01 Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore October 2005

[email protected] Dr. Stephen K Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 1

October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 1

Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

Towards Solar Architecture In Singapore

Renewable Energies – Made in Germany

Symposium 24.10.2005 Singapore



Overview

• Photovoltaic technology, systems, designs• Building integrated applications• Potential for Singapore• Promoting Renewable Energies• Towards Solar Architecture



World PV Production in 2003

World PV production in 2003

0.0050.00

100.00150.00200.00250.00300.00350.00400.00

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

MW

p-D

C JapanEuropeUSROW

Figure 1.5 Source : REW, 2004

100 MWp solar panel covers an area of approx. 100 ha or 1 km2



PV Technology, Performance and Cost

Mono-crystalline silicon

Poly-crystalline silicon

Amorphous silicon

CIS (Copper Indium Diselenide).

New: Concentrator Cells

Direct (tracking)20-303rdConcentrator with III-V Materials

Direct and diffuse2-38-132ndCIS (Copper Indium Diselenide)

Direct and diffuse1.5-25-72ndAmorphous SiliconMore direct3.511-161stPoly-crystalline Silicon

More direct412-181stMono-crystalline Silicon

Solar Radiation Preference

Cost/Wp(US$)

PerformanceGenerationCell Technology



Wafer, Cell, Module, Array, System• Wafer

– Smallest component

• (Solar) Cell– Made of wafer– 10cm x 10cm or 12.5cm x 12.5cm

• Module– Ready to use panel with cells and plugs– Modular cell size

• Array– Layout of modules

• System– All inclusive ready to produce AC power

(Array, inverter, meter, cable, data logger, etc)



Standard products available in online shops

• Photovoltaic (PV) Collector– Solar Radiation falling on PV modules is converted to DC

electricity, subsequently converted into AC by inverter– Standard solutions commercially available

• Solar Thermal (ST) Collector– Solar radiation is used to heat up water flowing in collector

cavities– Standards solutions commercially available

• Hybrid (PVT) Collector– Collector comprising PV modules on the surface and water

tubes inside (cooling effect for PV besides warm water generation

– R&D, Some solutions available

PV set ready for grid connection

ST set for water heating





Colored Solar / Transparent Solar Cells

www.sunways.de

iF Ecology Design Award 1999 TOP 3



Transparent Solar Cells

Source: RWE Schottsolar, 2005



Photovolatic technology:

• versatile

• adopted

• customizable

• growing



PV’s Area of Application in 2003

2003 Application

54%

10%

11%

11%

8%5% 1%

Grid-connectedresidential/commercialConsumer products

World off-grid rural

Communications andsignallingPV-diesel, commercial

US off-grid residential

Centralized (>100 kW)

Figure 1.7 Source : REW, 2004



IEA, PV Power Systems, Task 7: PV in the Built Environment (1997-2001)



BIPV Example in Australia

• Building name : Olympic Village• Location : Australia, Sidney• Building type : Residential• Completion : December 1999• PV application : Roof integrated PV• Type of PV : Monocrystalline silicone• Quantity : 629 kWp• POE : 1400-1500 kWh output/year

Source : http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/cases/aus_01.htm

World largest solar village





BIPV Example in Barcelona• Building name : The Solar Pergola• Location : Spain, Barcelona• Building type : Pergola• Completion : 2004• PV application : Roof integrated PV• Type of PV : Monocrystalline silicone• Quantity : 449 kWp• Yield : 1250 kWh/kWp

The 50m height PV area is close to the size of a football pitch (112x50m2)

Source : http://www.isofoton.com/espaniol/forum.pdfhttp://www.earthscan.co.uk/news/article/mps/UAN/226/v/3/sp/332244698595342568278

World largest solar village



BIPV Example in Germany• Building name : Mont Cenis Academy• Location : Germany, Herne Sodingen• Building type : Commercial• Completion : 1999• PV application : Roof & facade• Type of PV : Multicrystalline silicium• Quantity : 1000 kWp• POE : 600000-650000 kWh

output/year

Source : http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/cases/deu_01.htm; Schittich (2003)



BIPV Example in Germany

Building name: Mont Cenis AcademyLocation: Germany, TuebingenBuilding type: Sport and RecreationCompletion: 2005PV application: Façade (ventilated)Type of PV: colored multi-crystallineQuantity: 970 x 45 Wp (525 m2)

Source : www.solarserver.de




Building name: KriegerhornbahnLocation: Germany, Lech am ArlbergBuilding type: Sport and RecreationCompletion: 2004PV application: FaçadeType of PV: transparent colored mono-cristaline

Source : www.solarserver.de




• Building name : Lehrter Station• Location : Germany, Berlin• Building type : Railway station• Completion : 2002• PV application : Façade integration• Type of PV : Monocrystalline• Quantity : 189 kWp• Estimated : 160000 kWh /year to feed

the grid

Due to the shape , there are no two modules are the same. Each is unique

Source : http://www.jxj.com/magsandj/rew/2003_

05/lehrter.html



BIPV Example in Germany• Building name : House of Fashion

Zara• Location : Germany, Cologne• Building type : Commercial• PV application : Façade integration• Type of PV : Polycrystalline

PVs are not connected. PVs are function only as aesthetic elements.

