01 Our Earth and Our solar system - Target Publications · b. Dwarf planets: The smaller heavenly...

Contents

No. Topic Name Page No.

PART ONE

1. Our Earth and Our solar system 1

2. Motions of the Earth 12

3. The Earth and its Living World 21

4. Environmental Balance 34

5. Family Values 44

6. Rules Are for Everyone 50

7. Let us Solve our own Problems 59

8. Public Facilities and My School 66

9. Maps ‐ our Companions 72

10. Getting to Know India 83

11. Our Home and Environment 91

12. Food for All 103

13. Methods of preserving Food 115

14. Transport 125

15. Communication and Mass Media 137

16. Water 145

17. Clothes ‐ our Necessity 155

18. The environment and Us 166

19. Constituents of Food 178

20. Our Emotional World 188

21. Busy at Work‐our Internal Organs 196

22. Growth and Personality Development 208

23. Infectious Diseases and how to prevent them 218

24. Substances, Objects and Energy 229

25. Community Health and Hygiene 240

PART TWO 250

1. What is History? 251

2. History and the Concept of ‘Time’ 259

3. Life on Earth 267

4. Evolution 272

5. Evolution of Mankind 279

6. Stone Age: Stone Tools 288

7. From Shelters to Village‐settlements 296

8. Beginning of Settled Life 302

9. Settled Life and Urban Civilization 309

10. Historic Period 316

Note: Textual Questions are respresented by * mark.

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Chapter 1: Our Earth and Our Solar System

1. Objects that make up the universe such as the sun, stars, planets, moon etc are known as heavenly

bodies. 1. The heavenly bodies that twinkle

are called stars. 2. These heavenly bodies have their

own light. 3. The sun is the closest star to the

earth. All heavenly bodies get light from the sun. We cannot see other stars during day due to the bright light of the sun.

Heavenly bodies

Stars

Good to Know:

Our sun is a star since it generates its own light.

Although being a star, the sun does not twinkle because it is very close to the earth.

1. Our Earth and Our Solar System

Let’s Study

Planets Moon

Sun Stars

2

Std. V: Environmental Studies (Part One)

2

1. The heavenly bodies that do not twinkle are called planets. 2. Planets do not have their own light. They get their light from the stars. 3. Planets revolve around a star and also rotate around themselves simultaneously. 1. The sun and the planets, their satellites, dwarf planets and asteroids that revolve around the sun are

together called the solar system. 2. The planets that revolve around the sun are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and

Neptune. 3. The path along which a planet revolves around the sun is known as the orbit of that planet. 4. Earth is one of the eight planets. The Earth’s motion around the sun is called its revolution. Earth is the

only planet to have life on it. 5. There are some smaller heavenly bodies present in the solar system. These are as follows: a. Satellites: The heavenly bodies that revolve around a planet are called satellites. Satellites get

their light from the sun. Example: The moon revolves around the earth. Thus, it is a satellite of the earth. Like earth, many other

planets in the solar system have their own satellites.

Moon revolving around earth

Solar system

Planets

The Solar System

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b. Dwarf planets: The smaller heavenly bodies that revolve around the sun are called dwarf

planets. Dwarf planets have their own orbit along which they revolve independently around the

sun.

Example: c. Asteroids: The small heavenly bodies present in between the planets Mars and Jupiter are called

asteroids. Asteroids also revolve around the sun.

6. All other heavenly bodies in the solar system are much smaller as compared to the sun. The moon is

the heavenly body situated closest to the earth. Therefore it appears to be big, although it is much

smaller than the sun.

1. The force of attraction or a pull exerted by all the heavenly bodies on

one another is called gravity.

2. The sun exerts a gravitational pull on all the planets. On the other

hand, the planets tend to move away from the sun. Under the

combined effect of these two forces, planets keep revolving around

the sun at a fixed distance in a fixed orbit. The satellites too revolve

around the planet due to such forces existing between them.

3. Earth’s Gravity: The gravitational pull exerted by the earth is the reason

for all things on earth to remain on it. Hence, anything thrown

upwards with a greater force, finally falls down to the ground. The emptiness between and beyond the stars and planets is called space or outer space.

