01 Owj100001 Wcdma Rnp Fundamental

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Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA RNP Fundamental


Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Get familiar with principles of radio wave propagation, and

theoretically prepare for the subsequent link budget.

Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the meanings of

typical indices.


Contents

1. Radio Wave Introduction

2. Antenna

3. RF Basics

4. Symbol Explanation


Contents


1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave

1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave

1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave

1.4 Correction of Propagation Model


Radio Wave SpectrumRadio Wave Spectrum

300-3000GHThe frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.

z

EHFExtremely HighFrequency

30-300GHzSHFSuper High Frequency3-30GHzUHFUltra High Frequency300-3000MHzVHFVery High Frequency30-300MHzHFHigh Frequency3-30MHzMFMedium Frequency300-3000KHzLFLow Frequency30-300KHzVLFVery-low Frequency3-30KHzVFVoice Frequency300-3000Hz

ELFExtremely LowFrequency

30-300Hz3-30Hz

DesignationClassificationFrequency


Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

electric wave transmission directionElectric FieldElectric Field

Magnetic FieldMagnetic Field

Electric Field

Dipole

When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction

changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to the

ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave

If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio

wave is horizontal polarization wave


Perpendicular incidence wave and ground refraction wave

(most common propagation modes)

Troposphere reflection wave(the propagation is very random)

Mountain diffraction wave (shadow area signal source)

Ionosphere refraction wave(beyond-the-horizon communication path)

Propagation Path


①① Building reflection waveBuilding reflection wave②② Diffraction waveDiffraction wave③③ Direct waveDirect wave④④ Ground reflection waveGround reflection wave

Propagation Path


Contents







Radio Propagation Environment

Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure

and man-made environment. The radio propagation

environment directly decides the selection of propagation

models. Main factors that affect environment are:

Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)

Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings

Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions

Weather conditions

Vegetation features of the region


Quasi-smooth landform

The landform with a slightly rugged surface and

the surface height difference is less than 20m

Irregular landform

The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform

are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant

landform, and land & water combined landform

R

T

T

R

Landform Categories


distance (m)

Receiving power (dBm)

10 20 30

-20

-40

-60

slow fading

fast fading

Signal Fading


Signal Diversity

Measures against fast fading --- Diversity

Time diversity

Space diversity

Frequency diversity


Solution RAKE technologyRAKE technology

Radio Wave Delay Extension

Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver

The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from thereceiving antenna


T

R

Diffraction Loss

The electromagnetic wave diffuses around at the diffraction point

The diffraction wave covers all directions except the obstacle

The diffusion loss is most severe


Penetration Loss

XdBmWdBm

Penetration loss =X-W=B dBPenetration loss =X-W=B dB

Penetration loss caused by obstructions:


Contents







),( fdfPathLoss =d f

Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss. The

formula can be simplified under if the heights of UE and base station are

given

where: is the distance between UE and base station, and is the

frequency

Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :

Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc…;

Man-made building (height, distribution and material);

Vegetation;

Weather;

External noise

Propagation model


Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHzLo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHz

Free Air Space Model

Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless

environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g., vacuum),

and is a theoretic model

This environment does not exist in real life


Ploss = L0+10 lgd -20lghb - 20lghm

： Path loss gradient , usually is 4

hb： BTS antenna height

hm：mobile station height

L0：parameters related to frequencyR

T

Flat Landform Propagation Model


Application ScopeApplication Scope

CharacteristicCharacteristic

Frequency range f:150~1500MHz

BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m

Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Distance d:1~20km

Macro cell modelThe BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildingsPredication is not applicable in 1kmNot applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above 1500MHz

Okumura-Hata Model



Frequency range f:1505~2000MHz

BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m

Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Distance d:1~20km


Macro cell model

The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings

Predication is not applicable in 1km

Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is above 2000MHz or below 1500MHz

COST 231-Hata Model



Frequency range : 800~2000MHz

BTS antenna height Hbase : 4~50m

Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m

Distance d : 0.02~5km


Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell

Not applicable to suburban or rural environment

COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model


K1: Propagation path loss constant valueK2: log(d) correction factorD: Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m)K3: log(HTxeff) correction factorHTxeff: Transmitter antenna height (m)K4: Diffraction loss correction factorK5: log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factorK6: Correction factor

