace#entor da#age to enGiron#ent.

[oss also occurs in ter#s of ti#e,#oney, #aterial, production, sales etc.

[oss of ti#e occurs in Jlling of accident for#s and their reporting, recordkeeping, inGestigation of causes,searching for controls, traGelling for#edical and legal help, hospitalisation,2oGt. oces, rehabilitation andrestoration of public i#age.

ccident #ay cause any type of loss.Such losses are considered in counting

the costs of accident.

Loss $ont#ol is deJned as amanagement system designed to reduceor eli#inate all aspects of accidentallosses that lead to wastage of co#panyassets. In this context the co#panyassets inGolGed are #anpower, #aterials,#achinery, #ethods, #anufactured

goods and #oney. $hus a syste# of losscontrol is designed to i#proGe the oGerallproJtability of a co#pany by reducingboth the econo#ic and social costsassociated with loss producing actiGities.[egal, hu#anitarian )social* andecono#ic aspects are included herein.

Total Loss Cont#ol inGolGesreporting to control centres all propertyda#age accidents and inKury-causingaccidents, supple#ented by spot checksand safety audits.

.)4. Loss P#eention+

It #ay be deJned as the application of engineering techni4ues in order topreGent or reduce the probability of occurrence of accidents that result inpersonal inKury, da#age to property,production, eYuip#ent, building etc. andthose accidents haGing no end result i.e.the near #iss accident. PreGention is an

earlier part of control. $herefore it isbetter than subseYuent cure. When Jre,security, health, hygiene, pollutioncontrol, product liability and businessinterruption control are added to !losspreGention", it is called !loss control".

.)43 /ao# A$$i'ent+

s deJned by %ule T)K* of theanufacture, Storage and I#port of

Eaardous Che#icals %ules, 1^] ,̂ it#eans an incident inGolGing loss of lifeinside or outside the installation or ten or#ore inKuries inside and_or one or #oreinKuries outside or release of toxicche#icals or explosion or Jre or spillageof haardous che#icals resulting in on-site or o-site e#ergencies or da#age toeYuip#ent leading to stoppage of processor adGerse eects to the enGiron#ent.

/ao# Chei$al A$$i'ent is deJnedu_r T)f* of the Che#ical ccidents

)#ergency Planning, Preparedness and

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%esponse* %ules, 1^^ by the wordsstated in aboGe para but also includingtransportation.

.)44 /ao# A$$i'ent Haa#'=/AH> Installation+

s deJned u_r T)g* of the Che#icalccidents )PP%* %ules, 1^^, it #eansisolated storage and industrial actiGityu_r T)c* at a site handling )includingtransport through carrier or pipeline* of haardous che#icals deJned u_r T)b*e4ual to or more than the threshold4uantities speciJed in Schedules T and U.

It is also si#ilarly deJned u_r T )Ka* of the anufacture, Storage and I#pact of Eaardous Che#icals %ules, 1^]^.

Qierent rules )Safety ProGisions* areapplicable to such factories, installationsor sites depending on `$hresholdYuantity of haardous che#icals listed inSchedule 1, T, and U, or processes#entioned in Schedule .

See Chapter -1^ for details.

.)45 /ao# Ee#gen$y+

aKor e#ergency occurring at a work

is one that #ay aect seGeraldepart#ents within it and_or #ay causeserious inKuries, loss of life, extensiGeda#age to property or serious disruptionoutside the works. It will reYuire the useof outside resources )o-site e#ergencyplan* to handle it eectiGely.

/sually it is the result of a#alfunction of the nor#al operatingprocedures. It #ay also be precipitated bythe interGention of an outside agency,such as a seGere electrical stor#,

ooding, crushed aircraft or deliberateacts of arson or sabotage.

#ergency due to operatingconditions )uncontrolled reaction, s#allJre, s#all gas leak, spill, failure of power,water, air, stea#, cooling #edia,scrubbing #edia etc.* and which plantpersonnel alone can handle locally)without outside help* is not consideredas #aKor e#ergency. Hperatinginstructions in the Safety anual should

coGer this area, though the on-sitee#ergency plan will also be helpful.

.)46 /ista;e+

istake, in the sense of safety, canbe deJned as an act of wrong opinion,

Kudge#ent about a thing or situationwhich results in haard or har# to a

person, property or enGiron#ent. It#eans to haGe wrong perception aboutdanger or to understand it wrongly sothat it #ay cause haard.

