01cdma Theory -Jai

8/10/2019 01cdma Theory -Jai

1/195

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Welcome to ZTE

Technical TrainingCenter


2/195


Class Rules

Class Hours: 8:40 AM - 11:50 AM

14:10-17:20 PM

Little Breaks:

Several short breaks throughout class

Set mobile on silence or vibrator mode

No smoking in classroom


3/195


BSS Course Agenda

Course A: CDMA Basic Theory

Course B: ZXC10-BSS Hardware Introduction

and OperationCourse C:1x Packet Data Service


4/195


Course A:CDMA Basic Theory

I. CDMA Overview

II. CDMA Basic PrincipleIII. CDMA Channel Structure and Modulation

IV. CDMA Key Technology


5/195


I. CDMA Overview


6/195


Objectives

Upon completion of this lesson, the student

will be able to master:

-- the history of mobile communication-- the advantage of CDMA

-- CDMA migration from 2G to 3G

-- CDMA spectrum usage

-- the role of ZTE in CDMA


7/195Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Mobility

flexible and convenientglobal personal

communication

Poor environment and conditions

Co-channel interference, multi-path(space and

time)shadow effect and delay, power change and

other noise

MultipleMS and channels

Interferencenear and far effect

Limit of frequency resources

Reliability is important

registration, handoff, switching

Characteristics of Mobile

Communication



11GG 22GG 33GG

Analog

cellularDDiiggiittaallcceelllluullaarr DDiiggiittaallcceelllluullaarr

VVooiiccee VVooiiccee//ddaattaa VViiooccee//hhiigghhssppeeeeddddaattaa

AAMMPPSS CCDDMMAA 11XXRRtttt CCDDMMAA22000000

TTAACCSS GGSSMM GGPPRRSS WW__CCDDMMAA

8800 11999922 11999999 22000011 22000033

Evolution of Mobile Communications

System

AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System

TACS: Total Access Communication System

GPRS: General Packet Radio Services



CDMA-Its History & Status

1993, the first CDMA standard IS-95 was issued;

In 1995, CDMA technology was put into commercialization in Hongkong

and America on large scale;

In 1997, CDMA trial networks were constructed in Beijing, Xian, Shanghaiand Guangzhou in China;

In April, 2001, China Unicom began to construct CDMA networksthe

largest in the world;

At present, CDMA commercial networks are established in about 40

countries or area, almost 20% of all users in the world.



Frequency

reuse factor is 1;

network design

and expanding

become mucheasier

Advantages of CDMA(1)AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

CDMA

30 30 10 kHz

200 kHz

1250 kHz

1 3 1 Users

8 Users

20 Users1

1

11

1

11

11

1

11

1

1

12

34

4

32

56

17

Typical Frequency Reuse N=7



Vulnerability:

C/I 17 dB

Vulnerability:

C/I @12-14 dB

Vulnerability:

Eb/No@6--7 dB

GSM



Large capacity:

8--10 times than AMPS46 times than GSM

Power

Power

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

FDMA---Different user use different

frequency

TACS

AMPS

TDMA---Different user use different

time slot of one frequency

GSMDAMPS

CDMA---Different user use same

frequency at the same time,but with

different spreading code

Advantages of CDMA(2)



large coverage

almost 2 times than GSM, save money for

operator

Example:cover 1000 km2

GSM need 200 BTS

CDMA only need 50 BTSAttention: exact result need Link Budget




High privacy,hard to wiretapping

Spread code

Informationsignal

TX

Demodulatedsignal

RX

Spread code

Spread signalEach user is belowthe noise deeply




CDMA make before break---soft handoff

Other systems: make after break---hard handoff

Use soft handoff, decrease drop-call rate




Good voice quality, use 8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice

codingthe best coding method in the world.

Voice quality

MOS)

64k

PCM13k

GSM

8k

CDMA13k

CDMA

8kEVRC

CDMA




Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the MS

Power low, healthy for human bodygreen mobile phone.


Mean Power Max Power

GSM: 125mW 2W

CDMA: 2mW 200mW



95A

95B

Software update

Replace MS to

get new service

95B X

Add 1X channel

board

Software update

Replace MS to ge

new service

X XEV

Add 1XEVchannel board

Software update

Replace MS to

get new service

inexpesive

Technical

Scheme

Smooth migration to 3G and the operators benefit

is protected at the most

Almost free inexpensive

Economic

Scheme




Definition of Some Terms

1

Channel Duplex channel made of two 1.2288MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic

spectrum:

one for Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called theFORWARD LINK or the DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to

Base Station communication (called the REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK) Carrier or Frequency

In 800 MHz Cellular these two duplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart

In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart

In 450MHz,they are 10MHz apart

45 or 80 or 10 MHz

CDMA CHANNELCDMA

ReverseChannel1.25 MHz

CDMAForwardChannel1.25 MHz



CDMA Frequency Calculation

450MHz

BS receiver(Uplink): 450.00+0.025(N-1)

BS sender(downlink): 460.00+0.025(N-1)

800MHz

BS receiver(Uplink): 825.00+0.03N

BS sender(downlink):870.00+0.03N

1900MHz

BS receiver(Uplink): 1850.00+0.05N

BS sender(downlink):1930.00+0.05N

Definition of Some Terms

2



CDMA 800 MHz Cellular Spectrum

Usage

All CDMA RF carriers are 1.25 MHz. wide Can serve ~20 users /8 kb vocoder

Possible CDMACenter Freq. Assignments

Channel

Numbers

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)824MHz

849MHz

869MHz

894MHz

other

usesA AA B A B

1 10 10 1.5 2.5

A B A B

1 10 10 1.5 2.5

991

1023

1

333

334

666

667

716

717

799

991

1023

1

333

334

666

667

716

717

799

~300 kHz. guard bands possibly required if adjacent-frequency signals are non-CDMA (AMPS, TDMA, ESMR, etc.)