Source : www.solon-pv.de;

Solon Presentation (2004)





BIPV Example in Hong Kong• Building name : One Peking Road • Location : Hong Kong, One Peking Road,

Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Hong Kong• Building type : Commercial building (mix use)• Completion : March 2003• PV application : Upper façade • PV type : Polycrystalline Silicon• Quantity : 7.2kWp (total PV area of 200m2)• Estimated : 10344 kWh/year

This off-grid PV is the first large scale commercial BIPV in Hong Kong and China. The building won the HKIA (Hong Kong Institute of Architect) Award due to its aesthetics and environmentally friendly design.

Source :http://www.architecturechina.cn/en/issue1/article16.htm; http://hkci.org/upload/bank/onepekingrd_innov.pdf; http://www.pabhk.com/blogs/2004/04/profile-building-integrated-solar-pv.html



BIPV Example in Hong Kong

Source : http://www.hk-beam.org.hk/fileLibrary/One%20Peking_GCPL_C1071.pdf; http://www.architecturechina.cn/en/issue1/article16.htm

Besides Photovoltaic, the building implements Active Façade System :

• Triple glazed walling system• Low-e clear glass• Ventilated cavity• Automated sun tracking blind in the cavity



BIPV Example in Hong Kong

Source : http://www.hk-beam.org.hk/fileLibrary/One%20Peking_GCPL_C1071.pdf

The cavity in the glass is ventilated from the interior cooler air. South facade has some sun shade and reflective interior ceiling that function as Daylight Directing Device.



BIPV Example in Japan• Building name : Solar Ark• Location : Japan, Ogaki city, Gifu• Building type : Commercial• Completion : December 2001• PV application : Façade integration• Type of PV : Monocrystalline• Quantity : 630 kWp• Estimation : 530000 kWh output/year

Source : http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ap8n-tn/sun/photo/photorsa/sanyo/esanyo.html; http://www.japan-photo.de/e-mul-15.htm; http://www.solar-ark.com.data-

hotel.net/english2/ark/index.html



BIPV Example in Malaysia

• Building name : Technology Park• Location : Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur• Building type : Commercial• Completion : 2001• PV application : Roof integration• Type of PV : Monocrystalline• Quantity : 362 kWp

Source : http://www.sebastianschmitt.de/Welt/Ma

laysia/TPM/; http://www.ptm.org.my/BIPV/pdf2/web

%20info/database/BIPV-installation%20list.pdf

The largest PV rooftop system in Asia Pacific in 2001, now is the 2nd

largest in South East Asia.



National BIPV Program in Malaysia

Source: http://www.nhgade3.dk/zeroenergyoffice

building/





BIPV Example in Netherlands

• Building name : Housing Area of Amsterfoot• Location : Netherland, Amsterfoot• Building type : Residential• Completion : 1999• PV application : Roof integration• Type of PV : Polycrystalline• Quantity : 1323 kWp on 500 houses

Source : http://www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/cases/nld_01.htm



BIPV Example in Thailand• Building name : The Tesco-Lotus Hypermarket• Location : Thailand, Bangkok• Building type : Hypermarket• Completion : 2004• PV application : Roof integration• Type of PV : Polycrystalline• Quantity : 460kWp• Estimation : 600000 kWh/year output.

12.5% of building annual consumption.

It is the largest in South East Asia. The system will reduce peak demand on the grid with the added benefit of annually offsetting 400 tons of carbon dioxide emission from Bangkok fossil-fuel power plant.