[ike error, as explained earlier, it isan act of o#ission or co##issionresulting in haard or haardous situation.

istakes #ay be co##itted by #enor #achines and can be classiJed aspersonal #istake, #echanical #istake,technical #istake, historical #istake etc.

It #ay be s#all or big. gross #istake iscalled %l,n'e#.xa#ples of #istake are wrong

Kudge#ent of the speed of a Gehicle,falling body or a #oGing #achine, toperceiGe blue as black, to press !start"button instead of !stop" button, to pressclutch instead of brake etc.

Qierence between !error" and!#istake" is thin and #ay be understoodinterchangeably.

.)47 *HWIS+

ational Eaardous WasteInfor#ation Syste# )EWIS* is onlineWeb based haardous waste infor#ationsyste# which giGes the status of haardous waste #anage#ent in India.

$he database will be regularly updated byall State Pollution Control 0oards on weband this will ensure updated status at allti#es. $he EWIS proKect has been

deGeloped by nGiron#ent and RorestInfor#atics QiGision of IC in closeconsultation with Eaardous Substanceanage#ent QiGision )ESQ*of theinistry of nGiron#ent and Rorests. ItgiGes-1* %ecords of anage#ent of Eaardous

Waste by 2enerating /nits.T* Status of co#pliance to the

enGiron#ent regulation.U* Qata on aGailable disposal option.

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* ueries _ %eports on haardous waste#anage#ent for authority andgeneral public.

.)48 *at,#e an' *at,#alReso,#$es Conse#ation+

In its broad #eaning, it includes allaspects of conserGation of the ora,fauna, genetic resources, water, soil andeco-syste#.

.)59 *ea# iss+

It #eans any unplanned, suddeneGent that could haGe caused inKury to#an, #aterials )plant* or enGiron#ent orcould haGe inGolGed a loss of contain#ent

possibly giGing rise to adGerse eect butnot resulted in such accident.If near #iss is detected and

preGented, possible accident due to thatnear #iss can be aGoided or preGented. If causes of near #iss are not re#oGed,they can result in accident. $hereforei#portance to control near #iss is #orethan that of controlling accident.

.)51 *egligen$e+

It #eans failure to exercise areasonable a#ount of care or to carry outa legal duty so that inKury or propertyda#age occurs.

.)52 *oise Poll,tion+

In its broad #eaning, it includes noiseleGels and eects fro# do#estic,construction, urban, industrial,transportation and other sources, acoustic#easuring and instru#ents, noisesurGeys and standards.

.)5. O$$,pational !isease+

Hccupational disease is i#pair#entto health, illness, poisoning or diseasecaused to a person by exposure to anysubstance or process of the occupation. It#ay arise out of or in course of hise#ploy#ent.

Hccupational Qisease is also deJnedas a disease caused by enGiron#entalfactors, the exposure to which is peculiarto a particular process, trade oroccupation, and to which an e#ployee isnot ordinarily subKected or exposedoutside of or away fro# such

e#ploy#ent. Hccupational diseases are#any and listed by the Ractories ct, W.C.ct and SI ct.

See Chapters V T T^ for details.

.)53 O$$,pationalEni#onent+

It is the su# of external conditionsand inuences which preGail in the placeof work and which haGe a bearing on the

health of the working population. Itincludes three types of interaction - anand physical, che#ical and biologicalagentsZ an and #achine or eYuip#ent,and an and #an.

.)54 O$$,pational Health+

It includes all aspects of a worker"shealth and his_her relationship with theenGiron#ent.

0asic obKectiGes of a goodoccupational health progra##e are31. $o protect workers against health

haards in their work enGiron#ent.T. $o facilitate their place#ent and

ensure their suitability according totheir physical and #ental capacitiesand e#otional #ake-up in work thatthey can perfor# with acceptablenor#s and without endangering self orthe fellow workers.

U. $o assure adeYuate #edical care and

rehabilitation of the occupationallyinKured.. $o encourage personal health

#aintenance.See Chapter - T for details.

.)55 O$$,pational hygiene+

Hccupational hygiene is a #odernspecialisation concerned with assessingand controlling haards fro# at#ospheric

conta#ination, skin or body absorption,radiation, noise etc.

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O$$,pational o# In',st#ialHygienist - SerGes as the analyticalpreGentiGe engineering ar# of occupational #edicine by applyingspecialised knowledge to the recognition,eGaluation and control of health haardsin the work enGiron#ent.

