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Governmental and Non-Profit Accounting (G&NP): Environment and Characteristic

Session 1

Course : F0112 - Accounting for Non-Profit OrganizationsYear : February 2011

Agenda

• Course Introduction• Characteristics and Types of G&NP Organizations• Objectives of G&NP accounting and financial reporting• How do G&NP differ from business organizations?• Accounting and Financial Reporting objective• Authoritative Sources of G&NP Accounting Principles

and Reporting Standards

Bina Nusantara University 2

Course Introduction

3Bina Nusantara University

Characteristic of G&NP OrganizationsGovernment and other non-profit organizations are unique in the following ways:•They do not attempt to earn profit – and most are exempt from income taxes – so typical business accounting, including income tax accounting usually is not appropriate;•They are owned collectively by their constituents – and because ownership is not evidenced by equity shares that can be sold or traded – residents who are dissatisfied with their government usually must await a change in its elected governing body or move elsewhere


Characteristic of G&NP Organizations (2)Government and other non-profit organizations are unique in the following ways:•Those contributing financial resources to the organizations do not necessarily receive a direct or proportionate share of their services. For example homeowners pay property taxes to finance public schools even if they do not have children in school.•Their major policy decisions and perhaps some operating decisions, typically are made by majority vote of an elected or appointed governing body (e.g. a local legislature or a hospital board of directors) whose members serve part time, receive modest or no compensation, and have diverse background, philosophies, capabilities and interests.


Major types of GNP*:• Governmental: Central, local, municipal, township, village and

other local governmental authorities and special districts;• Educational: kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools,

vocational and technical school and colleges and universities.• Health and welfare: hospitals, child protection agencies, the

Indonesia Red Cross (PMI)• Religious: Salvation Army, Dompet Dhuafa• Charitable: Dana Kemanusiaan Kompas (DKK) and similar fund-

raising agencies;• Foundations: private trusts and corporations organized for

educational, religious or charitable purposes;• Non government organisations: Indonesia Corruption Watch

(ICW), YLBHI, Kontras etc


*This general classification scheme has much overlap among the classification. Many charitable organisations are operated by mosque/churches, and governments are deeply involved in education, health and welfare activities.

The G&NP EnvironmentG&NP organizations are similar in many ways to profit-seeking enterprise. For example:•They are integral part of the same economic system an use financial, capital and human resources to accomplish their purposes;•Both must acquire and convert scarce resources into their respective good and services•Both must have viable information system, including excellent accounting system to assure that managers, governing bodies and others receive relevant and timely information for planning, controlling and evaluating sources;•Cost analysis and other control and evaluation techniques are essential to ensure that resources are utilized economically, effectively and efficiently;•In some cases, both produce similar product. For example: both governments and private enterprise may own and operate transportation systems, sanitation services and electric utilities.


How Do Governmental and Not-For-Profit Organizations Differ From Business Organizations?

No direct and proportional relationship between resources provided and the benefits received

Absence or Lack of a profit motive

Absence of transferable ownership rights

Collective ownership by constituents

Policy-setting process



For businesses, annual report is the most significant financial document. For governments and non-profits, budget is very important. Budget is the culmination of the political process.

Need to ensure inter-period equity for most governments and non-profits. Revenues may not be linked to constituent demand or satisfaction. No direct link between revenues and expenses. Many of the assets of government and non-profits are restricted to particular

activities and purposes. No distinguished ownership interests. Less distinction between internal and external accounting and reporting.


Power ultimately rests in the hands of the people

People vote and delegate that power to public officials

Created by and accountable to a higher level government – ex. State Governments are accountable to Federal Governments while City Governments are accountable to State Governments, etc.

