01Introduction Theory MR

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Mario I. Romero-Ortega, Ph.D.

Laboratory Principles

Introduction


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Lab Reports

Scientific Method- Problem statement Question- Hypothesis Assumption- Empirical Evidence Acquisition

Quantitative data.- Accept or Refute Hypothesis- Conclusion

Report FormatSections:

BackgroundMethodsResultsDiscussion


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Lab Reports: Format

375-500 words Max. (Does not include figure/table captions)Times New Roman, 12 point

Double Space. Justified

Present Results in text and graphical or tabular format

Caption place under figure and table

(Figure 1. Relationship heart rate and pulse pressure)

Cover Page:BME 5382

Laboratory Principles, Fall 2010

Laboratory Title: Electroencephalography I

Author Name

Observer Names

Instrumentation

Reader

Note: if only 2 people in your group the person for instrumentation

and reader will be the same; write it down.


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Lab Reports: Format

-Write in the 3rd person. (The results show vs. Our results show.)-Explain the results.

The results in figure 2 support the hypothesis that there is an inverse

relationship between mental activity and the amplitude within the alpha

rhythm of the EEG.

-Make reference to the appropriate table or figure.-Only use relevant data in the report. Data that supports or refutes the

hypothesis. Do Not include all data acquired in the questions or

definitions. The report is a small focus on one topic being covered

during the experiment.

-Significant Figures and Units: xx.xx units

For Example: 11.07 mv-Questions:

We need to be able to read the answer.

Note sometimes the data and theoretical data do not agree. When

in doubt in answering a question state both and an explanation whythere was a difference.


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Lab Reports: Format

-Writing is part of the grade. Write in complete sentences. -

-Start Sentence with capitol letter 2 spaces after period.

-Assume audience is an intelligent, uninformed reader.

-Write clearly. If it is vague then it is wrong.

-The reports need to be typed.-Answers to the questions can should be typed but can be

hand written. If hand written, write legibly.

-Write brief one or two sentences.

Turn in 3 things.

(1) The Report

(2) Answers to the questions

(3) Definitions


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Lab Reports: Grading

Background 10%Brief Introduction.Hypothesis: Your statement for hypothesis.

Methods 10%Briefly describe the instrument and how theexperiment was done.

Result and Analysis 50%Table, figures showing only relevant data along

with a brief description of the data.

Discussion 25%

Justify the data and conclude whether the hypothesis wastrue or false.

References 5%Justify the data and conclude whether the hypothesis was

true or false.


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Lab Reports

Due before the next class.This is a deadline:

NO LATE REPORTS ACCEPTED


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Basic Biostatistics

- State the problem- Formulate the null hypothesis

- Design the study- Collect the data- Interpret the data- Draw conclusions


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Basic Biostatistics

Descriptive Statistics-identify patterns

-leads to hypothesis generating

Inferential Statistics-distinguish true differences fromrandom variation-allows hypothesis testing


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What Test Do I Use?1. What type of data?

2. How many samples?

3. Are the data normally distributed?

4. What is the sample size?


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Statistical Power of the Study

- Power- Beta

- Alpha- Sample size- Ratio of treated to control group- Measure of outcome


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Types of Errors

Truth

Conclusion

Power = 1-F


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Distribution of Course Grades


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Basic Biostatistics

Measures of Central Tendency

MEAN -- average

MEDIAN -- middle value

MODE -- most frequently observedvalue(s)


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Basic Biostatistics

RANGEhighest to lowest values

STANDARD DEVIATIONhow closely do values cluster around themean value


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Basic Biostatistics

P value is an estimate of the probability of resultssuch as yours could have occurred by chancealone if there truly was no difference orassociation.

P < 0.05 = 5% chance, 1 in 20.P


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Student t-test


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Student t-test

Used to compare the average (mean) in one groupwith the average in another group.

Is the average age of patients significantly different

between those who developed pneumonia and thosewho did not?


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ANOVA

Many studies involve comparisons betweenmore than two groups of subjects.If the outcome is categorical (count) data, a

Chi-square test for a larger than 2 X 2 table canbe used to compare proportions betweengroups.If the outcome is numerical, ANOVA can be

used to compare the means between groups.ANOVA is an abbreviation for the full name ofthe method: ANalysis Of VarianceInvented by R.A. Fisher in the 1920s


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WHYANOVA?