See Chapter-T for details.

.)56 O$$,pational Poisoning+

Hccupational poisoning is a partialcase of occupational disease. Continuousor long ti#e exposure to relatiGely s#alla#ounts of noxious or poisonoussubstances is conductiGe to a chronic

poisoning. e.g. lead or #ercury poisoning,lung diseases etc. Hccupational poisoning

is called the acute poisoning or into5ication if caused by penetration intothe body of a noxious substance, ori##ediate local eects e.g. acid burn, Jreor hot burn, sun burn, cold burn, gasinhalation etc..)57 O"-site ee#gen$y plan+

It deals with #easures to preGent andcontrol e#ergencies aecting p,%li$ andthe enGiron#ent outside the factorypre#ises. $he #anufacturer should

proGide the necessary infor#ation on thenature, extent and likely eects of suchincidents to the 2oGern#ent authoritiesthat #ake and operate this plan.

Schedule-1T of the SIEC %ules, 1^^speciJes 1U ite#s. See Chapter-1^ fordetails.

.)58 On-site ee#gen$y plan+

It deals with #easures to preGent and

control e#ergencies aecting workersand others &ithin the fa$to#y and notaecting outside public or enGiron#ent. Itis controlled #ostly by the plantpersonnel, resources and eYuip#ent.Ractory #anage#ent #akes and operatesthis plan.

Schedule-11 of the SIEC %ules, 1^^speciJes 1U ite#s. See Chapter-1^ fordetails.

.)69 Oe#sight+

HGersight #eans oGerlooking of so#ething, error or superGision. Whenthere are #ore switches side by side andlooking identical, an operator #ayoperate a wrong switch by oGersight.While counting #any things, by oGersight,so#eone #ay #ake #istake. $hus

oGersight denotes a state of #ind bywhich error or #istake is possible due tolack of concentration or attention. %esultof oGersight is #istake or error. HGersightleads to unsafe action and that #ayresult in accident.

In its second #eaning oGersight#eans oGerseeing or superGision which is#ost essential in safety work. 2oodoGersight of a superGisor giGes goodresults. ore oGersight is reYuired onnewly e#ployed workers.

$he words - error, #istake andoGersight - haGe thin dierence, allleading to the causation of haard oraccident and concern with the state of #ind or hu#an behaGiour.

.)61 Poll,tion+

In all its aspects it is concerned notonly with the enGiron#ent within thefactory but also the i##ediate

enGiron#ent outside the factory. Controlof air, land and water pollution protectsthe #anpower asset directly and the#oney asset indirectly. Special attentionshould also be paid to noise and Gibrationas pollutant.

See Chapter-T] for statutorydeJnitions of pollution, pollutant,e#ission, enGiron#ent etc.

.)62 P#a$ti$a%le+

In legal ter#inology, following threeter#s are used3DSo fa# as is p#a$ti$a%le- $his

#eans if so#ething is practicable itshould be done. It is not practicable totake precautions against any haardwhich is unknown. 0ut once the haard isknown, it beco#es practicable to takenecessary precautions against it.

DSo fa# as is #easona%lyp#a$ti$a%le- $his can be a defence byan accused person that precautionaryaction was not reasonably practicable by

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hi#. EoweGer he has to proGe this./lti#ately the Court will decidedepending on facts, eGidences andbalance between the cost and risk inassessing it.

DFest p#a$ti$a%le eans V $hisindicates a duty to co#ply with by taking

the best #easures aGailable in the light of current knowledge and according to#eans and resources. $his duty liesbetween so fa# as is p#a$ti$a%le andso fa# as is #easona%ly p#a$ti$a%le)

$he standard of practicabilitydepends on current knowledge andinGention.

$he burden of proof that so#ethingwas not practicable or not reasonablypracticable lies on the accused.InconGenience and expense cannot beused as a defence.

.)6. P#o%a%ility+

It #eans the likelihood, chance orfreYuency that a considered)predeter#ined* occurrence #ay takeplace.

Probability and seGerity )eect orconseYuence* are two ingredients of arisk.

Probability includes possible

freYuency of haard occurrence orpossible freYuency of eects due to anyparticular haard.

.)63 P#o',$t Lia%ility+

It extends the protection to allconsu#ers of the co#pany"s productsand is pri#arily concerned with theprotection of #oney asset. ttentionshould also be paid to a product safetystrategy.