: Receiver antenna height (m)Kclutter: clutter correction factor

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )clutterfKHKHDK

lossnDiffractioKHKDKKPathLoss

clutterRxeffTxeff

Txeff

++×+

×+++=

65

4321

loglog

loglog

RxeffH

Experimental formulaExperimental formula

Explanation Explanation

Standard Propagation


Contents







Basic Principles and Procedures

Error compliant with requirements?

Target propagation environment

CW data collection

Measured propagation path loss

Selected propagated environment

parameter setting

Forecast propagation path loss

Comparison

End


5m

Site Selection

Criteria for selecting a site

The antenna height is greater than 20m

The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle


Transmitting subsystems

Transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna

bracketOmni-

Antenna

Transmitter

Antenna

bracket

Feeder

Test Platform


Receiving subsystem

Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable

PositioningSystem

Data Acquisition System

GPS-Antenna Antenna

Receiver

Test Platform


Rules of selecting a test path

Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.

Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider the landforms of different heights in the region.

Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently away from the site in the region.

Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identical with that on the widthways path.

Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should be greater than 60km.

Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better (>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)

Test Path


Rules of selecting a test path

Test Path


Drive Test

The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths, 50

sampling points

Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8λ/Tsample

The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must be

removed from the sampling data

Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;

In a tunnel

Under a viaduct

If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is selected

from the main lobe coverage area


Test Data Processing

The test data needs to be processed

before being able to be identified by

the planning software. The

processing procedure is:

Data filtering

Data dispersion

Geographic averaging

Format conversion


Questions

Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile

communication system?

What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio

propagation environment? What are their characteristics and

reasons of generation?


Summary

This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning points include:

Propagation path of radio wave

Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio wave, and main

compensation solutions

Typical radio wave models, main parameters involved

Methods of correcting radio propagation models


Contents


2. Antenna

3. RF Basics



Positions and Functions of Antenna

Lightning protection device

main feeder (7/8“)

Feeder clip

Cabling rack

Grounding device

3-connector seal component insulation sealing tape, PVC

insulation tape

Antenna adjustment bracket

GSM/CDMAplate-shape

antenna

radio mast (φ50~114mm)

Outdoor feeder

Indoor super flexible feeder

Feeder cabling window

main device of BTS

BTS antenna & feeder system diagramBTS antenna & feeder system diagram


omni antenna

AntennaConnector

Dipole

Feed network

AntennaConnector

Feed network

Dipole

Directional antenna

Feed network

Working Principles of Mobile Antenna


Categorize by emission direction

Directional antenna omni antenna

Categories of Antenna


Plate-shape antenna Cap-shape antenna

Whip-shape Paraboloid antenna

Categorize by appearanceCategorize by appearance



Omni antenna Uni-polarization Directional antenna

Dual polarization Directional antenna

Categorize by polarization modeCategorize by polarization mode



Smart antennaSmart antenna

Smart directional antenna Smart omni-antennaSmart directional antenna



Electric down tilt AntennaElectric down tilt Antenna

Electrical down tilt Antenna



Electric Indices of Antenna


Top view side view

directional antenna direction diagramomni antenna direction diagram

Symmetric halfSymmetric half--wave dipolewave dipole

Antenna Direction Diagram


dBi与dBd

2.15dB

Antenna Gain


Antenna Pattern

Antenna pattern


Antenna Pattern

Side lobe

Zero point

fillingMain lobe

Max value

Zero point

filling

Back

lobe

Vertical pattern

horizontal half-

power angles Front to

back

ratio

Horizontal pattern


Electric down Electric down

tilttilt

Mechanical down tiltMechanical down tilt

Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt


Questions

How are antennas categorized by emission direction, and by

appearance?

What are electric indices of antenna?

What are mechanical indices of antenna?

Into which types does the distributed antenna system break

down?