Source : http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/market/business/viewstory;jsessionid=a841RoLUMN8a?id=172

03



BIPV Example in United Kingdom

• Building name : OpTIC centre• Location : UK, North Wales• Building type : Technology Business Centre• Completion : 2003• PV application : Facade integration• Type of PV : Copper indium diselenide• Quantity : 85 kWpSource :

http://www.jxj.com/magsandj/rew/2004_02/optic.html



Upcoming tallest solar building in EU

Source : http://www.edie.net/news/news_story.asp?id=9906&channel=0



PV Plants - big

Source : Boltz, 2004



PV plant - biggerProjecto Girassol:• Under construction, to be completed by 2009• 62 MW electricity• 350.000 solar panels• Collaboration between Portuguese Energy

Authority, Investment Agency and Industry (Amper-Central Solar and BP Solar Spain)

• 250 Million EUR =





PV plant - biggest

US, Los Angeles:• Scheduled for 2010-2010• 500 MW electricity• Solar thermal• Without any government incentives



Building Integrated Photovoltaics:

• common

• aesthetical

• affordable*



BIPV Example in Singapore• Building name : Savannah Park

Condominium• Location : 31 Simei Rise, Singapore• Building type : Residential• PV application : Roof integration (at club

house• Quantity : 5.1 kWp

Source : www.interlinkpower.com.sg

http://www.bouyguesasia.com/pages/fsetc1.htm



Research Project

• Title– Potential of Building Integrated

Photovoltaic (BIPV) in existing urban high-rise housing in Singapore

• Collaboration– NUS, Department of Architecture– ThyssenKrupp Asia Pacific

• Status– Completed 2004, research report

Research Project



Singapore: Plenty of Daylight

012345678

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Osaka Darwin London Munich Singapore

KW

h/m

2

DarwinSingaporeOsaka

MunichLondon

Daily Global Solar Radiation ChartsDaylight = Sunlight + Skylight



Overview of Slab Block Design Proposals

Table 3.4.

1

3

5

7

9

11

2

4

6

8

10





Design 1 and Design 4

Figure 3.11. Design 1-PV on staircase core

Figure 3.12 Design 4-PV along protruding elements




Figure 3.15. Design 8-PV on long hip roof.

Figure 3.16 Design 11-PV on short butterfly roofs.



Overview of Point Block Design Proposal

1 2 3 4

5 6a 6b 7

8 9 10October 2005 Dr. Stephen K. Wittkopf Asia Research Institute 40



Figure 3.17. Design 1 – PV vertically on west/ east facade

Figure 3.18. Design 2 – PV horizontally on window sills.




Figure 3.21. Design 7 – PV on butterfly roof.

Figure 3.22. Design 9 – PV on mono-pitched roof.



Percentage of PV Supply to Total Electrical Demand

Point BlockPercentage of PV supply to total electrical demand

13% 13%

30%35%

65%

28% 28% 25% 26% 27% 25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b 7 8 9 10

Figure 3.31





Percentage of PV Supply to Total Electrical Demand

Slab BlockPercentage of PV supply to total e lectrical demand

16%

7%

19%

5%9%

14% 15%

56% 55%

42% 42%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Figure 3.32



Solar Radiation Analysis - Conclusion

• Singapore’s solar radiation pattern is favorable to BIPV– The quantity is higher compares to countries that already

successfully utilized PV– The distribution is even due to little seasonal changes, and thus

provides constant solar energy, which benefits grid-connected systems

– The predominately diffuse nature makes PV less dependent on direct sunlight, meaning no tracking needed, and façade can be considered as well



Impact



Impact: Straits Times 2.2.2005 (H3|Home)



High Potential for Building Integrated Photovoltaic

in Singapore:

• plenty and even solar radiation

• lots of unused roof area

• lots of available exposed facades



RE Prospects in SingaporeHydroHydro

WindWind

GeothermalGeothermal

TidalTidal SolarSolar

Non-existent Non-existent

Low wind speeds Low tidal range High and even irradiation - Greatest potential

BiomassBiomass

Local sources fully-utilized

Source : NEA (2005)





Renewable Energies for Singapore

“Solar Energy seems to have the greatest potential of renewable energies in Singapore”Minister of State for Health Dr. Balaji Sadasivan on the occasion of the Seminar on Efficient Use of Fossil and Renewable Energies, 11 Nov 2002, Regent Hotel, Singapore

Source : NEA (2003)



Solar Energy: Available when needed

Source: RWE Schott Solar GmbHSource: RWE Schott Solar GmbH



Singapore Green Plan

Air and Climate Change Group

Singapore Green Plan 2012 Awards Ceremony and 'Our Environment Story' Exhibition

October 28



Promoting Renewable Energy in SE-Asia



Promoting Renewable Energy in SE-Asia II

Source: [email protected]



Overseas RE Sources and Targets

12.5% of electricity output by 201020% of electricity output by 2020

29.4% of electricity output by 2010

10% of electricity output by 2010

4,820 MW PV capacity by 2010300 MW of wind capacity by 2010

9,500 GWh electricity output by 2010 California: 20% electricity retail sales

RE

Elec

tric

ity (G

WH

)R

E El

ectr

icity

(GW

H)

RE

Elec

tric

ity (G

WH

)R

E El

ectr

icity

(GW

H)