.)64 Ris;s+

Ris; is the co#bination of aprobability of occurrence and its seGerityof conseYuence. $hus %P x S.

Ris; is the likelihood of a speciJcundesired eGent occurring within aspeciJed period or under speciJedcircu#stances. It #ay be either afreYuency i.e. nu#ber of eGents per unitti#e or a probability depending on

circu#stances.

s per exa#ple risk of death for a#an aged Uj is 1x1j-U per annu# )i.e.during a year, out of 1jjj such #en, one#ay die* and that for a #an aged j is1x1j-T per annu# )i.e. during a year, outof 1jj such #en, one #ay die*.

Ris; is an expression of possible loss

oGer a speciJc period or nu#ber of operational cycles. It #ay be indicated bythe probability of an accident ti#es, theda#age in rupees, liGes or operatingunits.

Ris; is expressed for uncertaineGentualities and it #ay be classed asspeculatiGe or pure. Pure ris6 can onlyresult in a loss to co#pany, whereasspeculati/e ris6 #ay result in either gainor loss. %isk, uncertainty, probability andchance are the words, which freYuentlyrecur and #ost fa#iliar to insurancepeople. %isk and uncertainty areingredients of life and we are constantlytaking risks #erely to stay aliGe.

In'ii',al Ris; is the freYuency atwhich an indiGidual #ay be expected tosustain a giGen leGel of har# fro# therealisation of speciJc haards.

So$ietal Ris; is the relationshipbetween freYuency of haardous eGentand the nu#ber of people suering a

speciJc leGel of har# )leGel of concernlike IQ[E, [Qj, [Cj etc.* in a giGenpopulation fro# the realisation of thateGent )speciJc haard*. It is a #easure of the chances of a nu#ber of people beingaected by a single eGent or set of eGents and is often expressed by f_ncurGes )freYuency Gs. no. of peopleaected*.

.)65 Ris; Analysis+

It #eans to Jnd out probability of ahaard occurring and then an esti#ationof its conseYuence or eect and itsseGerity. It is YuantitatiGe.

Ror exa#ple, esti#ation of probabilityor freYuency of possible explosion and itseect on persons and property in ter#s of deaths, inKuries, house breakages etc. iscalled risk analysis.

.)66 Ris; Assessent+

It is the YuantitatiGe eGaluation of thelikelihood of undesired eGents and their

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conseYuences being caused together anda Galue Kudge#ent concerning thesigniJcance of the results after co#paringwith set, legal or accepted Galues orstandards.

It is a Kudge#ent of signiJcance oracceptability of risk identiJed by risk

analysis and co#paring against social,political or legal criteria, e.g. co#parisonof #easured or calculated risk with theper#issible safe li#its and Kudge#entregarding safety )whether the risk leGel iswithin or exceeding the safety li#it* giGesrisk assess#ent.

$hough Eaard identiJcation is a partof %isk ssess#ent, ter# EI% ie EaardIdentiJcation and %isk ssess#ent is alsoused by so#e co#pany.

HbKectiGe of risk assess#ent are31. IdentiJcation of Gulnerable ones

)losses of persons and property* of thepre#ises.

T. sti#ation of haard distances for the#axi#u# credible accident )C*scenarios.

U. Suggestions for risk #itigation#easures and delineation of approachto disaster #anage#ent plan )QP*.

See also part U.1jj.

.)67 Ris; Co,nte#+%isk counter is an iso-risk line on the

#ap at which a hypothetical indiGidualstaying there unprotected and for Thours per day would be subKected to adeJned probability of fatal har# due toexposure to haards induced by theindustrial actiGity. $his risk indicator is#ost freYuently used to Yuantify the o-site risk to the public and is expressed ona per year basis.

%isk Counters are calculated bydeter#ining the conseYuences fro# anu#ber of scenarios. 0y adapting certaincriteria for death fro# toxic substances,radiation heat load fro# Jre andexplosion oGer pressure, eect or da#agedistances can be deter#ined.

Ris; t#anse$ts are like risk counters,but are used for the risk fro#transportation by road, rail, pipeline etc.

%isk counters are plotted on the #ap

of the pre#ises and its Gicinity )area* tosee the eect of da#age distances

reaching to the public or surroundingenGiron#ent. Hn each periphery of acounter, risk leGel should be #entioned.Counters #ay indicate risk ones like low,#ediu#, high, highest etc.

