01 Leasan a h-aon - Goraidh - a Gaelic language...

Gàidhlig na h-AlbaLeasan a h-Aon

Goraidh Mac’IlleDhuinn

A’ cur fàilte air cuideigin / Putting welcome on someone

One of the first things you might want to do when meeting someone is greet them.

Hallò! / Hello!Hai / Hai

Madainn mhath! / Good morning!Madainn mhath dhuibh! / Good morning to you!Feasgair math! / Good afternoon, eveningFeasgair math dhuibh! / Good afternoon to you!

These are all foreign concepts that have become a part of the language. Imagine if you live in a small village and see someone on the street. You are probably familiar with them. Therefore you would dispense with formal pleasantries and go straight to...

Tha i brèagha an-diugh, nach eil? / It is beautiful today, isn’t it?Tha i blàth an-diugh, nach eil? / It is warm today, isn’t it?

But in Scotland, these might be more useful...

Tha i fliuch an-diugh. / It is wet today.Tha i fuar! / It is cold!

Ciamar a tha sibh? / How are you?

Tha mi gu math. / I am fine/well.Tha mi sgìth. / I am tired.Tha mi uabhasach math, tapadh leibh! / I am terribly good, thank you!Chan eil dona. / Not bad.Chan eil mi gu math idir! / I am not well at all!Tha mi tinn. / I am sick!

Most people respond with ‘Tha gu math’ as a general rule so no one has to get stuck in a long conversation.

It is always nice to return the inquiry...

Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin? / How are you yourself?

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©2012 Geoffrey Sammons, All Rights Reserved. Leasan 1. Version 1. Revised 9/13/2012 Page 1

Ag innse ur ainm / Telling your name

Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh? / What is your name? (“What the name that is on you”)

You respond with...

Is mise _______. / I am _______.

To introduce someone, use...

Seo ______. / Here is ______.

If you are at a party and talking to a friend and want to ask about other people at the party, you could use...

Cò esan? / Who is he?Cò ise? / Who is she?Cò iadsan? / Who are they?

Responses could be...

Is esan Seumas. / He is Seumas.Is ise Anna. / She is Anna.Is iadsan na pìobairean. / They are the pipers.Chan eil fios agam. / I don’t know. (“Knowledge is not at me”)



Hai Is mise

Grammar point.

Gaelic has two verbs “to be” - both are irregular. Is is used primarily to equate two nouns (people, places or things). Bi is used for most other purposes. You’ve seen Is in Is mise. You’ve seen Bi as the Tha in Tha mi sgìth.

Dèan Seantans / Make a Sentence

To make a very basic sentence we need two things. A verb and a subject. Gaelic is a verb initial language (unlike English), so let’s start with the verb ‘Bi,’ which means ‘to be.’

Gaelic Verb ‘Bi’

English Form Statement or Question Independent or Dependent Form

Tha ... . ... is / am / are ... . Positive Statement Independent Form

Chan eil ... . ... is not (isn’t) / am not (amn’t)/ are not (aren’t)... .

Negative Statement Dependent Forms

A bheil ... ? Is/Am/Are ... ? Positive Question

Dependent Forms

Nach eil ... ? Isn’t/Aren’t ... ? Negative Question

Dependent Forms

All verbs in Gaelic follow this pattern using the four forms. You must learn this as it is a very powerful tool when using Gaelic.

If you think about English for a minute, what happens when we change the statement “You are tired.” to a question - “Are you tired?” The word order changes. Since Gaelic is a verb initial language, word order can’t change. So we must have the four forms.

The importance of independent and dependent forms will be shown later, but for now, just know that they exist and that dependent forms depend on having more than one word.



Now we need some simple subjects for our sentences. We can use pronouns. Gaelic has simple pronouns and emphatic pronouns.

Simple Pronoun Emphatic Pronoun English

mi mise me

thu thusa you (singular and informal)

e esan he

i ise she

sinn sinne we

sibh sibhse you (plural or formal)

iad iadsan they

Let’s see how the verb and subjects work together. A form of the verb goes in front, and the subject goes after.

Verb Subject ?

Tha mi

Chan eil thu

A bheil e

Nach eil i

sinn

sibh

iad

With these two parts, we can make very philosophical sentences like:

Tha mi. / I am.A bheil e? / Is he?Nach eil iad? / Aren’t they?