CDMA Frequency Channel

Assignment at 800 MHz Cellular

IS-95 Recomm ends to Start CDMA deploym ent w ith Ei ther the

Pr imary or the Second ary Channel

1

334

667

991

1023

333

666

715

799

716

Channel

Numbers

A Band B Band AA B

1019 37 78 119 160 201 242 283 384 425 466 507 548 589 630 691 777

CDMA A-Band Carriers CDMA B-Band Carriers

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 9 8

* **** Requires frequency coordination with

non-cellular interferers

**Requires frequency coordination with A-band carrier

A Band Primary Channel 283

A Band Secondary Channel 691

B Band Primary Channel 384

B Band Secondary Channel 777

736



CDMA PCS 1900 MHz Spectrum

UsageGuard Bands

Forward link (i.e., cell site transmits)Reverse link (i.e., mobile transmits)1850MHz

B

T

A

B

T

A

B

T

A

B

T

A

B

T

A

B

T

A

Paired Bands

MTA BTAMTABTA MTAMTA

1910MHz

1930MHz

1990MHz

Data Voice

A D B E F C A D B E F C

15 51010 1515151515 555 55

Licensed Licensed

Unlicensed0

Channel

Numbers 299

300

400

699

700

800

900

1199

0

299

300

400

699

700

800

900

1199



CDMA 1900 MHz Cellular

Spectrum Assignment

1895M 1900M

925 950 975

1980M

925 950 975

Downlink1975-1980Uplink1895-1900

1975M

N=


24/195


Definition of some Terms3

CDMA Code Channel

All CDMA users transmit and receive on the same

channel,but they are separated based on their digital

code.Because CDMA allocates individual users differentdigital codes rather than divide the spectrum based on

frequency or time.

Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging

and Forward Traffic channels

Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse

Traffic channels


25/195


ZTEs Activities in CDMA

In 1995, CDMA mobile telecommunication project was started In November, 1999, ZTE signed the Agreement on CDMA R&D with

Qualcomm

In August, 2000, the first field trial was set up.

In September, 2000ZTE presented the first CDMA handset with UIM in the

world. In January, 2001, the first cdma2000-1x call was passed through in lab

In March, 2001, ZTE cdma2000-1x realized the integrated transmission ofvoice, data & image.The data rate reach up to 153.6Kbps.

The certificates acquired:

CDMA 800M ZXC10-MSC/VLR,HLR/AUC,BSC, BTS network access

licenses

CDMA 800M/1.9G ZXC10-BTS typeapproval certificates


26/195


ZTE

A Famous Brand in CDMA

2G/3G

Abis

Abis

Abis

PSTN/PLMN

BSC/ PCF (1X)

Internet

IP

IP

BTSIS-95

BSC

IS-95

Abis

E1Um

IS95

Um

IS2000 E1STM-1

E1

STM-1

Ethernet

MSC/VLR HLR/AUC

PDSN/FA

AAA

HA

OMC

SC

WINBTSIS-95

BSC/ PCF (1X)

BTS1X

BTS

1X

E1

Ethernet


27/195


II. CDMA

BASIC PRINCIPLE


28/195


Objectives

Describe the differences between CDMA, TDMA,

FDMA What is spread spectrum modulation

Identify we use DSSS in CDMA

Know Walsh codes

Know short PN and long PN Know the purpose of Vo-coding

Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be ableto:


29/195


Contents

2.1 The principle of Spread spectrum

2.2 Walsh Code and its application

2.3 PN Code and its application

2.4 The Communication Model of CDMA


30/195


Multiple Access

Types of Media -- Examples:

Twisted pair - copper Coaxial cable

Fiber optic cable

Air interface (radio signals)

Advantages of Multiple Access

Increased capacity: serve more users Reduced capital requirements since

fewer media can carry the traffic

Decreased per-user expense

Easier to manage and administer

Each pair of users

enjoy s a dedicated,

pr ivate circui t throug h

the transmiss ion

medium , unaware that

the other u sers exist .

Since the beginning of telephony and radio,

system operators have tried to squeeze the

maximum amount of traffic over each circuit.

Multiple Access: Simultaneous private use of a transmissionmedium by multiple, independent users.

Transmission

Medium


31/195


Channels

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Each user on a different frequency

A channel is a frequency

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

Each user on a different window period intime (time slot)

A channel is a specific time slot on aspecific frequency

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

A channel is a unique code pattern

Each user uses the same frequency all thetime, but mixed with differentdistinguishing code patterns

Power

Power

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicatedpathway through a transmission

medium for one users information.The transmission medium is a resource that can be subdividedinto individual channels according to the technology used.


32/195


Defining Our Terms

CDMA Channel or CDMA Carrier or CDMA Frequency Duplex channel made of two 1.25 MHz-wide bands of electromagnetic spectrum, one for

Base Station to Mobile Station communication (called the FORWARD LINK or the

DOWNLINK) and another for Mobile Station to Base Station communication (called the

REVERSE LINK or the UPLINK)

In 800 Cellular these two simplex 1.25 MHz bands are 45 MHz apart

In 1900 MHz PCS they are 80 MHz apart

CDMA Forward Channel

1.25 MHz Forward Link

CDMA Reverse Channel

1.25 MHz Reverse Link

CDMA Code Channel

Each individual stream of 0s and 1s contained in either the CDMA Forward Channel or in

the CDMA Reverse Channel

Code Channels are characterized (made unique) by mathematical codes

Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and Forward Traffic channels

Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse Traffic channels

45 or 80 MHz

CDMA CHANNELCDMA

ReverseChannel1.25 MHz

CDMAForwardChannel1.25 MHz


33/195


CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

Traditional technologies try tosqueeze the signal into theminimum required bandwidth

Direct-Sequence Spread spectrumsystems mix their input data witha fast spreading sequence andtransmit a wideband signal

The spreading sequence isindependently regenerated at the

receiver and mixed with theincoming wideband signal torecover the original data

Spread Spectrum Payoff :

Processin g Gain

Spread SpectrumTRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

SlowInformation

Sent

TX

SlowInformationRecovered

RX

NarrowbandSignal

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

FastSpreadingSequence

SlowInformation

Sent

TX

SlowInformationRecovered

RX

FastSpreadingSequence

Wideband Signal


34/195


What is Spread Spectrum

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

SpreadingSequence

SpreadingSequence

InputData

RecoveredData

Spread Data Stream

Definition:Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth

that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signalbandwidth.

Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence,transmits

spread data stream

Receiver intercepts the stream,uses same spreading sequence to

extract original data


35/195


-1 1 1-1 1Spreading

-1 1

1 -1 1 -1

Spread Process

Digital Signal Spreading Signal

Spreading Code

1 -1 -1


36/195


-1 1 -11-1 -11 1 -1 -1 11-1 1-1 1De-spreading

-1 1 -11-1 -11 1

1 -1 1 -1

1 1 1 1

Integra

tor

-4 4

0 0

Adjudge-1 1

De-spread Process


37/195


Spread Spectrum PrinciplesSHANON Formula

It is the landmark paper of information theory, amathematical theory of spectrum communication.

C=B*log2(1+S/N)

Where,

C is capacity of channel, b/s

B is signal bandwidth, Hz

S is average power for signal

N is average power for noise


38/195


Digital Waveform and Spectrumg(t)

0 T00/2

T0=50E

t

0 2T00/2

2T0=100E

t

g(t)

0 T01/2

T0=100E

t

1=0/2

g(t)

0 f0

Bf0

2E/5

f

A(f)

0

1/0Bf0

E/5

f

A(f)

f0/2

A(f)

0

1/1Bf1E/5

ff1

Pulse width is 0, pulse period is T0=50

Pulse width is 0, pulse period is 2T0

Pulse width is 0/2, pulse period is T0

The bandwidth depends on the pulse width. So

we use the narrower pulse sequence for

modulating the carrier to achieve wider

bandwidth .

The pulse spectrum lines density depends on

the pulse sequence period.

If the pulse period increase or the pulse width

decrease, the amplitude of the spectrum will

decrease.

Spread Spectrum


39/195


How DSSS Spectrum Change

User 1

Code 1

Composite

Time Frequency

+

=

Direct Sequence CDMA


40/195


f

Signal Spectrum Before Decoding

Signal Spectrum Before SS

f

Sf

f0

Signal

ff0

Signal Spectrum after SS

Sf

Signal

Signal Spectrum After Decoding

f

Sf

f0

Signal

Noise

Sf

f0

Signal

Noise

Signal Pulse Noise Other Noise

Spectrum Variation of Spread & De-spread


41/195


Illustration to SS Principle(1)

1.25 MHz

9.6 KHz

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth


42/195


Many code channels are individually

spreadand then added together to

create a composite signal



43/195


UNWANTED POWERFROM OTHER SOURCES

Using the right mathematicalSequences, any Code Channel

can be extracted from the received

composite signal

Eb/No

PG



44/195


Spectrum Usage and Capacity: Each wireless technology (AMPS,

NAMPS, D-AMPS, GSM, CDMA)uses a specific modulation type with itsown unique signal characteristics

The total traffic capacity of a wirelesssystem is determined largely by radiosignal characteristics and RF design

RF signal vulnerability to Interferencedictates how much interference can betolerated, and therefore how far apartsame-frequency cells must be spaced

For a specific S/N level, the SignalBandwidth determines how many RFsignals will fit in the operators

licensed spectrum

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

CDMA

30 30 10 kHz

200 kHz

1250 kHz

1 3 1 Users

8 Users

20 Users1

1

11

1

11

11

1

1 1 1

1

12

34

4

32

56

17




Vulnerability:

C/I 17 dB

Vulnerability:

C/I @12-14 dB

Vulnerability:Eb/No@6--7 dB

GSM

17 dB = 101.7 50

14 dB = 101.4 25

12 dB = 101.2 16


45/195


Relationship Between Eb/N0and S/N

Eb =S

R

Signal Power

Bit Rate = N0 =N

W

Noise Power

Bandwidth =

=S

R

W

NX =

S

N

W

RX

S

R

N

W

Eb

N0=

Signal to Noise

Processing

Gain

E / t

B / t=

W

R

=1,250,000

14,400

= 87 =1.94

10 = 19.4dB

W

R= 1,250,000

9,600= 130 =

2.11

10 = 21.1dB8 Kb vocoder

(Full Rate)

13 Kb vocoder

(Full Rate)


46/195


AnythingWe CanDo, We Can Undo

Any data bit stream can be combined with a spreading sequence

The resulting signal can be de-spread and the data stream recovered iftheoriginal spreading sequence is available and properly synchronized

After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

SpreadingSequence

SpreadingSequence

InputData

(Base Band)

RecoveredData

(Base Band)

Spread Data Stream(Base Band + Spreading Sequence)


47/195


CDMA Spreading Principle

Using Multiple Codes

Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and thenreapplied in opposite order to recover the original data stream.

The spreading sequences can have different desired properties.

All spreading sequences originally used must be available in propersynchronization at the recovering destination.