.)68 Ris; /anageent+

It #ay be deJned as theorganisational set-up for preGention or#ini#isation of the adGerse eects of risks within a co#pany, Gia theidentiJcation, eGaluation and control of such risk by Jnding and applying re#edial#easures.

It is decision-#aking and establishingownership of actions and #onitoring tocontain within li#its of criteria.

%isk anage#ent includes following

Steps-1. Eaard IdentiJcationT. Eaard nalysisU. Eaard ssess#ent. %isk nalysis and. %isk ssess#ent.It includes #anage#ent for safety

)inKury preGention*, da#age control, losspreGention and loss control.

See Chapter-1^ for details.

.)79 Safety+

In general ter#s, safety #eansfreedo# or protection fro# har#, danger,haard, risk, accident, inKury or da#age.In an industrial context, it #eans the#ini#iation of contact between hu#anand haard and is predo#inantlyconcerned with the preGention of physicalhar# )inKury* to persons or_and property.Its concept is explained in detail inChapter-1.

Industrial safety is that condition of enterprise operations in which, bycontrolling haards and risks, accidentfree production is achieGed.

Safety is deJned as a positiGe,organied actiGity or progra# based onknowledge of the reaction between #anand his working enGiron#ent, which aidsbusiness enterprise by #ini#iing death,losses caused by inKuries, healthi#pair#ent, Jres, explosion and otheroccupational accidents.

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Safety is opposite )antony#* of danger. Rreedo# fro# haards representsabsolute safety, but this is an ideal, whichis seldo# realised. Safety is rather a#atter of protection fro# haards.

Safety is a situation with acceptablerisks. $hus safety #eans to bring or keep

the haard leGel, below per#issible safeleGel. It includes safety, health andenGiron#ent )SE or ES* protectionincluding protection of property.

Ope#ational safety $on$ept is astrategy for process control, incorporatinga hierarchy of #onitoring and controllingprocess para#eters and of protectiGeaction to be taken.

.)71 Safety A,'it+It is a critical exa#ination of all or

part, of a total operating syste# withreleGance to safety and to suggesti#proGe#ents and up gradation.

safety audit is intended to #easurethe eectiGeness of a co#pany"s safetyprogra#s in eGery respect. $he obKectiGesshould be clearly deJned such as -

)a* $o carry out a syste#atic andcritical appraisal of all potential

haards inGolGing personnel,plant, serGices and #ethods of operation.

)b* $o ensure that the occupationalhealth and safety standards fullysatisfy the legal reYuire#ents andthose of the co#pany"s writtensafety policies, obKectiGes andprogra#s.

$he word !safety audit" is also usedfor !safety inspection" intended for-

)a* IdentiJcation of possible losssituations.

)b* easure#ent of the potential lossesassociated with these risks.

)c* Selection of #ethods to #ini#iethe losses.

)d* I#ple#entation of the selected#ethods within the co#pany and

)e* onitoring of the result andsuggesting further i#proGe#entbased on reGiew.

See Chapter-1^ for details. See IS31]^ also.

.)72 Safety /anage#+

2enerally connotes a personresponsible for a safety organiation andits actiGities. $his person is concernedwith the conduct of the safety progra#sat the plant)s* for which he is responsible.

Ee #ay haGe under his i##ediatesuperGision, one or #ore safety engineersor ocers, an industrial hygienist,industrial psychologist, risk #anager andother e#ployees knowledgeable in safety.

Ris; /anage# is responsible for thefunction of a safety #anager and also forthe insurance progra#s and otheractiGities to #ini#ie accidental losses.

See Chapter V for details.

.)7. Safety /anageent

Syste+

Safety anage#ent Syste# isdeJned as collectiGely those ele#ents inthe operator"s #anage#ent syste#which ensure that all loss exposuresinherent in the operation haGe beensyste#atically identiJed and riskassessed and that arrange#ents are inplace to control the risks in these lossexposures to a leGel as lo& as#easona%ly p#a$ti$a%le )[%P* and to#ini#ie the conseYuences of any failureof the control syste# should the needarise, and that the infor#ation, training,auditing and i#proGe#ent processes arein place.

.)73 Safety P#eises+

It is the duty of an owner or user of land to keep his pre#ises in a conditionthat is reasonably safe for those lawfully

there. e.g. duty of an owner of cine#a orauditoriu#.

.)74 Safety Repo#t+

It is the written presentation of thetechnical, #anage#ent and operationalinfor#ation coGering the haards of a#aKor accident haard )E* installationand their control in support of a

KustiJcation for the safety of the

installation.

