02 Chapt 02 Molecules

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    Chapter 2:

    The Molecules of the Cell

    subunits and macromolecules sugars and polysaccharides fatty acids and lipids amino acids and proteins nucleotides and nucleic acids

    interactions between macromolecules

    References 4thed: p. 50-64

    (3rded: p. 50-63

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    !he four ma"or families of

    organic molecules in the cell

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    #ormation of macromolecules

    by condensation reactions

    $ubunits are added to one end of a growing chain by

    dehydration synthesis.

    %e&erse reaction:_________

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    #ormation of disaccharides

    !he condensation of

    two monosaccharides

    produces one disaccharide.

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    #atty acids

    ' structural formula of

    a________ fatty acid

    ball-and-stic) model

    * space-filling model

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    #atty acids are stored as energy reser&es (fats and oils

    through an ester linkageto glycerol to form triacylglycerols.

    !riacylglycerols

    glycerol fatty acids

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    #ats

    (!riacylglycerols

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    $aturated fatty acids tend toformaggregatesand deposits

    within the walls of blood &essels causing atherosclerosisof coronary blood &essels (coronary heart disease

    +nsaturated fatty acids:

    cisunsaturated fatty acids do notform solid aggregates

    transunsaturated fatty acids beha&e similar to saturated

    fatty acids , they tend to aggregate and form solid

    deposits

    #atty acids

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    #atty acids

    'l)enehydrogenation

    'l)aneincomplete

    'l)enestereoisomer

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    leic acid is a cisunsaturated fatty acid that comprises

    up to 0/ of oli&e oil.

    laidic acid is a transunsaturated fatty acid and a ma"or

    trans fat found in partially hydrogenated &egetable oils.

    oth fatty acids are isomers of the same molecule.

    #atty acids

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    1hospholipids

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    1hospholipids in biological membranes

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    1hospholipids

    Phospholipids in biological membranes typically contain

    one saturated and one unsaturated fatty acid:

    saturated fatty acids ma)e the membrane less fluid

    because they tend to aggregate

    cisunsaturated fatty acids reduce membrane rigidity

    because they do not form solid aggregates

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    'mino acids

    22222222 one of the simplest amino acids.

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    'mino acids

    -3 -*-

    % group(-*3

    -carbon

    7oni8ed alanine

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    ' polypeptide

    Peptide bonds

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    'denosine triphosphate: a nucleotide

    '!1

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    omenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides

    Ribonucleosides

    9uanosine

    'denosine

    *ytidine

    +ridine

    Deoxyribonucleosides

    eo;yguanosine

    eo;yadenosineeo;ycytidine

    eo;ythymidine

    %ibonucleosides or

    eo;yribonucleosides

    phosphates

    ,Nucleotides

    add:

    monophosphatediphosphate

    triphosphate

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    ' nucleic acid

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    !he use of '!1 as an energy carrier in the cell

    li l id

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    ' cyclic nucleotide

    *yclic adenosine monophosphate

    (c'

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    !he relati&e abundance of

    macromolecules in cells

    1 l h i f i b i

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    1olymers: chains of monomeric subunits

    1olysaccharides polypeptides and polynucleotides form

    from the covalentbonding of their monomeric subunits.

    !h i i b l l

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    !he interaction between macromolecules

    7nteractions between macromolecules are mediated by

    noncovalentbonds of compatible groups.

    !h i t ti b t l l

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    !he interaction between macromolecules

    Noncovalentinteractions between a protein and its

    bound ligand in this e;ample cyclic '

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    !he interactions of macromolecules in cells

    result in macromolecular comple;es

    !he assembly of a ribosome.