RE

Elec

tric

ity (G

WH

)R

E El

ectr

icity

(GW

H)

Source: International Energy Agency

Wind capacity > 99% Wind capacity > 99%

Wind capacity > 97% Wind capacity > 97% Wind capacity > 99% Wind capacity > 99%





Projected Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources

Projected Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

2001 2010 2020 2030 2040

Glo

bal E

nerg

y S

uppl

y (M

toe)

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%ConventionalWindSolar thermalPhotovoltaicMarineHydroGeothermalBiomass

Figure 1.1 Source : European Renewable Energy Council (EREC), 2004



Assumed Growth Rate for RES under AIP

Assumed growth rate for RES under AIP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1996-2001 2001-2010 2010-2020 2020-2030 2030-2040

Perc

enta

ge

BiomassGeothermalHydroMarinePhotovoltaicSolar thermalWind

Figure 1.2 Source : EREC, 2004



Promotion of Renewable Energies:

• common internationally

• common in SE-Asia

• considered in Singapore



The X-factor in Architecture

• Sustainable Architecture?• Green Architecture?• Intelligent Architecture?• Bioclimatic Architecture?• Energy Efficient Architecture?• No|Low|Light Architecture?Is all of this specific/distinctive to Singapore?



The X-factor in Architecture

• Singapore– Dense High-Rise Urban Architecture– Singapore Green Plan 2012– Plenty of Daylight– Tropical Climate– Regional Hub– Role Model– High Energy Consumption– Strive for Architectural Distinction– Promoting the Arts– …

Solar Architecture



Solar Architecture – A definition

• Architecture that harnesses Solar Energy by means of:– Integrated Photovoltaic to produce electricity– Integrated Solar Thermal to transform energy in heat (solar

cooling)– Daylight re-directing devices to reduce artificial lighting and

improve human well-being

• Contributes to an energy efficient build sustainable environment





Daylight– Is Energy (Renewable) energy, on-hand, inexhaustibly, clean– Has 3 components: IR, Visible, and UV…– …where only IR and UV are evil (heat and sunburn)

Daylight in Architecture:– Contributes to well-being– Can lit up interiors and reduce artificial lighting– Can produce electricity (Photovoltaic)– Can produce warm water (Solar Thermal)

Daylight in Singapore:– is generally not welcomed– stigmatized as an evil source of glare and heat



My observation:

• Gap between how it is and how it could be• Due to lack of knowledge:

– General advantages of using daylight in buildings– Singapore specific potential of Building Integrated Photovoltaic– Singapore specific potential of advanced light re-directing

devices

• Towards Solar Architecture– Identifies this gap– Closes this gap (research knowledge dissemination)



Towards Solar Architecture – What?• Basics

– Climate, Daylight, visual and thermal comfort– Renewable Energy, Energy supply– Environmental laws, policies, and frameworks

• Products– Solar Cells, Building Integrated Photovoltaic– Solar Thermal, Solar Cooling– Daylight re-directing devices

• Applications– Best practice case studies (Regional, International)– Design Guide Development (Planning)

Education



Towards Solar Architecture – Who

• Public– MEWR, NEA, URA, BCA, NEA, EMA …– HDB, JTC, CPG, LTA ...– EDB, MOF, MTI

• Private– Architects– Developers– Supplier

• People– Non profit organizations (RCs, CCCs et al.)

Education



Society for Solar Architecture• Promote Art & Science of Solar Architecture

– Focus on tropical Singapore– Knowledge hub for basics, technology and application

• Members– Open to all interested in the art & science of Solar Architecture– Founding members are expected to donate– Paying members enjoy reduced seminars fees

• Seminars– Ie. This primer on BIPV– Upcoming:

• In depth case study: BIPV project planing• Daylight Performance criterion• Daylight redirecting devices – Basics



UNSW – Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering

•Photovoltaicsand Solar Energy Program

•Bachelor of Engineering and Master of Engineering Science





University of Roma



ESES, Dalarna University Stockholm, Sweden



Carnegie Mellon University, US

• School of Architecture:– The School of Architecture has been awarded and selected in Sp'01

for their plus-energy-design proposal to compete in the U.S. Department of Energy's and National Renewable Energy Laboratory's "International Solar Decathlon". A multidisciplinary student teams designed, engineered and build acompletely solar-powered two-story mixed-use house on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., in October 2002. During the event, only solar energy available within the perimeter of each house may be used to generate the power needed to fuel the facility.



Solar Architecture in Singapore:

• Cutting-edge distinction

• Model role for region

• Collaborations with leading Universities

• Towards a sustainable build environment

01 Towards Solar Architecture in Singapore

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