MORPHOLOGY

Consider the following word:

antidisestablishmentarianism

1. Is it a simple word?2. How many morphemes are there in this word?

Samuel Goldwyn, the pioneer movie-maker, once announced:

"In two words: impossible."prabayar, pascabayar pasca sarjana, pascasarjanapohon-pohon vs. treesmataharimata sapi

Definition of Morphology

Literally, 'the study of forms'

In linguistics, 'the study of the internal structure of words and of the rules by which words are formed'

Morphemes

'A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function'reopenedre-open-ed

touriststour-ist-s

unsystematicallyun-system-atic-al-ly

Please do exercise no. 11. How many morphemes are there in the following sentences? a. In our society we are often paid according to the number of hours or days worked. b. Technology is becoming important in both our personal and professional lives.

Free and Bound Morphemes

Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words.

Bound Morphemes are morphemes that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to the free morpheme.

reopened

re-=bound morphemeopen=free morpheme-ed=bound morpheme

tourists

tour=free morpheme-ist=bound morpheme-s=bound morpheme

unsystematically

un-=bound morphemesystem=free morpheme-atic=bound morpheme-al=bound morpheme-ly=bound morpheme

homeworks

home=free morphemework=free morpheme-s=bound morpheme

Please do exercise no. 2 2. Identify the bound and free morphemes that the sentence below has.

a. The only way to develop a good command of the English language is to master the rules and apply them accordingly in your speech and writing.

b. This superficial difference in form disguises the fact that the two sentences are very closely related, even identical, at some less superficial level.

Bound Morphemes: Affixes

A well-know type of bound morphemes is known as affixes.

Affixes in English generally consist of two types: prefixes and suffixes.

PrefixesSuffixes

unhappysingerretypeclimbingdisqualifyfriendlyenablefulfillmentpreregistercolorful

Simple and Complex Words

Simple words are words that consist of just a single morpheme (usually a free morpheme).

Complex words are words that consist of more than one morpheme.

unsystematic=complex wordsystem=simple wordopen=simple wordreopened=complex wordhomework=complex word

Please do exercise no. 33. Classify the words in the following sentence into simple and complex words.

Study abroad is a fast-growing phenomenon, urged on by ease of travel, by political changes, by economic need, by cultural interaction.

Two Types of Free Morphemes:Lexical and Functional

- Lexical morphemes are morphemes that carry the 'content' of the messages we convey (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs)

- Functional morphemes are morphemes that carry the grammatical meaning (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns, etc.)

Lexical morphemes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) = open class

Functional morphemes (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns, etc.) = closed class

girl=lexical morphemein=functional morphemecome=lexical morphemewhen=functional morphemered=lexical morpheme

Please do exercise no. 44. Classify the free morphemes in the following sentence into lexical and functional morphemes.

Travel is part of the lives of many young people of university age, and of the majority of those living in developed and wealthy countries.

Two Types of Bound Morphemes:Derivational and Inflectional

Derivational morphemes are morphemes used to make new words, possibly but not necessarily resulting in a change in a syntactic category.

Inflectional morphemes are morphemes used to indicate grammatical functions (they never change the syntactic category)

teach (v)teacher (n)

-er=derivational morpheme

happy (adj)unhappy (adj)

un-=derivational morpheme

book (n)books (n)

-s=inflectional morpheme

happy (adj)happier (adj)

-er=inflectional morpheme

open (v)opened (v)

-ed=inflectional morpheme

friend (n) friends (n)

-s=inflectional morpheme friend (n) friendship (n)

-ship =derivational morpheme

The Order of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes

If a complex word consists of a derivational morpheme and an inflectional morpheme, they always appear in that order, namely a derivational morpheme always precedes an inflectional morpheme.

teachers

teach-er-s derivational inflectional morpheme morpheme

*teachser

teach-s-er inflectional derivational morpheme morpheme

The Order of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes

If a complex word consists of a derivational morpheme and an inflectional morpheme, they always appear in that order, namely a derivational morpheme always precedes an inflectional morpheme.

Please do exercise no. 55. Identify the words from the sentence below that are formed by adding the derivational and inflectional morphemes.

Despite its worldwide use, English is still considered the most difficult European languages to learn, primarily because its unique characteristics hinder non-native English speakers from obtaining a strong command of it.

Morphological Description

Please do exercise no. 66. Provide the morphological description for the underlined words of the following sentence.

The spread of English around the world has been and continues to be both rapid and unpredictable.

Morphs, Allomorphs, and Morphemes

[a book an egg]

1.catsbagschurches2.likedgrabbedwanted

Morphs refer 'the actual forms or phonological realizations of morphemes.'

Allomorphs refer to 'the morphs that function as (phonetic) variants of a morpheme.'

like + {past} liked[__kt]grab + grabbed[__bd]want + wanted [__tid]see + {past} sawdo + didcut + {past} cut[allomorphs][vowel change][stem unchanged]

cat + {plural} cats [__ts]dog + dogs [__gz]church + churches [__iz]mouse + {plural} micetooth + teethsheep + {plural} sheep[allomorphs][vowel change][stem unchanged]

The Hierarchical Structure of Words

A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure.

In order to represent the hierarchical organization of words, linguists use tree diagrams.

Try drawing the tree based on the steps the word is built morphologically.

Unsystematically

systemsystem + -aticun- + system + -aticun- + system + -atic + -alun- + system + -atic + -al + -ly

Adverb

Adjective -ly

Adjective-al

un-Adjective

Noun-ic

system

Please do exercise no. 77. Draw the tree diagrams to indicate the hierarchical structures of the two words below.

a. deactivation b. unrewritable

antidisestablishmentarianism

establishestablish + -mentdis- + establish + -mentanti + dis- + establish + -mentanti + dis- + establish + -ment + -aryanti + dis- + establish + -ment + -ari + -ananti + dis- + establish + -ment + -ari + -an + -ism

Can you draw two diagrams to show the ambiguous meanings of unlockable?

a. Unlockable = "not able to be locked"(If you want some privacy, you will certainly be upset to find the door of your room is unlockable.)

b. Unlockable = "able to be unlocked"(if you were inside a locked room, you'd be relieved to find that the door is unlockable.)

Unlockable = 'not able to be locked'

Adjective

un-Adjective

Verb-able

lock

Unlockable = 'able to be unlocked'

Adjective

Verb-able

un-Verb

lock

[A]happyun- + happyun- + happy + -ness[B]happyhappy + -nessun- + happy + -nessunhappiness: [A] or [B]?

uncomfortable[A]comfortun- + comfortun- + comfort - able [B]comfortcomfort + -ableun- + comfort + - able

unfriendly[A]friendun-friendun- + friend + -ly[B]friendfriend + -lyun- + friend + -ly

*