Summary

Working principles of antenna

Categories of antenna

Electric indices of antenna

Mechanical indices of antenna

New technologies of antenna


Contents


2. Antenna

3. RF Basics



Absolute power(dBm)

The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW. Their

conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal power is x

W, its size notated by dBm is:

For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.

Relative power(dB)

It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers

For example：If , so P1 is 3dB greater than P2

Introduction to Power Unit

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

mwmwPWdBmp

11000*lg10)(

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

mWPmwPdBp

2

1lg10)(

wP 21 = wP 12 =


Noise

Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur during the signal processing (the point frequency interference is not counted as noise)

Noise figure

Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the RF component for small signals, and is usually defined as: output SNR divided by unit input SNR

NF

SiNiSoNo

Noise-Related Concepts


Noise figure formula of cascaded network

G1、NF1 G2、NF2 Gn、NFn


1211

21

...1...1

−⋅⋅⋅−

++−

+=n

ntotal

GGGNF

GNFNFNF


Receiving Sensitivity

Receiving sensitivity

Expressed with power:

Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm

K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K) , K=1.38066*10-19 J/K

T represents absolute temperature, unit: °K

B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz

Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB

(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB

If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz


Tower Mounted Amplifier

Enlarge uplink signal, but it’s a loss

for downlink

Duplexer

Sharing antenna for receiving and

transmitting

Sharing antenna for multi-system

RF Components


Splitter

Coupler

RF Components


Tx/Rx

Trunk

Trunk

Splitter

Trunk

Coupler

Splitter

Splitter

SplitterSplitter

Splitter

Coupler

Coupler

Splitter

Splitter

Distribution System


Summary

Definition about dBm, dB


Receiving Sensitivity

RF Components


Contents


2. Antenna

3. RF Basics



Symbol Explanation

Ec

Average energy per Chip

Not considered individually, but used for Ec/Io

Pilot Ec is measured by the UE (for HO) or the Pilot scanner, in the

form of Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)

For CPICH Ec:

Depends on power and path loss.

Constant for a given power and path loss. Ec is not dependent on load

For DPCH Ec:

Depends on power and path loss


Symbol Explanation

Eb

Average energy per information bit for the PCCPCH, SCCPCH, and DPCH, at the UE antenna connector.

Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/Nt

Depends on channel power (can be variable), path loss, and spreading gain (Gp)

Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss

Can be estimated form Ec and processing gain

Speech 12.2kbps example

Ec = -80 dBm

12.2kbps data rate => Processing gain = 24.98 dB

Eb~ -80 + 24.98 = -55.02 dBm


Symbol Explanation

Io

The total received power spectral density, including signal and interference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.

Similar to UTRA carrier Receive Strength Signal Indicator (RSSI), at least for practical consideration (SC scanner)

RSSI in W or dBm

Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz

Measured by the UE (for HO) or Pilot scanner in the form of RSSI

Depends on All channel power, All cells, and path loss

Depends on same-cell and other cell loading

Depends on external interferences


Symbol Explanation

No common RF definition

Thermal noise density

Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No

Can be calculated

No = KT

– K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23

– T is the temperature, 290 K

No = 174 dBm/Hz under typical conditions

Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure are also considered

No = KTBNF, where NF is noise figure

To avoid confusion, NF should be used when referring to thermal noise


Symbol Explanation

No for WCDMA system

Total one-sided noise power spectral density due to all noise

sources

Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No

Defined this way, No and Io are substituted for one another:

On the uplink the substitution is valid

On the downlink, differentiating between Noise and Interference is more

challenging


Symbol Explanation

RTWP

Received Total Wide Bandwidth power

To describe uplink interference level

When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB

RSSI

Received Signal Strength Indicator

To describe downlink interference level at UE side


Symbol Explanation

RSCP

Revived Signal Code Power (Ec)

Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI, to describe downlink CPICH quality

ISCP

Interference Signal Code Power; can be estimated by:

ISCP = RSSI – RSCP


Summary

Ec, Eb, Io and No

RTWP, RSSI, RSCP and ISCP

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01 Owj100001 Wcdma Rnp Fundamental

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