Asteroid

Gravity

Space

Ball falling back to ground due to earth’s gravity

Pluto

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4

In order to send an object from earth into space, it must be given power to overcome the force of gravity. Rocket technology or space launch technology is used for this purpose.

1. Rockets:

a. Rockets are used to send a spacecraft into space.

b. Large quantity of fuel is burnt in rockets. This produces lot of

energy which is used to push the rocket against the earth’s

gravity with a great speed.

c. Few countries of the world have developed space technology

and sent spacecrafts into space. India is one of the leading

nations in space launch technology. 2. Astronauts: a. The scientists who travel in the spacecraft are called astronauts. b. Rakesh Sharma was the first Indian astronaut to travel into space in 1984. He spent eight days on

a space station as a part of a joint mission of the ISRO and the Soviet Intercosmos. 1. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) launched unmanned spacecrafts to the moon and

planet Mars. 2. Chandrayaan ‐ I was launched to the moon on 22nd October 2008. 3. Mangalyaan was launched to Mars on 5th November 2013. On 24th September, 2014, Mangalyaan got

established in an orbit around the planet Mars. 4. The objective of these missions is a deeper study of the moon and Mars.

Rocket/Space launch technology

Good to Know:

Neil Armstrong was an American astronaut.

On July 21, 1969, he became the first person to walk on the Moon.

Rakesh Sharma

Space launch using rocket

Chandrayaan ‐ I Mangalyaan

India’s Space Missions

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1. Man‐made satellites are artificial satellites that are put into

orbit around the earth. They can remain in space for many

years.

2. Man‐made satellites are used for telecommunication. These

satellites provide useful information for agriculture,

environment, weather forecasting, map making and searching

for water and minerals on the earth.

1. The specific path along which a planet revolves around the sun is known as ................... of the planet.

2. ................... are the heavenly bodies that revolve around planets.

3. ................... are the small heavenly bodies present between the planet Mars and Jupiter.

4. The emptiness between and beyond the stars and planets is called ....................

(orbit, Asteroids, Satellites, space, gravity)

Answers: 1. orbit 2. Satellites 3. Asteroids 4. space

1. The heavenly bodies that do not twinkle are called stars.

Ans: Wrong

The heavenly bodies that do not twinkle are called planets. 2. The moon has its own light.

Ans: Wrong

The moon gets its light from the sun. 3. Dwarf planets have an orbit of their own. Ans: Right 1. Mars, Pluto, Saturn, Neptune.

Ans: Pluto

Reason: It is a dwarf planet. Others are planets of solar system. 2. Moon, Asteroids, Sun, Earth.

Ans: Sun

Reason: It has its own light. Others get light from the sun.

Man‐made satellites

Artificial Satellite

Summative Assessment

Right or Wrong? If Wrong, write the correct sentence.

Odd One out

Fill in the blanks

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6

1. Planets and Stars Ans:

Planets Stars

(1) The heavenly bodies that do not twinkle are called planets.

The heavenly bodies that twinkle are called stars.

(2) Planets do not have light of their own. Stars have their own light.

(3) Example: Earth Example: Sun

1. Force of attraction exerted by heavenly bodies on one another. 2. Technology used for the purpose of sending spacecraft into space. 3. Scientists who travel in the spacecraft. Answers: 1. Gravity 2. Rocket technology 3. Astronauts 1. Who am I? *(1) I have my own light. It is only from me that the planets get light and heat. Ans: Sun. *(2) I am the nearest star to the earth. Ans: Sun *(3) I turn around myself and revolve around the sun. Ans: Planet *(4) No other planet has a living world like mine. Ans: Earth *(5) I turn around myself, around a planet and also around a star. Ans: Satellite *(6) You can see me from the earth but the lighted part of me that you see changes every day. Ans: Moon (7) I am a well known dwarf planet. Ans: Pluto *1. For what purpose are rockets used in space travel? Ans: Rockets are used for the purpose of sending a spacecraft into space. The spacecraft must be given

power to overcome the force of gravity. This power is provided by the rocket by burning large quantity of fuel present inside it.