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Schedule - ] u_r ]- of the 2uKaratRactories %ules or u_r 1j)1* of theanufacture, Storage and I#port of Eaardous Che#icals %ules, 1^]^prescribes such report with 1j ite#s.

See Chapter-1^ for details.

.)75 Safety Coittee+

It is prescribed u_s 1-2 of theRactories ct, 1^] and u_r ] R q of the2uKarat Ractories %ules. It is si#ilar to thesafety tea#.

.)76 Safety Tea+

It is a group, which #ay beestablished by the works #anage#ent for

speciJc safety purposes, e.g. inspectionsor e#ergency planning. $he tea# shouldinclude workers or their representatiGeswhere appropriate, and other personswith expertise releGant to the tasks.

.)77 Se$,#ity+

It protects the #aterial, #ethods,#anufactured goods and #oney assets.

.)78 Site+ s deJned u_r T)#* of the SIEC

%ules, u_r T)k* of the Che#ical ccidents)PP%* %ules and u_r ])1*)g* of the 2R%,it #eans any location where haardousche#icals are #anufactured orprocessed, stored, handled, used,disposed of and includes the whole of anarea under the control of an occupier andincludes pier, Ketty or si#ilar structurewhether oating or not.

Schedule-\ for notiJcation of siteshould be referred under SIEC %ules.

.)89 Syste Safety+

It is the concept !to haGe an accident,there #ust be a haardous or unsafecondition". If that unsafe condition can beeli#inated or suitably controlled, therewill be no accident eGen if there is anerror on the part of any personnel

inGolGed. xa#ple is an interlocked

guard, which preGents accident due tohu#an error. $o #ini#ie accidents, it isnecessary to eli#inate or control any of the haards inGolGed at each stage of design, #anufacture, test, operation and#aintenance.

Syste# safety reYuires auto controlsto #ake the syste# so safe that hu#anerror #ay not result into accident.

.)81 T#anspo#t of Haa#'o,sChei$als+

It #eans #oGe#ent of haardousche#icals by any #eans oGer land, wateror air.

See Chapter V1] T] for details.

.)82 Glt#a-haa#'o,sOpe#ations+

ny person who conducts anoperation that inGolGes abnor#al risk toothers is strictly liable for inKury orda#age that results, eGen if theseoperations were conducted with care.

.)8. Gn$e#tainty+

It exists only in our #inds and has#uch the sa#e #eaning as doubt. Itsopposite is often regarded as faith or Jr#deter#ination.

.)83 Gnsafe A$t+

It #eans either a positiGe act i.e.co##ission of an act or a negatiGe act

i.e. o#ission or failure to perfor# an actwhich a prudent #an should not haGedone and which results in haard,accident or inKury. $he unsafe act #ightbe deliberate )#ischief, sabotage etc.* orco##itted in ignorance or throughforgetfulness )hu#an error, #istake etc.*.

$he unsafe act #ay be the sole accidentcause or one of seGeral causes. xa#plesare standing under suspended load,design #istake, starting #achine withoutauthority or warning, re#oGal of

safeguard, chance taking, wrong

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interpretation of safety rule, not followingthe safety precaution, poor Gision or

Kudge#ent etc./nsafe act is concerned with the

hu#an being and can be corrected by theaction of the hu#an being only. $rainingplays an i#portant role. Gen if the

condition is fully safe, an accident #ayhappen because of the unsafe act. t theroot of creation of unsafe condition, #anyti#es the underlying cause is unsafe acti.e. hu#an failing so#ewhere, which canbe detected and corrected. ccording toE.W. Eeinrich, oGer ]j accidents aredue to unsafe acts. Ee considered unsafeacts responsible for #ost of the unsafeconditions.

See Chapter- for details.

.)84 Gnsafe Con'ition+

It #eans existence of a #echanical,physical, che#ical or enGiron#entalcondition, situation or state of aairs,which #ay cause haard or accident. $heunsafe condition #ight be the result of any unsafe act )hu#an failing* oraccidental failure or alteration of the safecondition. $he unsafe condition #ay bethe sole accident cause or one of seGeral

causes. xa#ples are, wrong design, noguard on dangerous part, no control of che#ical process, no proGisions of safetydeGices, poor light, high noise etc.