Power to tax citizens for revenue



MAJOR FINANCIAL RESOURCE COMPARISON

GOVERNMENT• For Operations

– Taxes• For Capital

– Grants– Debt

BUSINESS• For Operations

– Sales• For Capital

– Stock– Debt

AN EXAMPLEAN EXAMPLE


ACCOUNTING & FINANCIAL REPORTING OBJECTIVES

• Making resource allocation decisions

• Setting goals and objectives

• Directing and controlling resources

• Reporting on resource custodianship

• Contributing to efficiency and effectiveness

American Accounting Association



• Objectives address needs of external users of financial information

• Managers and other internal users have specialized needs for financial information

FASB - Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4



For general purpose external financial reporting:• Making resource allocation decisions• Assessing services and ability to continue• Assessing management stewardship responsibilities

and performance



FINANCIAL REPORTING INFORMATION NEEDS

• Economic resources, obligations, net resources

• Effects of transactions / events on resources

• Performance measurement of resource changes

• Service efforts and accomplishments

• Sources of cash flows and liquidity



Authoritative Sources of G&NP Accounting Principles and Reporting Standards• SAP (Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan)

– Disahkan lewat Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) no 24 tahun 2005– Diterbitkan oleh Komite Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah (KSAP)

• PSAK 45 (Pelaporan Keuangan Entitas Nirlaba)– Direvisi tahun 2010 dengan memasukkan pilihhan standar

ETAP (entitas tanpa akuntabilitas publik) bagi entitas nirlaba– Diterbitkan oleh Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (DSAK)

Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia


Latar belakang• Sebelum UU Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 dan UU Nomor 1

Tahun 2004 ditetapkan, sesuai dengan tugas pokok dan fungsi Departemen Keuangan di bidang fiskal, Menteri Keuangan RI telah menetapkan Keputusan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 308/KMK.012/2002 tanggal 13 Juni 2002 tentang Komite Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah (KSAP), sebagaimana telah beberapa kali diubah terakhir dengan Keputusan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 379/KMK.012/2004 tanggal 6 Agustus 2004.


Profil• KSAP bertugas mempersiapkan penyusunan konsep

Rancangan Peraturan Pemerintah tentang SAP sebagai prinsip-prinsip akuntansi yang wajib diterapkan dalam menyusun dan menyajikan laporan keuangan pemerintah pusat dan/atau pemerintah daerah. Dalam pelaksanaan tugas sehari-hari, KSAP melaporkan kegiatannya secara berkala kepada Menteri Keuangan. KSAP bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden melalui Menteri Keuangan.


Keanggotaan• Keanggotaan KSAP berasal dari berbagai unsur

pemerintahan, praktisi, asosiasi profesi, dan akademisi yang mempunyai kompetensi akademik di bidang akuntansi sektor publik, register akuntan negara dan reputasi baik di bidang profesi akuntansi. Dalam bertugas KSAP dapat bekerja sama dengan lembaga pemerintah, swasta, dan lembaga pendidikan atau pihak lain yang dianggap perlu.


http://ksap.org/member.php

Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan• Kerangka Konseptual Akuntansi Pemerintahan;• PSAP 01: Penyajian Laporan Keuangan;• PSAP 02: Laporan Realisasi Anggaran;• PSAP 03: Laporan Arus Kas;• PSAP 04: Catatan atas Laporan Keuangan;• PSAP 05: Akuntansi Persediaan;• PSAP 06: Akuntansi Investasi;• PSAP 07: Akuntansi Aset Tetap;• PSAP 08: Akuntansi Konstruksi Dalam Pengerjaan;• PSAP 09: Akuntansi Kewajiban;• PSAP 10: Koreksi Kesalahan, Perubahan Kebijakan Akuntansi, dan

Peristiwa Luar Biasa• PSAP 11: Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasian

Reference: http://ksap.org/standar.php


PSAK 45 (Revisi 2010)• Pelaporan Keuangan Entitas Nirlaba

– Tujuan• Pernyataan ini bertujuan untuk mengatur pelaporan keuangan

entitas nirlaba. Dengan adanya standar pelaporan, diharapkan laporan keuangan entitas nirlaba dapat lebih mudah dipahami, memiliki relevansi, dan memiliki daya banding yang tinggi.

– Ruang lingkup:• PSAK 45 dapat diterapkan oleh lembaga pemerintah, dan unit-

unit sejenis lainnya. Dengan ketentuan bahwa hal ini tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

– Isi• Mayoritas menjelaskan mengenai atribut pengakuan, penyajian

dan pengungkapan• Atribut pengukuran dan penilaian dapat menggunakan SAK

ETAP atau SAK Umum• Lebih jelasnya akan didiskusikan pada pertemuan-2


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