01 Synergy

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Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 1

Synergy of Form and Structure

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Synergy - pragmatic example

N O S y n e r g y

S y n e r g y

10 boards, I = 10 (12x13/12) I = 1010 boards glued, I = 12x103/12 I = 1000

Strength is defined by Section modulus S = I/c:

1 board, S = 1/o.5 S = 2

10 boards, S = 10/0.5 S = 2010 boards, glued, S =1000/5 S = 200

Note:

The same amount of material is 100 times stiffer

and 10 times stronger when glued to resist shear

to engage fibers in tension and compression.

Synergy is a system, greater than the sum of its parts.Comparing wood beams of 1”x12” boards.

Stiffness is defined by the moment of inertia I:

1 board, I = 12x13/12 I = 1

Design Synergy follows

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h t t p : /

/ e n . w

i k i p e d i a . o

r g / w i k i / F i l e : M a

c h u_

P i c c h u_ e

a r l y_

m o r n i n g . J

P G

Machu Picchu - Inca Empire - Peru - 1450

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Wa sruue

OSTIA ANTICA - PORT CITY OF ANCIENT ROME

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-synergy 6/62Synergy of form and structure Prof Schierle 6

Villa Hadrian

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Palazzo Farnese Caparola - defensive pentagon plan

Villa Lante Vignola - integration with landscape

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San Gimignano

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Alhambra

GranadaSpain(1248-1354)

composition

composition composition compositiontexture

Space definition

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Post and beam s t ruc t u res

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Karnak temple

C. 1300 BC

The Hypostyle Hall features Bell Capital columns

Luxor temple

1400-1300 BC

Bud Capital columns

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Parthenon (447 BC – Doric)

Acropolis Athens

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Citadel MicenaeCorbelled arch and dome

(1350-1225 BC; for-runner of true arch)

Location Citadel plan Corbelled dome section plan

Lions gate Corbelled “arch” corbelled dome (tomb of Agamemnon)

Corbelled arch True arch

48’

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T r u e

a r c h

Ponte Fabricio Rome62 BC

Romans pioneered the use ofarches for bridges, buildings, and

aqueducts.

Ponte S. Angelo Rome

110 AD

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Basilica of Constantine

Forum Romanum Rome

308-312 AD

V a u l t ( e x t r

u d e d

a r c

h )

76’

P th R

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Pantheon Rome120 BC (Hadrian)

D

o m e

( r o t a t e d

a r c h )

143’

longest span for17 centuries !

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© oogle

D f i l

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Dome vs. funicular

GGS computer study

Dotted funicular line

Solid dome line

Dome without ballast

rings would be subject

to tensile stress

Ballast rings

reduce tensile stress

Ballast rings

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H i S hi I t b l

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Hagia Sophia Istanbul

Rebuilt 532-537 after the first church burned

Lateral thrust of 33 m dome resisted by:

• Half-domes east and west

• Buttress piers north and south

Byzantine church associated with one of thegreatest creative ages of over thousand years

Converted to mosque 1453 by Sultan Mehmet

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Gothic cathedral Chartres

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Coalbrookdale bridge by Darby (first iron bridge, 1777-79)

30 m

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Contemporary structuresContemporary structures

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Suspension bridges

Suspender form = global moment

C h

a i n l i n k b r i d g e B u d a p

e s t ( 1 8 4 9 )

Golden Gatebridgecable bridge (1934)

R o p e b r i d g e

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Horizontal – bending resistant

Steel joists, beams, and girders

IIT building Chicago Architect: Mies Van der Rohe

• Stiffeners resist web buckling

• Joists suspended from girders

reduce volume and express structure

L b P l T i

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125’ 6’

Labor Palace TurinEngineer: Nervi

The labor palace consists of 16 units, 125’x125’.

Radial steel girder cantilever from concrete pillars.Modular design allowed fast construction, erecting

units on the site as others were done in the shop.

Brackets

join girdersto pillars

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Vierendeel f ra m e

UC Davis sports center Architect: Perkins & Will

Engineer: Riesemberg

Two-way Vierendeel frame of

16”x16” steel tubing

Hor izont a l Bend ing Res is t ant

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Kimbell Museum, Fort Worth Architect: Louis Kahn

Engineer: Kommendant

Photos: Michael Bodycomb

© 1977 Kimbell Art Museum, reproduced with permission

Cyl ind r ic a l she l l

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Axia l r es is t an tCentre Pompidou Paris

Architect: Piano and RodgersEngineer: Ove Arup

The Centre Pompidou features six exhibit levels 60x166 m.

The column-free space is flanked by a mechanical service

zone at rear and a circulation zone in front.

Steel trusses span between outrigger Gerberettes

(French diminutive ofGerber , inventor of the Gerber beam

(continuous beam with joints at inflection points to prevent

failure at uneven settlements). Bracing resist lateral loads

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CDG Metro Station 2 Paris Architect/Engineer: Paul Andrew

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SPACE TRUSSSpace trusses span 2-ways.

Thus are only effective for

equal spans both ways.

At unequal spans:

The longer span would only

carry a fraction of the load.

Javits Center New York Architect: I M Pei

Engineer: Weidlinger

I n t e

r i o r v i e w

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Airport Terminal Stuttgart Architect: Von Gerkan MarcEngineer: Weidleplan

The terminal roof features 12 tree structures

of 24 m square that rise from a stem of four

bundled steel pipes to branch out from 4 to12, to 48 supports of the steel lattice roof.