Eadar-theangaich / Translate:

1) I am. __________________

2) You are (formal). __________________

3) Are they? __________________

4) Aren’t they? __________________

5) She is not. __________________

6) Is she? __________________

7) Isn’t she? __________________

8) He is. __________________

9) You (informal) are not. __________________

10) Aren’t you (formal)? __________________

11) We are. __________________

12) We are not. __________________

13) They are. __________________

14) Is he? __________________

15) Aren’t we? __________________

The answers are in the back, but don’t look until you’re done.

These sentences are nice, but it would be more useful if we had some adjectives.



Na Buadhairean / Adjectives

A few to get started:



teth! ! ! fuar!! blàth! ! ! math

dona! ! ! snog! ! reamhar! ! ! caol

mòr! ! ! beag! ! brèagha! ! ! grannda

toilichte! ! ! brònach! ! fliuch! ! ! tioram

Using the adjectives, we can now make simple sentences. Pick an item from each column:

Verb Subject Adjectives

Tha mi teth

Chan eil thu fuar

A bheil e blàth

Nach eil i math

sin dona

sibh snog

iad reamhar

caol

Bob mòr

Goraidh beag

Spot brèagha

Julia Roberts grannda

toilichte

brònach

fliuch

tioramEisimpleirean / Examples

Chan eil mi teth.A bheil thu teth?Chan eil.Tha.

Chan eil e math.Nach eil i dona.Tha Goraidh fuar.A bheil Goraidh snog?Tha!A bheil Julia Roberts snog?



Eadar-theangaich

1) A bheil thu teth? ______________________________

2) Chan eil e caol. ______________________________

3) Tha mi blàth. ______________________________

4) Nach eil Spot tioram? ______________________________

5) Chan eil Spot tioram. Tha e fliuch! ______________________________

6) Isn’t she cute? ______________________________

7) He isn’t happy. ______________________________

8) I am sad. ______________________________

9) Julia Roberts is beautiful. ______________________________

10) Geoff is ugly. ______________________________

Write some of your own sentences:

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Ainmean / Names

Earlier, we learned how to ask someone’s name, state our name, and introduce someone else. Here’s a bit more about working with names.

When addressing someone (Vocative Case), you do the following:

Ainmean Fireann / Male names:Start with an ‘a’ at the beginning, add an ‘h’ after the first letter (following the rules of lenition) and add an ‘i’ just after the last vowel (slenderization).

e.g. ! Seumas -> a Sheumais.! Tòmas -> a Thòmais.

If the name begins with a vowel, the ‘a’ and ‘h’ changes are left off, but the ‘i’ change happens.

! Eachann -> Eachainn! Iain -> Iain (already has an ‘i’, so doesn’t change at all!)

Ainmean Boireann / Female names:Start with an ‘a’ at the beginning, add an ‘h’ after the first letter (following the rules of lenition).

! Mòrag -> a Mhòrag! Seonag -> a Sheonag

If the name begins with a vowel, the ‘a’ and ‘h’ changes are left off.

! Anna -> Anna

Practice using some of the names from the next page:

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Ainmean FireannachAinmean Fireannach Ainmean BoireannachAinmean Boireannach

Alexander, Alec Alasdair, Ailig Agnes Una

Allan, Alan Ailean Ann Anna, Annag

Andrew Anndra Catherine Catrìona

Callum Calum Elizabeth Ealasaid

Charles Teàrlach Flora Flòraidh

Colin Cailean Helen Eilidh

Daniel Dànaidh Isabella, Isobel Iseabail

David Dàibhidh Jane, Jean Sìne

Donald Dòmhnall Joan, Joanne Seonag

Ewan Eòghann Kate Ceit

Finlay Fionnlagh Margaret Mairead

George Seòras Marion Mòr

Hector Eachann Marjory Marsaili

James Seumas Mary Màiri

John Iain Muriel Muireall

Joseph Iòsaph Peggy Peigi

Lachlan Lachlann Rachel Raonaid

Michael Micheil Sally, Sarah Mòrag, Sàlaidh

Neil Niall Sheila Sìle

Norman Tormod Susan Siùsaidh

Patrick Pàdraig

Robert Raibeart

Simon Sìm

Thomas Tòmas

William Uilleam



Liking Things

So we have a few interesting things to say when talking to someone, let’s learn how we can simply say what we like.