SpreadingSequence

A

SpreadingSequence

B

SpreadingSequence

C

SpreadingSequence

C

SpreadingSequence

B

SpreadingSequence

A

InputData

X

RecoveredData

X

X+A X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B X+A

Spread-Spectrum Chip StreamsORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION


48/195


Shipping and Receivingvia

CDMA

Whether in shipping and receiving or in CDMA, packaging isextremely important!

Cargo is placed inside nestedcontainers for protection and to allow

addressing. The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the

reverse order.

CDMA containersare spreading codes.

FedEx

Data Mailer

FedEx

DataMailer

Shipping Receiving


49/195


Advantages of Spread Spectrum

Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multi-

path effects

SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed and filtered

resist intercept and capture: difficult to detect Achieve Privacy: Difficult to demodulate

Implement Multiple Access

Improve Frequency Reuse

Enlarge Capacity


50/195


Discriminating Among Forward

Code Channels

A Mobile Station receives a Forward Channel from a sector in aBase Station.

The Forward Channel carries a composite signal of up to 64forward code channels.

Some code channels are traffic channels and others are overheadchannels.

A set of 64 mathematical codes is needed to differentiate the 64possible forward code channels.

The codes in this set are called Walsh Codes

SyncPilotFW Traffic

(for user #1)

Paging

FW Traffic(for user #2)

FW Traffic(for user #3)


51/195


Discriminating Among Base

Station

A mobile Station is surrounded by Base Stations, all of them transmitting

on the same CDMA Frequency. Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a Forward Traffic

Channel containing up to 64 forward code channels.

A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectorsof different Base Stations.

Two binary digit sequences called the I and Q Short PN Sequences (orShort PN Codes) are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors ofdifferent base stations.

These Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMAsystem. Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can beused to identify a particular sector.

A B

Up to 64

Code Channels

Up to 64

Code Channels

Discriminating Among Reverse


52/195


Discriminating Among Reverse

Code Channels The CDMA system must be able to

identify each Mobile Station that mayattempt to communicate with a BaseStation.

A very large number of MobileStations will be in the market.

One binary digit sequence called theLong PN Sequence (or Long PN Code)is defined for the purpose of uniquelyidentifying each possible reverse codechannel.

This sequence is extremely long and

can be used in trillions of differentways. Each one of them constitutes amathematical code which can be usedto identify a particular user (and is thencalled a User Long Code) or a

particular user Reverse Traffic

channel.

RV Trafficfrom M.S.

#1837732008RV Trafficfrom M.S.

#1997061104

RV Trafficfrom M.S.

#1994011508

System AccessAttempt by M.S.

#2000071301(on access channel #1)


53/195


CDMA Spread Code Selection

Walsh Codes

Short PNSequences

Long PNSequences

Type ofSequence

MutuallyOrthogonal

Orthogonalwith itself atany time shiftvalue except 0

near-orthogonalif shifted

SpecialProperties

64

2

1

HowMany

64 chips1/19,200

sec.

32,768chips26-2/3 ms75x in 2sec.

242 chips~41 days

Length

OrthogonalModulation

(information

carrier)

QuadratureSpreading(Zero offset)

Distinguishusers

Reverse LinkFunction

User identitywithin cellssignal

DistinguishCells &Sectors

DataScrambling toavoid stringsof 1s or 0s

Forward LinkFunction


54/195


Contents






55/195


Definition of Walsh Function

The application of Walsh Function


56/195


Walsh function is formed by recursion relationship of

Hadamard matrix.

Hadamard matrix is an orthogonal square matrix.It is just

composed of +1(0) and1(1).

Definition of Walsh code

0110

1100

1010

0000

10

000

Hn Hn

H2n = ___Hn Hn

W l h C d


57/195


Walsh Codes 64 Sequences, each 64 chips long

A chip is a binary digit (0 or 1)

Each Walsh Code is Orthogonal to all

other Walsh Codes

This means that it is possible to

recognize and therefore extract a

particular Walsh code from a mixture

of other Walsh codes which are

filtered outin the process

Two same-length binary strings are

orthogonal if the result of XORing

them has the same number of 0s as 1s

WALSH CODES# ----------------- ----------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------- -----0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

1 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101012 00110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100113 01100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001104 00001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011115 01011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110106 00111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111007 01101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010018 00000000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111119 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010

10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101

22 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011

43 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

EXAMPLE:

Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59

#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110

#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

XOR 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!!

C l ti d O th lit


58/195


Correlation and Orthogonality

Code #23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110

(Code #23) 1001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001

Code #59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

PARALLEL

XOR: all 0s

Correlation: 100%(100% match)

ORTHOGONAL

XOR: half 0s, half 1s

Correlation: 0%(50% match, 50% no-match)

ANTI-PARALLEL

XOR: all 1s

Correlation:100%(100% no-match)

#23

#23

(#23)

#23

#23

#59

Correlation is a measure of the similarity between two binary strings

Properties of the Walsh Codes


59/195


Properties of the Walsh Codes When a Walsh code is XORed chip by chip with itself,

the result is all 0s (100% correlation)

When a Walsh code is XORed chip by chip with itslogical negation, the result is all 1s (100% correlation)

When a Walsh code is XORed chip by chip with anyother code or its logical negation, the result is half 0sand half 1s (0% correlation)