Linear skylights separate the units.

TREE STRUCTURE

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Airport Terminal Stansted Architect: Norman Foster

Engineer: Ove Arup

A single level makes public activities clear

Departing passengers arrive at south-east wing

and proceed to the departing lounge.

Arriving passengers proceed inversely.

24 trees, 36x36 m, support steel lattice roofs

Mechanical system in trees keep the roof clear

Four steel strands secure each panel to a tree

Exposition Hall Turin

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Exposition Hall TurinEngineer: Pierre Luigi Nervi

The 85/112 m concrete vault consists of prefab

Ferro-cement units, joined by site-cast concrete

A Ferro-cement unitB Site-cast concrete rib

C Skylight

Ach Vt Dme

CNIT Exhibit Hall Paris

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CNIT Exhibit Hall Paris Architect: Camelot Maily and Zehrfuss

Engineer: Nicholas Esquillan

Based on an equilateral triangular plan the CNIT

(National Center of Industry and Technology)

features the longest span shell of 225 m (735’).

The RC vault consist of double-skin ribs 8 m wide

on top. Glass walls enclose the sides.

Bus Station Chur Switzerland

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Bus Station Chur Switzerland Architect: Richard Brosi / Robert Obrist

Engineer: Toscano / Ove Arup (Peter Rice)

Inclined 16” steel arches span a 164’ platform.Radial strands resist lateral thrust and buckling.

Exhibit Hall Leipzig

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Exhibit Hall Leipzig Architect: Von Gerkan Marc

Engineer: Ian Ritchy

Features:

• Point-supported glass vault

suspended from trussed arches

• Automatic daylight shading

P o i n

t - s u p p o r t e d g

l a s s w i t h s i l i c o n j o i n t s

Olympic stadium Athens

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Olympic stadium Athens Architect/Engineer: Santiago Calatrava

Length section

Deformation simulation

Cross section

Support arch

Suspenders

Tension chord

Rafters

Olympic Dome Rome

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y p Architect: Marcello Piacentini

Engineer: Pierre Luigi Nervi

• 48 pylons resist gravity and lateral load• 144 ferro-cement ribs resist buckling

and improve acoustics

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Exhibit Hall Hanover

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Architect: Thomas Herzog

Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann

Suspended steel bands of 3x40 cm (1.2x16 inch) support

prefab wood panels, filled with gravel to resist wind uplift.

In width direction the roof is slightly convex for drainage;

which also provides a pleasing interior space.

Sp

Sruue

Olympic Stadium Munich

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y p Architect: Guenter Behnisch

Engineer: Leonhardt und Andrae

The roof consists of seven saddle-shape

cable nets of 75 cm (2.5’) meshes

Anticlastic curvature provides stability:

• Concave cables support gravity

• Convex cables resist wind uplift

• Cable nets supported by masts• Ring cable

• Flying buttresses support ring & cable net

• Neoprene cylinders support Plexiglas

Skating Rink Munich

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g Architect: Ackermann

Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

A prismatic steel truss arch of 100 m span, rising

from concrete piers, support anticlastic cable nets

A translucent PVC membrane is attached to wood

slats that rest on the cable net

(244/25.4 = 9.6”)

(267/25.4 = 10.5”)

Stadium Roof Oldenburg Germany

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Architect: Kulla Herr und Partners

Engineer: Schlaich Bergermann

The roof consists of 14 anticlastic PVC fabric

panels suspended from cable trusses

San Diego

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FcSruue

Concrete pylons support cables and

membrane

Guy cables support flying buttresses

Ridge cables supported by flying

buttresses

Fabric spans ridge to valley cables

Valley cables resist wind uplift

g

Convention Center Architect: Arthur Erickson

Engineer: Horst Berger

STAYED STRUCTURES Renault Center

Swindon UK

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Imos factory Newport UKArchitect: Richard Rogers

Engineer: Anthony Hunt

Swindon UK Architect: Foster

• Modules are

suspended from

mast by 4 rods

• Inner rods

resist buckling

• Link beams join

modules

• Guys stabilize

edge modules

McCormick Exhibit Hall Chicago

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g Architect/Engineer: SOM

To span railroad trucks underneath.

The truss roof is suspended from

stay cables on concrete pylons.

C d h ll

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Curved shear walls

City Hall Toronto

Architect: Viljo Revel

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Cant i lever

Pirelli Tower Milan

Architect: PontiEngineer: Nervi

First Interstate Bank Los Angeles AMP Tower

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Architect: I M Pei

Engineer: CBM

Framed tube exterior

combined with braced core

Melbourne Architect: SOM

Engineer: SOM

Framed tube tower,

flanked by L-shaped

low-rise wing

FameTSruue

Sears Tower Chicago

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Architect/Engineer: SOM

The Sears tower is a bundled tube.

Bundled tubes have interior walls totransfer shear from tension side to

compression side to minimize

shear lag

u

eT

sruue

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raced Frame

Hotel Artes Barcelona Architect/Engineer: SOM

Features:

• Exposed steel 5’ from skin

for fire protection

• Belt trusses reduce lateral drift

t e r

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Vee

C o m

m e r z b a n

k

F r a n k

f u r t

A r c h i t e c t : N o r m a

n F o s t

E n g i n e e r : O v e A r u p

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Inspiration through technology

01 Synergy

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