How are we different?

Answer in one word

Answer in your own words

Name the following

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*2. What information do man‐made satellites provide?

Ans: Man‐made satellites provide useful information for agriculture, environment, map making, weather forecasting. These satellites are used for searching water and mineral wealth on earth. They are also used for the purpose of telecommunication.

1. We cannot see stars during daytime.

Ans: The sun is closer to us than any of the other stars. Due to its bright light, we cannot see other stars during daytime.

2. An object thrown upwards falls back to the ground.

Ans: Earth exerts gravitational pull/force on all objects present on it. Due to this force of attraction, the object thrown upwards falls back to the ground.

1. Try this (Textbook page no. 1) (1) (a) Observe the sky on two clear nights, keeping a gap of about a week between them.

Base your observation on the following points:

The brightness of the heavenly bodies

Whether they twinkle

Their colour and size

Changes in their positions

Ans:

Points Observations

The brightness of the heavenly bodies.

____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

Whether they twinkle? Yes No

Their colour and size.

____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

Changes in their positions

Yes No

[Note: Students are expected to tabulate their observations in the above given table.] (b) On both nights, draw a picture of the illuminated portion of the moon and note how it

changes from day to day.

Ans: The following diagram shows the illuminated portion of the moon for a period of two weeks.

Give reasons

Formative Assessment

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8

We observe that, appearance of moon changes from day to day. This happens due to the

change in the illuminated portion of moon. [Note: Students are expected to observe the moon for one week and draw its illuminated

portion. The diagram given above can be used as a reference.] 2. Can you tell ? (Textbook page no. 3) Observe the figure on page 2 of your textbook and answer the following questions. (1) Which planet is nearest to the sun? Ans: Planet mercury is nearest to the sun. (2) At what position is the earth from the sun? Ans: Earth is at third position from the sun. (3) Which planet is placed

between the earth and Mercury?

Ans: Planet Venus is placed between the earth and Mercury.

(4) Name the planets

beyond the orbit of Mars in serial order.

Ans: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

(5) Which planet is furthest

from the sun? Ans: Neptune is the farthest planet from the sun. 3. Intext question (Textbook page no. 3) In which direction do these things fall? (1) Leaves, flowers, fruits from a tree. (2) Rocks that come loose from a hillside. (3) Rain falling from the sky. Ans: All the above things fall towards the earth’s surface due to the gravitational pull exerted by the earth.

Moon phase change

Good to Know:

Earlier, Pluto was considered the ninth planet of our solar system.

In August, 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) lowered the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet.

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*4. What’s the solution? One of the asteroids has fallen out of its place in the asteroid belt and is hurtling towards the sun.

Our earth is in its way and there is all likelihood of a collision. What can be done to prevent this collision?

Ans: The collision of asteroid with earth can be prevented by changing the path of asteroid. This can be achieved by breaking the asteroid into smaller pieces either by a missile or by planting a nuclear bomb on it. Another method would be to collide an unmanned spacecraft with the asteroid. A gravity tractor can be used to deflect the asteroid’s orbit. Also, high power laser beams can be used to change the path of asteroid.

*5. Use your brain power! (1) What will happen to our solar system if the sun were to suddenly disappear? Ans: If the sun suddenly disappeared then: (a) There would be total darkness in the solar system. (b) The planets would change their orbit as they were previously held in fixed orbits by the

gravitational pull of the sun. (c) There would be no seasonal changes on earth. No day and night cycle. (d) Without sunlight there will be no photosynthesis. Hence, all the plants would die. (e) The earth would freeze up. In other words, it would be like the ice age. (f) The devices which work on solar power (eg.: calculators, solar furnace/heater) would

become useless. (2) Suppose you want to give your address to a friend you have on the planet Mars. How will you

write your address if you want them to understand exactly where you live? Ans: Kumar/ Kumari ___________ St. Pius Road, Mulund (West), Mumbai ‐ 400 080, Maharashtra, Republic of India, Continent of Asia, Planet Earth, Solar system, Milky way galaxy. 6. Find out the eight planets of solar system from the following puzzle.