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0

0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

0 1 0 1

1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0

0 1 0 1

1 0 0 1

1 0 0 1

0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0

Walsh Code Table


60/195


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 71 1

8 9 0 11 1 1 12 3 4 5

1 1 1 16 7 8 9

2 2 2 20 1 2 3

2 2 2 24 5 6 7

2 2 3 38 9 0 1

3 3 3 32 3 4 5

3 3 3 36 7 8 9

4 4 4 40 1 2 3

4 4 4 44 5 6 7

4 4 5 58 9 0 1

5 5 5 52 3 4 5

5 5 5 56 7 8 9

6 6 6 60 1 2 3

0123

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

4567

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

89

1011

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1213

1415

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

16171819

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

20212223

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

242526

27

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 028293031

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

32333435

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

36373839

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

404142

43

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 0

1 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 1

0 1 1 0

4445

4647

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

4849

5051

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 0

1 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 1

0 0 1 10 1 1 0

52535455

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

56575859

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

60616263

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

1 1 1 11 0 1 01 1 0 01 0 0 1

0 0 0 00 1 0 10 0 1 10 1 1 0

Walsh Code Table


61/195


62/195


Contents






63/195


PN (pseudo noise )sequence

m sequence

phase

mask

orthogonalself-correlationcross-correlation


64/195


Similar with noise sequence property

Seemingly like random sequence,but it is

regular and periodic binary code sequence

PN Sequence


65/195


m sequence is an important binary pseudo noise sequence

m sequence is the short term of Maximal-Length linear

feedback shift register sequence

Definition:If the output sequence period of r-stage linearfeedback shift register is P=2r1Then this sequence is m

sequence

m sequence generator consists of three parts:shift register,

modulo-2 Adder, feedback path

m Sequence Definition


66/195


Output

X=X1 X2 X3 X4=10001001101011110+ + +

We suppose the initial state of the register

X1X2X3X4=0001

Four-Stage Linear Feedback Shift Register

X1 X2 X3 X4

Clock Pulse

Output

Modulo-2 Adder +


67/195


Orthogonal

Orthogonal DefinitionFrom the standpoint of mathematics,two lines plumb each other

From the standpoint of analogical,compare with two random line or row,if the

number of the same digits and different digits are equal,we call it orthogonal.

In CDMA system,in order to protect less interference between

signals,signals between each other should be orthogonal

Sequence 1: 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

OrthogonalSequence 2: 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1


68/195


Self-correlation & Cross-correlation

Self-correlationrefers to the degree of correspondence or comparability

between a sequence and a phase-shifted replica of itself

In CDMA system,should select the good Autocorrelation code to insure

demodulation and distinguish at the receiver side

Cross-Correlation refers to the correlation or comparability between two

different signals

In CDMA system,different user should select less Cross-correlation signal

as a code


69/195


Mask: Different mask can make the different phase for m sequence.

In CDMA system,the mask of different user is calculated by

the ESN in the mobile phone

Phase: Different phase of difference sequence identify different base

station and user

Two conceptions


70/195


The basic property of m sequence

Pseudo noise sequence

PeriodP=2r-1r is the stage of shift register

When the period is very long, m sequence is almost

orthogonal

The self correlation of m sequence is very well but the cross

correlation is weak.That means if two m sequence with

different phase,it is almost orthogonal

Sh t PN S


71/195


Short PN Sequences

Together, they can be considereda two-dimensional binary vectorwith distinct I and Q componentsequences, each 32,768 chipslong

Each Short PN Sequence (and, asa matter of fact, any sequence)correlates with itself perfectly ifcompared at a timing offset of 0chips

Each Short PN Sequence is

special: Orthogonal to a copy ofitself that has been offset by anynumber of chips (other than 0)

IQ

32,768 chips long

262

/3ms.(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

IQIQ

100% Correlation: All bits = 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset

IQIQ

Orthogonal: 16,384 1s + 16,384 0s

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

Unique Propert ies:

The two Short PN Sequences, I andQ, are 32,768 chips long

Short PN: 4-bits register example


72/195


Short PN: 4 bits register example

The PN sequences are deterministic and periodic.

The length of the generated string is 2n-1, where n

is the number of elements in the register

The number of zeroes in the sequence is equal to the

number of ones minus 1

1 0010 011

0 110

1 101

1 010

0 101

1 011

0 111

1 111

1 110

10 0 0

0 010

0 100

1 100

1 000

0 100p1 p2 p3 p4

p4 p5 p2 p3

p2

p3

p4

p5= p1 + p4

p4

Th L PN S


73/195


The Long PN Sequence

Each mobile station uses a unique User Long Code Sequence generated byapplying a mask, based on its 32-bit ESN, to the 42-bit Long Code Generatorwhich was synchronized with the CDMA system during the mobile stationinitialization.

Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, this sequence requires 41 days, 10 hours, 12minutes and 19.4 seconds to complete.

Portions of the User Long Codes generated by different mobile stations forthe duration of a call are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently differentto permit reliable decoding on the reverse link.

Long Code Register(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

Public Long Code Mask(STATIC)

User Long CodeSequence

(@1.2288 MCPS)

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 P E R M U T E D E S N

AND

=S U M

Modulo-2 Addition


74/195


Long PN:4-bits shift register example

XOR)

mask

XOROriginal PNsequence

New PN

sequence

AND AND AND AND

1 001

0 011

0 110

1 101

1 010

0 101

1 011

0 111

1 111

1 110

10 0 0

0 010

0 100

1 100

1 000

0 100

Attention:different mask lead to different offset!


75/195


PN code application in CDMA

PN code used in CDMA systemLong code2421 (r = 42)

Short code215 (r = 15)

Different purpose

---Forward channel

long code : scramble

short code :orthogonal modulation and identify basestation

---Reverse channel

long code :spread spectrum and identify user

short code :orthogonal modulation


76/195


Contents






77/195


78/195


Coding Technology

In Digital communication coding technology,include two types:

Speech codingis critical to digital transmission.CDMA system use an

efficient method of speech coding and extensive error recovery

techniques to overcome the harsh nature of the radio channel.

The object ive of sp eech cod ing is n ot on ly to m aintain speech

qual i ty but also to reduce the quanti ty of transm itt ing data.