/nsafe condition is concerned withthe position, situation, existence oraccidental alteration of the safe conditioninto such position, situation, existence orstate of aairs leading to the causation of any haard or accident. Such condition#ay be because of any unsafe act or not.cts of 2od are unsafe condition. /nsafecondition can be rectiJed, repaired or#ade safe #ostly by engineeringcontrols.

.)85 Gnsafe P#o',$tion (a$to#+

It #eans an industrial agency oragency part, which under certainconditions #ay inGite an inKury or disease.

.)86 ,lne#a%ility /o'els+

ulnerability #odels are used todeter#ine how people #ay be inKured byexposure to heat load due to Jre, blastwaGe due to explosion or toxic load of thereleased #aterial. Such #odels aredesigned on the basis of ani#alexperi#ents or on the basis of the

analysis of inKuries resulting for#accidents, which haGe already occurred.Such #odels #ake use of a probiteYuation.

.)87 Wastes+

In its broad #eaning, it includescollection, treat#ent, disposal, reuse andrecycling of agricultural, ani#al,industrial, #unicipal and do#esticwastesZ procedures, engineering, plant

operation and Yuality control #ethodsapplied in such processes and otheraspects of waste #anage#ent.

.)88 Wate# Poll,tion+

In its broad #eaning, it includes allaspects of fresh water pollution )includingground water*, pollution of water bodies,che#ical and biological conta#inants,#arine pollution, detection, che#icalanalysis and #onitoring of water

pollutant..)199 Wo#st Case an'

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#easures. It considers the #alfunctioning of the control syste#, openingof safety GalGe etc.

Alte#natie #elease s$ena#ios arescenarios that are #ore likely to occurthan the worst-case scenario and that willreach an endpoint o-site, unless no such

scenario exists. $he distance to the end point is thedistance a toxic Gapour cloud, heat fro# aJre, or blast waGes fro# an explosion willtraGel before dissipating to the point thatserious inKuries fro# short-ter# exposureswill no longer occur.

Co#puter #odels are #ore useful todeter#ine such credible scenarios and toget the da#age distances. So#e latestco#puter #odels are CI%%/S, %CEI,PES$, SR$I and [HE etc. CI%%/Sincludes four i#portant #odels in onepackage. $hese #odels are Source $er#odel, Qispersion odel, Rire odel andxplosion odel.

3 /ESSA0E O( THE WOR!SA(ETYJ

$he word !safety" is deJned inforegoing section. ow its #essage isphilosophically explained below by each

letter of its spelling.S - Science for Safety of Self andSociety

A - Art and ction for ccidentGoidance

( - (oolproof safety with Rail-safedeGices including syste# safety.Ractories ct is the backbone forindustry.

E - Engineering controls are #osti#portant and #ust Jrst beproGided and #aintained for safety.

T - Teaching and $raining for safety toall concerned including workers andpublic

Y - Y awl to saGe the hu#anity. qew forthe shelter of all.

RiGe !"s are also stated asfunda#entals for safety. $hey areducation, ngineering, nforce#ent,nthusias# and xa#ple setting.

RiGe !["s are i#portantV[earning,[eadership, [oyalty, [abour protection and[awfulness.

RiGe !"s are i#portant V an,aterial, achine, oney andanage#ent.

RiGe !P"s are i#portant V People,Protection, ProductiGity, Prosperity andProJciency.

Philosophy of each of these words can

be discussed with plenty of exa#ples. $hey all need ut#ost attention.

4 PHILOSOPHY O(ACCI!E*T CAGSATIO*

We are at the Kunction of old and newtheories of safety philosophy which needsso#e clariJcation to aGoid confusion andto #ake the safety approach #orecorrect, #ore perfect and #ore powerful.

$he concept of !,nsafe a$t as the#ain causatiGe factor of #ore than ]]of accidents" has, now, beco#e an oldtheory though it has not lost its fullsigniJcance. $his was #ore stronglypropounded by E.W. Eeinrich, the greatphilosopher of safety and accidentpreGention work. Ee esti#ated that ]]of \jjj accident cases reGiewed weredue to the unsafe acts of persons)Chapter-*. %.W. Fing and ohn agid intheir book of 1^]T )see reference no. 1j*also presu#ed hu#an failing or unsafeact as an underlying cause of unsafecondition. $his philosophy e#phasies theunsafe act as predo#inant factor, andcontinuous need to train our workers fortheir safe work practices.