Remember, every verb in Gaelic has four forms you must learn. To say we like something, we use an idiom which uses the other verb ‘to be’ - “Is” and the preposition “le” - “with.”

Is toil le _____ _____ .! ! ______ likes ______.Cha toil le _____ _____ . ! ! ______ does not like ______.An toil le ______ _____ ?! ! Does ______ like ______ ?Nach toil le ______ ______ ?! Doesn’t ______ like ______ ?

In Gaelic, a pronoun cannot follow a preposition. The two fuse together to make a prepositional pronoun.

For Le we must use:

Pronoun + Le Prepositional Pronoun English

mi + le leam with me

thu + le leat with you

e + le leis with him

i + le leatha with her

sinn + le leinn with us

sibh + le leibh with you

iad + le leotha with them

Before we can unlock the usefulness of this topic, we must have some things to like. How about food? Everyone likes that!



Biadh / Food



brochan ♂ aran ♂ feòìl ♀ feòil-màirt ♀ cearc ♀ cearc Fhrangach ♀

hama ♀ brot ♂ buntàta ♂ currain ♂

siùcar ♂ ìm ♂ mil ♀ uachdar ♂ salann ♂ piobar ♂

uisge ♂ tì ♀ fìon dearg ♂ fìon geal ♂ bainne ♂ cofaidh ♀

leann ♂ còc ♂ uisge beatha ♂ sùgh orains ♂

càise ♀ briosgaidean ♀ cèic ♀ reòiteagan ♀ seoclaid ♀

Eisimpleirean

1. Is toil le Julia Roberts fìon dearg.2. An toil le Spot hama?3. Cha toil leam còc.4. Is toil leis uisge beatha.5. Nach toil leat seoclaid?6. Is toil leinn leann.7. Cha toil leatha sùgh orains.8. Is toil leotha cèic seoclaid.9. An toil leibh cofaidh le bainne?10. Cha toil leis leann. Is toil leis uisge beatha.

Eadar-theangaich

1) Spot likes cheese. ______________________________

2) Bob doesn’t like wine. ______________________________

3) I don’t like coffee. ______________________________

4) Do you like sugar? ______________________________

5) Don’t you like carrots? ______________________________

6) Is toil leis briosgaidean. ______________________________

7) An toil leatha seoclaid? ______________________________

8) Nach toil leibh cearc Fhrangach? ______________________________

9) Is toil leam aran le ìm. ______________________________

10) Is toil Julia Roberts brochan. ______________________________

Before we see some conversations, it would be good to know some ways to say goodbye.

Tìoraidh!! ! Bye! Cheerio!Tìoraidh ma-tha!! Bye then!Tìoraidh an-dràsta!! Bye for now!Mar sin leibh.!! ByeChì mi thu a-rithist!! I’ll see you again!

You can repeat back what was said as a response.



Dèan Còmhradh / Conversation

Raibeart: Feasgar math! Ciamar a tha sibh? Good afternoon! How are you?

Sìne: Tha mi gu math, tapadh leibh. Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin? I am good, thanks. How are you yourself?

Raibeart: Tha mi gu math, ach tha mi sgìth. I am good, but I am tired.

Sìne: Tha mi duilich. I am sorry.

Raibeart: Feasgar math! Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh?Good afternoon! What is your name? (What is the name that is on you?)

Sìne: Is mise Sìne. Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh fhèin?I am Sìne. What is your name? (What is the name that is on you yourself?)

Raibeart: Is mise Raibeart. Ciamar a tha sibh?I am Raibeart. How are you?

Sìne: Tha mi gu math. Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin?I am good. How are you yourself?

Raibeart: Tha mi gu math, ach tha mi sgìth.I am good, but I am tired.

Sìne: Och! Tha mi duilich! Dè an t-ainm a tha air?Och! I am sorry! What is his name?

Raibeart: Is esan Anndra. He is Anndra.



Sìm Feasgar math Anna! Ciamar a tha sibh?

Anna Tha [mi] gu math, tapadh leibh. Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin?

Sìm Chan eil [mi] dona. Anna, seo Eachann.