Channel coding usually falls into two classes:Block interleaver codes

and Convolutional codes.

The object ive of channel coding is adding addit ion al

superv is ing bi ts in the informat ion stream to ensure get correct

sig nal at receive side.


79/195


Speech Coding

Speech coding algorithms (digital compression) are necessary toincrease cellular system capacity.

Coding must also ensure reasonable fidelity, that is, a maximum

level of quality as perceived by the user.

Coding can be performed in a variety of ways (for example,waveform, time or frequency domain).

Vocoders transmit parameters which control reproduction of voiceinstead of the explicit, point-by-point waveform description.

A-to-DC

O

N

V

E

R

T

E

R

64 Kbps

V

O

C

O

D

E

R

Codebook

Instruction

8Kbps64 Kbps

MTX

Variable Rate Vocoding


80/195



CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder

Full rate during speech

Low rates in speech pauses

Increased capacity

More natural sound

Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMAframes

DSP QCELP VOCODER

Codebook

Pitch

Filter

Formant

Filter

Coded Result Feed-back

20ms Sample



81/195



The output is 20 ms frames at fixed rates: Full Rate, 1/2 Rate , 1/4Rate , 1/8 Rate, & Blank

CRC is added to all the frames for the 13 kb vocoder, but only to theFull and 1/2 rate frames for the 8 kb vocoder.

CRC is not added to the lower rate frames in the 8 kb vocoder, but that

is ok because they consist mostly of background noise and have ahigher processing gain.

Current vocoder rates are 8kbps, 13kbps, and 8kbps EVRC (EnhancedVariable Rate Coder)

Rate Set 2 Frame Sizesbits

Full Rate Frame

1/2 Rate Frame

1/4 Rt.

1/836

72

144

288

Rate Set 1 Frame Sizesbits

Full Rate Frame

1/2 Rate Frame

1/4 Rt.

1/824

48

96

192


82/195


Variable Rate Voice Bit and PCM

Where is Vocoder?

BTS BSC MSC

Analog voice

Variable Rate PCM

Interleaving Method


83/195


Convolutional Coding & Interleaving

Bits to be Txed:

Convolutionally

Encoded:

Interleaved:

Bits Rxed:

De-Interleaved:

Viterbi Decoded:

Example:

Encode

Convolutiona

l

Interleav

er

De-

Interleaver

Decoder

H

ello

HHEELLLLOO FFOOLLKKSS

ELSOLHLOFK LEOLSHOLKF

EL SOL HLOFK LEOLSHOLKF

HHEELLLOO FFOLLKK- S

HELLO FOLKS

HELLO FOLKS


84/195


Channel Coding

-Convolutional Encoder

D DD

g0

g1

c0

c1

c2

Constraint length(K) = Shift Register Number + 1

Code length(N) = input information bit + supervising bit

Code rate(R) = input information bit/code length

From this figure:

Constraint length(K) = 4

Code length(N) =3

Code rate=1/3


85/195


Block Interleaver principle:input according to row and output according to

columns

For example: An Origination stream 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0,arrange

in 4 by 4 matrix

1 1 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 01 1 1 0

1 x 0 1

0 x 1 1

0 x 0 0

1 x 1 0

Interference sequence: 1 0 0 1 x x x x 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Output from receiver matrix1 x 0 1 0 x 1 1 0 x 0 0 1 x 1 0

Channel Coding

-Block Interleaver Encoder


86/195


Convolutional Encoder & Interleaver Encode

Convolutional Encoder: increase the reliability but reduce

the transmitting efficiency,because each code stream adds

supervising bit for rectified

Block Interleaver Encoder: not change the efficiency but

have some delays,because the transmitter and receiver

must process to writing first and then reading


87/195


Scramble

The paging channel also includes many import informationsuch as users IMSI,In order to keep the users information

secret ,we use the data scrambling.


88/195


Spread Spectrum

Spread code rate: 1.2288Mcps

Spread code

Forward Link:Walsh code

Reverse Link: Long PN code


89/195


Modulation-QPSK&OQPSK

Walsh

Function

1.2288Mcps

19.2 ksps

from Power

Control Mux

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence1.2288 Mcps

Baseband

Filter

Baseband

Filter

I

Q

S

I

Q

Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence

1.2288 Mcps

cos(2pfct)

sin(2pfct)

GAIN

The forward traffic channel is combined with two different PN sequences: I

and Q

Baseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained within the 1.25 MHzfrequency range

The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to radio frequency (RF)in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range


90/195


III. CDMA CHANNEL

STRUCTUREAND MODULATION

Objectives


91/195


Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to

master:

Objectives

-- The forward channel in IS-95

Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic

-- The reverse channel in IS-95Access; Traffic

-- CDMA Call Processing

-- New Channels in CDMA20001X


92/195


Contents

3.1 IS-95 CDMA Channels

3.1.1 Forward CDMA Channels

3.1.2 Reverse CDMA Channels



93/195


94/195


Pilot ChannelFunction:

obtains a phase offset by short PN sequences,in order to identify

different base station.

obtains basis timing information

assisted handoff:mobile station use pilot strength(signal strength

comparisons between base stations) to identify handoff candidatesand to perform soft handoffs

Characteristic:

Uncoded natured of pilot signal,that means the pilot is a structural

beaconwhichdoes not contain a character steam.

transmitted constantly by the base station

use Walsh code 0.


95/195


Pilot Channel Generation

The Walsh code zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot

The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinctPilots per CDMA channel

The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN

sequence is multiplied by 64 to determine the actual offset Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips

Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed960 chips x 0.8138 microseconds per chip = 781.25microsecond

Pilot

Channel

(All 0s)

1.2288Mcps

I PN

Q PN

WalshFunction 0


96/195


Sync Channel

Once a strong pilot channel is located,the mobile station listens to thecorresponding sync channel for system information.

