02 Chapt 02 Molecules
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Transcript of 02 Chapt 02 Molecules
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Chapter 2:
The Molecules of the Cell
subunits and macromolecules sugars and polysaccharides fatty acids and lipids amino acids and proteins nucleotides and nucleic acids
interactions between macromolecules
References 4thed: p. 50-64
(3rded: p. 50-63
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!he four ma"or families of
organic molecules in the cell
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#ormation of macromolecules
by condensation reactions
$ubunits are added to one end of a growing chain by
dehydration synthesis.
%e&erse reaction:_________
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#ormation of disaccharides
!he condensation of
two monosaccharides
produces one disaccharide.
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#atty acids
' structural formula of
a________ fatty acid
ball-and-stic) model
* space-filling model
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#atty acids are stored as energy reser&es (fats and oils
through an ester linkageto glycerol to form triacylglycerols.
!riacylglycerols
glycerol fatty acids
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#ats
(!riacylglycerols
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$aturated fatty acids tend toformaggregatesand deposits
within the walls of blood &essels causing atherosclerosisof coronary blood &essels (coronary heart disease
+nsaturated fatty acids:
cisunsaturated fatty acids do notform solid aggregates
transunsaturated fatty acids beha&e similar to saturated
fatty acids , they tend to aggregate and form solid
deposits
#atty acids
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#atty acids
'l)enehydrogenation
'l)aneincomplete
'l)enestereoisomer
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leic acid is a cisunsaturated fatty acid that comprises
up to 0/ of oli&e oil.
laidic acid is a transunsaturated fatty acid and a ma"or
trans fat found in partially hydrogenated &egetable oils.
oth fatty acids are isomers of the same molecule.
#atty acids
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1hospholipids
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1hospholipids in biological membranes
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1hospholipids
Phospholipids in biological membranes typically contain
one saturated and one unsaturated fatty acid:
saturated fatty acids ma)e the membrane less fluid
because they tend to aggregate
cisunsaturated fatty acids reduce membrane rigidity
because they do not form solid aggregates
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'mino acids
22222222 one of the simplest amino acids.
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'mino acids
-3 -*-
% group(-*3
-carbon
7oni8ed alanine
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' polypeptide
Peptide bonds
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'denosine triphosphate: a nucleotide
'!1
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omenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides
Ribonucleosides
9uanosine
'denosine
*ytidine
+ridine
Deoxyribonucleosides
eo;yguanosine
eo;yadenosineeo;ycytidine
eo;ythymidine
%ibonucleosides or
eo;yribonucleosides
phosphates
,Nucleotides
add:
monophosphatediphosphate
triphosphate
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' nucleic acid
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!he use of '!1 as an energy carrier in the cell
li l id
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' cyclic nucleotide
*yclic adenosine monophosphate
(c'
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!he relati&e abundance of
macromolecules in cells
1 l h i f i b i
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1olymers: chains of monomeric subunits
1olysaccharides polypeptides and polynucleotides form
from the covalentbonding of their monomeric subunits.
!h i i b l l
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!he interaction between macromolecules
7nteractions between macromolecules are mediated by
noncovalentbonds of compatible groups.
!h i t ti b t l l
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!he interaction between macromolecules
Noncovalentinteractions between a protein and its
bound ligand in this e;ample cyclic '
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!he interactions of macromolecules in cells
result in macromolecular comple;es
!he assembly of a ribosome.