01 pcvd anne goubie
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Transcript of 01 pcvd anne goubie
4TH MERIAL FORUM
HAVE WE GOT PCVD &
SWINE INFLUENZA UNDER
CONTROL?
PCVD
Moderator: Dr François Joisel
• Basics in porcine immunology. Dr. A. Goubier
• PCV2 impact and control on early stage of gestation in sows. Pr G. Sarli
• PCV2 antibody status of gilts before entering swine commercial farms. Dr G. Perreul
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Porcine Immunology and vaccinology : back to basics
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Porcine Immunology and vaccinology Back to basics
• Immunity: defense strategies
– Physical and chemical barriers
– Innate Immune response
– Adaptative Immune response
– Swine specificities
• Immune memory
• Vaccination strategies
4
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Immunity
• Oxford Dictionnary
“the ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells”
• Cambridge Dictionary:
«when you are protected against diseases»
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Science photo library
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Physical and chemical barriers
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
INDUCTION OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Foreign invaders - viruses, bacteria, allergens, toxins and parasites- constantly bombard our body.
Invasion
Inflammation
In
fectio
n
Immunity: Defense strategies against infections
Physical and chemical barriers
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Tears Blinking
Dessication Desquamation Fatty acids Normal flora Normal flora
Anaerobia Lysozyme Defensins Proteases Diarrhea
Acid pH Vomiting
Mucus Cilia Coughing
Vomiting Saliva
Turbulence Sneezing
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Immunity: Defense strategies against infection
8
Physical and chemical barriers
Innate Immunity
Adaptative Immunity
INDUCTION OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Foreign invaders - viruses, bacteria, allergens, toxins and parasites- constantly bombard our body.
Inflammation
In
fectio
n
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Innate Immunity: Pathogens recognition
9
1- Identification of abnormal element
?
2- Danger evaluation
1+2 = implementation of Immune defenses
Innate Immunity Pathogens sensing
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TLR4 TLR2
TLR6 TLR1
TLR5
MD2
TLR11
Profilin (Protozoa)
Flagellin (Bacteria)
Enterobacterial LPS (Bacteria)
Mycoplasmal Lipoprotein (Bacteria)
Zymosan Peptidoglycan
(Bacteria, fungi)
Lipoprotein (Bacteria)
TLR7 TLR8 TLR9 TLR3
dsRNA (Virus)
ssRNA (Virus)
CpG DNA (Bacteria,
virus)
NOD2 NOD1
Peptidoglycan component (Bacteria)
PAMPs+ DAMPs = immune system activation
DAMPs: Danger-AMPs = Endogeneous Danger signals recognition
PAMPs: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns = Pathogen recognition
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Innate Immunity Implementation of the response
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Tissue
Pathogen entry in the organism: PAMPs
Agression and cell death: DAMPs
Innate Immunity
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012 12
Innate Immunity: Defense Mechanisms
Infection Lysis of pathogens +/- infected cells
Barriers reinforcement
Recruitment and activation of Innate
Immune cells
Eosinophiles
Mastocytes
NK cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Adaptative Immunity
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Immunity: Defense strategies against infections
13
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
INDUCTION OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Foreign invaders - viruses, bacteria, allergens, toxins and parasites- constantly bombard our body.
Inflammation
In
fectio
n
Innate and adaptive Immunity: Sequential and complementary strategies
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• Innate Immunity
– First line of defense immediate
– Able to sense pathogens and danger but invariant
– Do not prevent re-infection
• Adaptive immunity
– Occurs with failure of innate system
Delayed
– Need the innate immunity for activation but custom
– Memory of the infection
Time after infection
Hours Days
0 6 12 1 3 5
CD8
CD8
CD8 CD8
CD8 CD8 CD8
CD4
CD4
CD4
CD4
CD4
CD4
CD4
B B
B B
B
Lymph Nodes
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Messengers between innate and adaptive immunity: The Dendritic Cells
CD8
CD4 B
Blood
Tissue
Lymphatic Vessels
The actors of Adaptive Immunity T CD4+ cells: Conductors of the immune system
Cellules CD4
naïves
TH17
TGFb
+ IL6
IL17 IL6
Neutrophiles and epithelium activation
Anti-microbial peptides production
Inflammation
Defense against extra_cellular bacteria
Treg
TGFb
IL10 TGFb
Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
TH1
IL12 IFNg
IL2
Activation of macrophages, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Inflammation
Defense against virus, intra-cellular bacteria
“cell mediated” Immunity
TH2
IL4 IL4 IL5
IL13
Antibodies production
Barriers reinforcement
Eosinophiles and mastocytes activation
Defense against Helminths
“humoral” immunity
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Cytokines production: -IFNg
-TNFa (activation of phagocytic cells and anti-viral effect)
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The actors of Adaptive Immunity T CD8+ lymphocytes: licensed to kill
CMH class I
IL12 CD8
CD8
TC0 CTL
TCR
Killing of infected cells
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012 18
The actors of Adaptive Immunity B cells: Antibodies factories
B cell
Complement Activation
Lysis of microbes
Phagocytosis of microbes opsonized
with complement fragments
Inflammation
Phagocyte
Microbes and toxines neutralization
Opsonization and phagocytosis of
microbes
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
NK cells Eosinophiles
Mastocytes Basophiles
Degranulation
From Abbas & Lichtmann, Basic immunology
TH2
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Swine specificities
Swine Immune system characteristics Importance of Innate Immune cells
B cells ( 30%) CD4+ (35-40%) CD8+ (20-25%)
NK (<10%)
ab T cells ( 60%)
B cells ( 25%) CD4+ CD8+
NK cells (15-40%)
gd T cells (15-30%)
ab T cells (25-55%)
CD4+CD8+
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Human Mice
Swine Immune system characteristics Adaptive Immune cells specificity
Human
Mice
CD8
T
CD4
T
B
cells
CD8
T
CD4
T
B
cells
CD8
CD4
T
Role? Memory T helper?
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Porcine Immunology and vaccinology Back to basics
• Immunity: defense strategies
– Physical and chemical barriers
– Innate Immune response
– Adaptative Immune response
– Swine specificities
• Immune memory
• Vaccination strategies
22
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012 23
Immune memory: A guaranty for long-term protection
Characteristics of memory immune response: - Quicker onset - Stronger and longer peak of response - higher affinity for the antigen (better recognition)
Immune memory = protection against re-infections
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Porcine Immunology and vaccinology Back to basics
• Immunity: defense strategies
– Physical and chemical barriers
– Innate Immune response
– Adaptative Immune response
– Swine specificities
• Immune memory
• Vaccination strategies
24
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012 25
The challenges of vaccination
1.Induce an immune response:
Recognition of abnormal element
+
Danger signal
2.Generating the right type of immunity
3.Eliciting long-term memory
4.Protect throughout life
Adjuvant
Antigen Route
Depot effect
Inactivated
adjuvanted
Modified
Live Vaccine
Viral vectors
DNA
Proteins SC
Mucosal IM
Vaccination
program
One or several shots
Ag targeting
Immunomodulation
Adapted Immune Response
Vaccination strategies
A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Immunology Basics Conclusions
Defense strategies implemented by the immune system are complex and fine tuned
Vaccination strategies are precisely adapted to the animal and to the infection
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A.Goubier_Berlin_2012
Thanks for your attention!
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