This information transmitted at a rate of 1200bps,is contained in the sync

channel message.

The duration of the sync channel frames matches the period of repetition

of the short PN codes transmitted on the pilot channel.

Therefore,once the mobile station acquires synchronization with the pilot

channel,the synchronization with the sync channel is immediately known.

This action facilitates the acquisition of the sync channel by the mobile

station


97/195

S Ch l M


98/195


Sync Channel MessagePILOT_PN(Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index)

Set to the pilot PN offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips),assigned by the network planner

LC_STATE ( Long Code State )Provides the mobile station with the base station long code state at the

time given by the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically

SYS_TIME (System Time )GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after the end of the last super-framecontaining any part of this message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of80 ms, generated dynamically

PRAT (Paging Channel Data Rate )

The data rate of the paging channel for this system, determined by thenetwork planner,00if 9600 bps;01if 4800 bps

S Ch l G i


99/195


Sync Channel Generation

1200 bps

Walsh Function 32

1.2288 Mcps

IPN

Convolutional

EncoderandRepetition

BlockInterleaver

R=1/2 K=9

ModulationSymbols

4800 sps 4800 sps

Bits Chips

QPN

16*8

P i Ch l


100/195


Paging Channels

There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA carrier

The Paging Channel uses Walsh code 1 up to 7,unused

paging channels can be used as forward traffic channel

Transmits information at a fixed data rate of either 9600 or4800 bps,as specified by the PRAT parameter sent in thesync channel message

Paging Channel

Used by the base station to

transmit system overhead informationand mobile station-specific messages.

P i Ch l (C t )


101/195


Paging Channels(Cont.) The paging channel originates at the base station.A

paging channel notifies mobile stations that they are

receiving an incoming call.

Once the mobile station accepts the page,a traffic

channel is assigned by the base station for the mobilestation to use.

The base station sends the following messages to all of

the paging channels:

System parameters message

Access parameters message

CDMA channel list message

P i Ch l O h d M


102/195


Paging Channel Overhead Message

System parameters messageContains the most important CDMA configurationparameters

Access parameters messageDefines parameters used by the mobile stations whentransmitting to the base station on the access channel

CDMA channel list message

Defines all the CDMA(frequency)channels supported bythis base station

Paging Channel OverheadM


103/195


Messages

Mobile-Station-

Directed

Messages

Overhead

Messages

Access Parameters Message

System Parameters Message

CDMA Channel List Message

Extended System Parameters Message

Extended Neighbor List Message

Configuration

Parameter

Messages

Global Service Redirection Message

PagingMessages

ACC_MSG_SEQ

CONFIG_MSG_SEQ

P i Ch l G ti


104/195


Paging Channel Generation

Walsh code #1 is used to spread the data. This results in an increase to1.2288 Mcps

The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate.

If the 4800 bps rate is used, the repetition process doubles the rate again, sothat, at either rate, 384 modulation symbols per Paging Channel frame result

384 modulation symbols per frame times 50 frames per second = 19.2Ksps

9600 bps

4800 bps

Walsh

function

1.2288Mcps

Q PN

1.2288

Mcps

19.2

Ksps

19.2

KspsPaging Channel

Address Mask

R = 1/2 K=9

Decimator

Convolutional

Encoder &

Repetition

I PN

Block

Interleaving

Scrambling

Long PN Code

Generator


105/195

Data Scrambling


106/195


Data Scrambling

Data scrambling is accomplished by modulo-2 addition(XOR),one input is a

modulation symbol(19.2ksps) coming out of the block interleaver,anotherinput is a random sequence,which created by decimator on long code

generation.That means,Use the 64 times decimator to pickup the first chip of

each 64 chips to form a random sequence.So the random sequence rate is

19.2kcps.(1.2288/64)

Block

Interleaver

Long

Code PN

Generator

19.2 Ksps

Modulation

Symbols

User Address

Mask (ESN)Decimator

Divideby 64

19.2Ksps

1.2288Mcps

19.2Ksps

Data scrambling function:

Because the pagingchannel includes many

important information

such as users IMSI,in

order to assure the

uses informationsecret,we use the data

scrambling.

F d T ffi Ch l


107/195


Forward Traffic Channels

Used for the transmission of user and signaling information to a specific

mobile station during a call.

Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot channel, one

Sync channel, and 1 Paging channel.

This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic channels.

Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels.

Forward Traffic Channel


Sync

Paging



Pilot

CDMA Cell Site

F d T ffi Ch l G ti


108/195


Forward Traffic Channel Generation

Walsh

function

Power

Control

Bit

I PN

9600bps

4800 bps

2400 bps

1200 bps

(Vocoder) Convolutional

EncodingandRepetition

1.2288

McpsLong PN Code

Generation800Hz

R=1/2, K=9

Q PN

Decimator DecimatorUserAddress

Mask

(ESN-based)

19.2

ksps

1.2288

McpsScrambling

bits symbols chips

19.2

ksps

CHANNEL ELEMENT

M

U

X

Block

Interleaving

19.2 Ksps

F d t ffi h l f t t


109/195


Forward traffic channel frame structure

F d T ffi Ch l M k


110/195


Forward Traffic Channel Mask

A forward traffic channel is scrambled with the long code,offsetby a mask constructed as follows:

Permuted ESN=E0,E31,E22,.E27,E18,E9

Po er Control S b channel


111/195


Power Control Sub-channel

Base station receiver estimates received signal strength of mobile over

a 1.25 ms period (800/s) A power control subchannel is transmitted continuously to MS

A power up/down command is sent 800 times a second

Uncoded to ensure rapid detection and response by the MS

19.2 Ksps

from Block

Interleaver

1.2288 McpsUser Long

CodeDecimator

ScrambledModulationSymbol orPowerControl Bit

19.2Ksps

Decimator

Data ScramblingM

U

X

800 Hz MuxTiming

Power ControlBit (800 bps)

Divide by 64 Divide by 24

19.2 Ksps

Power Control Sub channel


112/195


Power Control Sub-channelThe power control subchannel is included by forward traffic channel,by use

a power control bit to indicate power up/down of MS transmit power.