If you are comparing means between morethan two groups, why not just do several twosample t-tests to compare the mean from onegroup with the mean from each of the other

groups?

The problem with the multiple t-tests approachis that as the number of groups increases, the

number of two sample t-tests also increases.

As the number of tests increases theprobability of making a Type I error also

increases.


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WHYANOVA?

The advantage of using ANOVA over multiplet-tests is that ANOVA will identify if any two

of the group means are significantly differentwith a single test.

If the significance level is set at 0.05, theprobability of a Type I error for ANOVA= 0.05regardless of the number of groups being

compared.

If the ANOVA F-test is significant, furthercomparisons can be done to determine which

groups have significantly different means


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Basic Biostatistics


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Ethics


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Ethics

The study of the general nature of moralsand of the specific moral choices to bemade by a person; moral philosophy.

The rules or standards governing theconduct of a person or the members of a

profession: medical ethics.


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Ethics: Every day Examples

Software piracyExpense account padding

Copying of homework or testsIncome taxesBorrowing nuts and bolts, officesupplies from employer

Copying of Videos or CDsPlagiarismUsing the copy machine at work


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Technological Issues

-Synthetic Biology, Cloning-Products/ Medical Devices-Gene-transfer vector, Drug Delivery

-Intensive care or Humanitarian use?-Stem cell biology, Regenerative Medicine-Radioactive, Nanoscaled materials?-Way of relating to the world: Enhanced Humans

-Enhancement technologies: Neural Engineering,Bionics


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Case Study

Ban on embryonic stem cell research funding:

Lessons learned from two decades of cell-based

therapies indicate that poor management of thepublic discourse of ethics concerning emergingtechnologies might have contributed tomisperceptions within both the public and theresearch community that have hindered the progress

of scientific innovation and even delayed the clinicalapplication of potentially life-saving treatments tocritically ill patients.

Borlongan, et al., Tech & Inn, 12 (1). 2010


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BMESEthics

Biomedical Engineering Professional Obligations

Biomedical engineers in the fulfillment of their professionalengineering duties shall:

1. Use their knowledge, skills, and abilities to enhance thesafety, health, and welfare of the public.

2. Strive by action, example, and influence to increase the

competence, prestige, and honor of the biomedicalengineering profession.

Biomedical Engineering Health Care Obligations

Biomedical engineers involved in health care activities shall:

1. Regard responsibility toward and rights of patients,including those of confidentiality and privacy, as a primaryconcern.

2. Consider the broader consequences of their work in regardto cost, availability, and delivery of health care.


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BMESEthics

Biomedical Engineering Research Obligations

1. Comply fully with legal, ethical, institutional, governmental,and other applicable research guidelines, respecting the rightsof and exercising the responsibilities to human and animalsubjects, colleagues, the scientific community and the general

public.

2. Publish and/or present properly credited results of research accurately and clearly.

Biomedical Engineering Training Obligations

Biomedical engineers entrusted with the responsibilities of

training others shall:1. Honor the responsibility not only to train biomedical

engineering students in proper professional conduct inperforming research and publishing results, but also to modelsuch conduct before them.

2. Keep training methods and content free from inappropriateinfluence of special interests.


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Goals

Introduce the fundamental quantitativemeasurements made in clinical practiceduring medical diagnosis.

Develop research methods using theScientific Method and documenting theresults with a concise report.

This fundamental biomedical engineering laboratoryconsists of laboratory projects that requireacquisitioning, analyzing and interpretingmeasurements made in a typical clinical venue

utilizing the research method.


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Rules

No Drinking or Eating in the Laboratory. Leave itoutside.Close Toe ShoesHandle the transducers with respect.

Disposables should be placed in the appropriatereceptacle after being used.Start saving data and cleaning up at 15 minutes priorto the end of the session.

Please keep bags off the table tops.Please dont touch the LCD monitor.Data File

Team #; Section; Description _ MonthDay.

Example: 01A_ECG_0123.dat


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Questions?

01Introduction Theory MR

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