01 Thinking Critically. Who are you? How old are you? A. Under 20 B. 20’s C. 30’s D. 40’s E....

01 Thinking Critically

Who are you?

• How old are you?• A. Under 20• B. 20’s• C. 30’s• D. 40’s• E. 50 or over

Who are you?

• Gender:• A. Female• B. Male

Who are you?

• Are you:• A. Single• B. Living arrangement• C. Married• D. Divorced• E. Widowed

Who are you?

• Do you have children?• A. No• B. One• C. Two• D. Three or more

How do you know what you know?

Class presentation video:Thinking Critically

What topics do you need help with?


• A. Theory• B. Hypothesis• C. Correlation – Positive, Negative, Zero• D. Illusory correlation• E. I understand


• A. Correlation & causation• B. Random sampling & random assignment • C. Case study, naturalistic observation• D. Placebo effect• E. I understand


• A. replication• B. Hindsight bias• C. I understand

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest

relationship between variables?

A. positive .05

B. negative .25

C. positive .75

D. negative .95

After watching their favorite team lose a game, Emma and her friends commented to each other about how they had always

known the loss was inevitable. Psychologists call this:

A. overconfidence.

B. the false consensus effect.

C. the hindsight bias.

D. an illusory correlation.

Dr. Anderson conducts an experiment to see whether exposure to helpful models leads to

helping behavior in young children. Of the forty girls and boys in his study, half are exposed to

helpful models while the other half watch the same models not engaged in helping behavior. In this

experiment, the dependent variable is:

A. the gender of the children.B. helpful or non-helpful models.C. the age of the children.D. helping behavior.

Which of the following is the best way to generate a random sample of students

for a research study?A. mail out a questionnaire that students could

voluntarily complete and returnB. stand by the door of the library and ask

people who pass by to answer your questionsC. offer extra credit for students in a particular

classroom who choose to participateD. use a table of random numbers to pick

participants from a student listing

A significant disadvantage of the correlational approach is that it:

A. does not provide evidence of cause and effect.

B. cannot be used to examine relationships between variables that exist naturally.

C. does not aid in the process of prediction.

D. does not provide information about how two variables are related.

Which provides a baseline measure of behavior for

comparing whether or not the independent variable

had an effect on the dependent variable?

1. An experimental group

2. A control group

3. A random sample

4. A randomly assigned group

5. A double-blind researcher

http://phciccarelliworkspace.com/Program%20Files/TurningPoint/2003/Questions.html

• Use this series of two slides to discuss claims made by vitamin and supplement companies. Make sure to include a discussion of confounding variables (what exactly made them lose the weight? Was it the healthy meals, or exercise, or the pill?). Students should use this knowledge to evaluate claims that they see in magazines or on the internet. Clearly, we would need a control group with did the same eating and exercise routine WITHOUT the pills.

• Also, are they swayed by celebrity endorsements, which are anecdotal evidence (if they are in fact true)?

Consider this advertisement:Introducing

Super-weight-loss Supplement BeVit-Chi!

With natural weight loss enhancers!

Research shows that people who took two pills daily with healthy meals, and exercised at least three times a week lost weight. You too will see

the POUNDS MELT OFF!

BeVit-Chi!

A Super-weight-loss

Supplement

NOTE: Celebrities use this to help maintain their weight. So should YOU!

Consider this advertisement:

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009

Research shows that people who took two pills daily with healthy meals, and exercised at least three times a week lost weight. You too will see

the POUNDS MELT OFF!

BeVit-Chi!

A Super-weight-loss

Supplement

If this research is valid, we can conclude that this supplement helps people to lose weight.

A. True

B. False

Which is correct?


More crimes are committed during a full moon.

A. True

B. False

Which is correct?


There is more activity in emergency rooms and mental hospitals during the full moon.

A. True

B. False

• This demo includes two thought-provoking questions about the illusory correlation (and answers according to research). Superstitions can be maintained by illusory correlation (the idea that two variables are related, when they really are not). We tend to notice when we have had a bizarre day, and there is a full moon, but never notice that we had a bizarre day, and there is a quarter moon.

• Related ideas are confirmation bias (looking for information that supports our beliefs), and belief perseverance (ignoring evidence against our beliefs).

• Thought Question: Placebo effect

• Surgeries are sometimes performed where subjects are randomly assigned to receive the treatment (the surgery) or the placebo (anesthesia, cuts or scope holes, sewn back up). Then researchers follow up on pain relief or relief of other symptoms. Should we use placebo surgeries? Are there other options besides placebo surgery? Are there some medical issues where this is unnecessary?

What do you think?


Researchers should perform placebo surgeries in order to determine if some surgeries are effective.

A. True

B. False

Discussion Question

Imagine you have been asked to create an experimental design to test the hypothesis that talking on a cell phone impairs driving

skills. Explain why a control condition would be important to include in testing this hypothesis. How should subjects be

assigned to conditions? How can the researchers design the experiment so that the only difference between both conditions

is the use of a cell phone?

• What is the control condition?• Control condition important because?• How should subjects be assigned to

conditions? Why?• Design so cell phone use is the only

difference?

Design a double blind study to determine if listening to a recording while you sleep will help you learn.

• What made your study a double blind study?• What were the dependent and independent

variables?• What theory is your study based on?• What is your hypothesis?• How could you determine the reliability of your

findings?• How would you assign people to your study

groups?

01 Thinking Critically. Who are you? How old are you? A. Under 20 B. 20’s C. 30’s D. 40’s E....

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