t i k f x c w i v e n u s

y l j r u a e s q a e o z

e d j j u p i t e r r g y

b g f n r o t e q t r e a

x s h u a d e y c h l j w

m a r s n t b r z f h m b

c t y c u g o u h p v l k

o u d j s q t c i t o d i

k r l a e i x r u r p e c

r n e p t u n e q e o g a

f y i o t r k m v w b o x

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10

Ans:

t i k f x c w i v e n u s

y l j r u a e s q a e o z

e d j j u p i t e r r g y

b g f n r o t e q t r e a

x s h u a d e y c h l j w

m a r s n t b r z f h m b

c t y c u g o u h p v l k

o u d j s q t c i t o d i

k r l a e i x r u r p e c

r n e p t u n e q e o g a

f y i o t r k m v w b o x 7. Activity (1) Find out more about the work of Kalpana Chawla and Sunita Williams, astronauts of Indian

origin. (Textbook page no. 4)

Ans: Kalpana Chawla:

(a) Kalpana Chawla was an Indo‐American astronaut. She was the first woman of Indian origin to travel in space.

(b) She first flew on the spacecraft named Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator.

(c) Kalpana Chawla spent a total of 30 days, 14 hours and 54 minutes in space over the course of her two missions.

Sunita Williams:

(a) Sunita Williams is an American astronaut of Indian origin.

(b) She was appointed at the International Space Station (ISS) as a member of space missions Expedition 14 and Expedition 15.

(c) She served as a flight engineer on Expedition 32 and also as the commander of Expedition 33.

(d) Sunita Williams holds the record for most spacewalks by a woman. Also, the record for most spacewalk time for a woman is in her name.

*(2) In the picture given on textbook page no. 5, correct the sequence of the planets from the sun.

Ans: The sequence of planets given in textbook is: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, Neptune.

The correct sequence of planets should be: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

*(3) Make charts about space research and display them in an exhibition.

Ans: The following points can be used while making a chart on space research:

(a) Space missions like Chandrayaan I, Mangalyaan and Apollo.

(b) Type of heavenly body studied.

(c) Objective of the mission.

(d) Outcome of the space research.

[Note: Students are expected to make charts on space research with the help of points mentioned

above.]

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*(4) Find out which planets in the solar system have satellites. Ans:

Planet Number of Satellites

(a) Jupiter 53 known + 14 awaiting confirmation

(b) Saturn 53 known + 9 awaiting confirmation

(c) Uranus 27

(d) Neptune 13

(e) Pluto (Dwarf planet) 3

(f) Mars 2

(g) Earth 1

(h) Venus 0

(i) Mercury 0 Information source: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem/moons [Note: The data given in the above table could vary in the future, as and when new satellites will

be discovered.] 1. Match the heavenly bodies from Group ‘A’ with their types given in Group ‘B’.

Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’

(1) Sun (a) Natural satellite

(2) Neptune (b) Planet

(3) Pluto (c) Star

(4) Moon (d) Dwarf planet 2. Answer in one sentence. (1) What is space? (2) What do you mean by revolution of earth? 3. Name the following. (1) Largest heavenly body in solar system. (2) Closest heavenly body to earth. (3) Small heavenly bodies between Mars and Jupiter. 4. Why does a planet revolve around the sun at a fixed distance in a fixed orbit? Answers: 1. (1) – (c), (2) – (b), (3) – (d), (4) – (a) 2. (1) The emptiness between and beyond the stars and planets is called space. (2) Earth’s motion around the sun is called the revolution of earth. 3. (1) Sun (2) Moon (3) Asteroids 4. The sun exerts a gravitational pull on all the planets. On the other hand, the planets tend to move away

from the sun. Under the combined effect of these two forces, planets keep revolving around the sun at a fixed distance in a fixed orbit.

Chapter Assessment

01 Our Earth and Our solar system - Target Publications · b. Dwarf planets: The smaller heavenly...

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