$he psychologists explained thetheory of accident7proneness )Chapter-U*and held responsible these accident-prone people for #aKority of accidents.

$his has also led to the sa#e old theory

to Jnd out the cause of accident inhu#an behaGiour )unsafe act* only. $his old theory is obGiously picked up

by #aKority of e#ployers and they do notpay proper attention or inGest sucient#oney for safety because they follow thistheory and say, !Safety is #ostly )]]*concerned with e#ployee"s behaGiourand it is their duty to correct the#selGes,why should we inGest #uch for only 1Tof accident causes" $his philosophycauses great har# to the progress of

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safety #oGe#ent, and it needs to bediscarded as early as possible.

0ut the research work was continuedon the real causation of accidents and itis now inferred that the real cause of accident is an ,nsafe $on'ition, which#ust be detected properly and re#oGed

in such a way that eGen hu#an error or#istake #ay not cause any accident.Interlock or auto#atic guards, trips andalar#s, checks and counter checks, leGelcut o, auto-stop, auto control and auto-correction etc. are ways and #eans toprotect against unsafe conditions due tohu#an error. $his theory is deGeloped asa new engineering discipline and syste#safety. It is well explained by WillieEa##er and 0lake )Chapter-*.

Willie Ea##er states, `HbserGationoGer the years has shown that thispre#ise )accident-proneness* is incorrect.

$here are persons who haGe #oreaccidents than other persons in si#ilarsituations. xplaining the new concept of syste# safety he says `syste# safetyconceiGed that accidents could be causedby personnel error, #alfunctions andfailures of eYuip#ent, dangerouscharacteristic of eYuip#ent or adGerseenGiron#ental conditions. Personnel error

could haGe been by designers, test and#aintenance #en, workers or anyoneconnected with the process or product. $o#ini#ie accidents, it is necessary toeli#inate or control any of the haardsinGolGed at each stage of design,#anufacture, test, #aintenance andoperation. If Eeinrich"s data were re-exa#ined in accordance with these newerideas, it #ight be found that ]] of theaccidents were probably due to causesother than error by the person i##ediatelyinGolGed.

0lake has also criticied the ratiotheory of Eeinrich as fallacious as it restson a false assu#ption that workconnected inKuries are the result of eitherunsafe conditions or unsafe acts. $he realreason in #ost of the cases is aco#bination of correctable unsafecondition and faulty behaGiour andfreYuently there are #ultiple factors of both. $o classify accidents as either

unsafe act or unsafe condition is oGersi#pliJcation and #any ti#es data is not

aGailable to Jnd out any single cause andthe causation has a seYuence of eGentscreating haard or accident as a result of co#bination of unsafe condition andaction. $hus accident classiJcationreYuires high skill and obserGation and#ust be proper.

The #eal Philosophy of A$$i'entCa,sation+

It can be concluded as under3

1. It is true that unsafe condition andunsafe action, both, exist and playtheir role in accident causation.

T. $here #ay or #ay not be any singlecause as !unsafe condition only" or!unsafe action only". Proper fact data

#ust be searched to Jnd out the realcause of accident. In want of sucient orcorrect data, no conclusion should bedrawn about the real or sole cause of accident.

U. !Why did the #an #ake #istake"should be thoroughly exa#ined indepth and working or enGiron#entalcondition #ust be detected as a rootor real cause of his hu#an failure. $hepoor Gision and illu#ination, both, areunsafe conditions, and can be rectiJedby necessary spectacles and increaseof light.

. If the causes are co#bined, classifythe# and try to re#oGe the# prioritywise.

. /nsafe condition has #ore accidentpotential and can lead to a seriousaccident. $herefore it #ust bedetected Jrst by Garious safetyinspection #ethods or safety auditsand #ust be re#oGed by proper

engineering controls. /nsafe conditionshaGe caused #aKor accidents in past.. /nsafe action reYuires behaGioural or

psychological study of workers, whichshould be carried out and unsafeaction should be rectiJed before it #aycause any unsafe condition, haard oraccident. $he purpose of this causationanalysis is to train the workersproperly and to #ini#ie #an-#adehaards or unsafe conditions ti#ely.

\. ll causes of accident should beconsidered together, instead of

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Syste#.\ E installation. 1 In-place protection. T oise pollution] InKury. 1\ Safety pre#ises. T IS%S^ ESQ 1] EWIS T\ ulnerability odels

!isting,ish &ith e

02. CHAPTER - 2 Physilophy of Safety

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