Each traffic channel frame(20ms) consist of 16 power control group(each

group length 1.25ms),so the rate of power control is 16*(1s/20ms)=800bps

1.Every 1.25ms(800 times per second)the BS estimates the received signalstrength on the reverse traffic channel of a particular mobile station

2.Based on this estimation,the base station determines whether that mobile

station should increase or decrease its transmission power

3.A power up(0) or power down(1) one-bit command is sent by the base

station to that mobile station 800 times a second on the corresponding

forward traffic channel.This constitutes the Power control subchannel for

that mobile station.


113/195

Q adrat re Spreading & Baseband Filtering


114/195


Quadrature Spreading & Baseband Filtering

Walsh

Function

1.2288Mcps

19.2 ksps

from Power

Control Mux

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence1.2288 Mcps

Baseband

Filter

Baseband

Filter

I

Q

S

I

Q

Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence

1.2288 Mcps

cos(2pfct)

sin(2pfct)

GAIN

The forward traffic channel is combined with two different PN sequences: I

and QBaseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained within the 1.25 MHzfrequency range

The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to radio frequency (RF)in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz range

QPSK Modulation


115/195


QPSK ModulationQuadri-Phase Shift Key (QPSK) Modulation

BASEBAND: The total frequency band occupied by the aggregate of all

the information signals used to modulate a carrier

FILTER:Electronic circuit devised to modify the frequency distribution of a

signal spectrum

BASEBAND FILTER:filter(used in quadrature modulation)that limits the

input signal to the SyQuest band +-T/2,where T is the transmitted pulse rate.

GAIN CONTROL: the gain of the overhead channels(pilot,sync,and

paging)in the composite I and Q is set.The gain of each forward traffic

channel is constantly adjusted by the reverse link power control process.

Composite I and Q


116/195


Composite I and Q Each channel card has a

combiner and works in aserial array to combine the Iand Q signals for all forwardchannels in a partitionsector or cell.

The baseband I and Qsignals for all channel cardsare sent to the COREmodule to be multiplexedtogether based on the PNoffset.

This ensures that a mobilestation does not mistakenlydecode the signal from achannel with the sameWalsh code from the wrongbase station.

Pilot

Channel

WalshCode

SyncChannel

Walsh

Code

Paging

Channel(s)

Walsh

Code

Forward Traffic

Channel(s)

Walsh

Code

IPN Code

QPN Code

Composite

I

Composite

Q

F d Ch l D d l ti


117/195


Forward Channel Demodulation

IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a minimum of four processing elements thatcan be independently directed:

Three elements must be capable of demodulating multipath components

One must be a searcher that scans and estimates signal strength at eachpilot PN sequence offset

Correlator1

Correlator2

Correlator3

SearchCorrelator

De-InterleaverViterbi

Decoder VocoderSpeechOutput

Mobile Receiver

Combiner

Contents


118/195


Contents


3.1.1 Forward CDMA Channels

3.1.2 Reverse CDMA Channels


Access Channels


119/195


Access Channels

Used by the mobile station to: Initiate communication with the base station not yet in a Call (such

as transmit registration requests, call setup requests/origination message)

Respond to Paging Channel messages

Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps

Although a sector can have up to seven paging channels, and each

paging channel can have up to 32 access channels, nearly all systems

today use only one paging channel per sector and only one access

channel per paging channel.

4800 bps

Access Channel Generation


120/195


28.8kspsConvolutional

Encoder &

Repetition

R = 1/3

1.2288Mcps

Access ChannelLong Code Mask

Long PN CodeGenerator

28.8ksps Orthogonal

Modulation

307.2kcps

1.2288Mcps

Q PN (No Offset)

IPN (No Offset)

D

1/2 PNChipDelay

Block

Interleaver

Access Channel

Information

(88 bits/Frame)

4.8 kpbs

DirectSequenceSpreading

Access Channel Generation

Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability of collision Two message types:

A response message (in response to a base station message)

A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile station)

32*18

64 ary Orthogonal Modulation


121/195


1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

Symbols

3544 Walsh Lookup TableWalshChip within aWalsh Function

01 2 345 6 7

11

89 0 1

11 1 1

23 4 5

11 1 1

67 8 9

22 2 2

01 2 3

22 2 2

45 6 7

22 3 3

89 0 1

33 3 3

23 4 5

33 3 3

67 8 9

44 4 4

01 2 3

44 4 4

45 6 7

44 5 5

89 0 1

55 5 5

23 4 5

55 5 5

67 8 9

66 6 6

01 2 3

0

1

2

3

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

4

5

6

7

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

8

9

10

11

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

12

13

14

15

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

Wals

16

17

18

19

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

h

Fu

20

21

22

23

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

ncti

24

25

26

27

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

onI

28

29

30

31

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

nde

x

32

33

34

35

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

36

37

38

39

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

40

41

42

43

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

4445

46

47

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 001 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 110 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

48

49

50

51

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

00 0 0

01 0 1

00 1 1

01 1 0

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

11 1 1

10 1 0

11 0 0

10 0 1

01cdma Theory -Jai

Documents

Transcript of 01cdma Theory -Jai