Anna Hai Eachainn, Dè tha dol?

Eachann Chan eil mòran, ach, tha mi a’ dol dhachaidh a-nis.dhachaidh = homeward, a-nis = just now

Sìm Mar sin leibh.

Sìm Hai Anna! Ciamar a tha thu?

Anna Tha gu math, tapadh leat. Ciamar a tha thu fhèin?

Sìm Tha gu math. Anna, seo Eachann.

Anna Hai Eachainn, Ciamar a tha sibh?

Eachann Chan eil mi dona, ach, tha mi fuar.

Anna Tha mi fhìn fuar cuideachd. A Shìm, a bheil thu fuar no blàth?cuideachd = also, too

Sìm Tha mi beagan blàth.

Anna agus Eachann Tha thu neònach!neònach = weird, odd



Write a dialog like the ones previously seen, and include some asking and telling about what people like.

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An Aibidil / The Alphabet

a b c d e f g H i l m n o p r s t u

Vowels Consonants Consonants w. slender

a b

à bh

ao c

e ch

è d d

i dh dh

ì f

o fh

ò g g

u gh gh

h

l

m

mh

n

p

ph

r

s s

sh

t t

th



Na Freagairtean / The Answers

Simple Sentences, Verb & Subject1) Tha mi. 2) Tha sibh. 3) A bheil iad? 4) Nach eil iad? 5) Chan eil i. 6) A bheil i? 7) Nach eil i? 8) Tha e. 9) Chan eil thu. 10) Nach eil sibh? 11) Tha sinn. 12) Chan eil sinn. 13) Tha iad. 14) A bheil e? 15) Nach eil sinn?

Simple Sentences, Verb, Subject & Adjective1) Are you hot? 2) He is not thin. 3) I am warm. 4) Isn't Spot dry? 5) Spot isn't dry. He is wet! 6) Nach eil i snog? 7) Chan eil e toilichte. 8) Tha mi brònach. 9) Tha Julia Roberts beautiful. 10) Tha Goraidh grannda.

Liking Things1) Is toil le Spot càise. 2) Cha toil le Bob fìon. 3) Cha toil leam cofaidh. 4) An toil leat siùcar? 5) Nach toil leat currain? 6) He likes cookies (biscuits). 7) Does she like chocolate? 8) Don’t you like turkey? 9) I like bread with butter. 10) Julia Roberts likes oatmeal.

ConversationSìm: Good afternoon Anna! How are you?Anna: I am well, thank you. How are you yourself?Sìm: I’m not bad. Anna, this is Eachann (Hector).Anna: Hi Eachainn, what’s going on?Eachann: Not much, but I am going home just now.

Sìm: Hi Anna! How are you?Anna: I’m well, thank you. How are you yourself?Sìm: I’m well. Anna, this is Eachann.Anna: Hi Eachainn, How are you?Eachann: I’m not bad, but, I’m cold.Anna: I myself am cold also. Sìm, are you cold or warm?Sìm: I’m a little bit warm.Anna and Eachann: You are weird!



Na Faclan

Simple Pronouns: mi, thu, e, i, sinn, sibh iad

Emphatic Pronouns: mise, thusa, esan, ise, sinne, sibhse, iadsan

Verb ‘bi’: Tha, Chan eil, A bheil, Nach eil

Adjectives: teth, fuar, blàth, math, dona, snog, reamhar, caol, mòr, beag, brèagha, grannda, toilichte, brònach, fliuch, tioram

Useful phrases: Madainn mhath. Feasgar math. Ciamar a tha sibh (fhèin)? Dè an t-ainm a tha oirbh (fhèin)? Chan eil fios agam.Canaibh sin a-rithist, ma ‘s e ur toil e? / Say that again, please?Ciamar a chanas mi ______? / How do I say?Gabhaibh mo leisgeul. / Excuse me.Tapadh leibh. / Thank you.‘S e ur beatha. / You’re welcome.Tha mi duilich. / I’m sorry.

Concepts:

Broad Vowels - a, o, u. They do not change the sounds of the consonants around them.

Lenition - the process of inserting an ‘h’ after the first consonant in a word. This changes the initial sound of the word.

Slenderization - the process of inserting an “i” after the last broad vowel in a word. This changes the final sound of the word, usually.

Slender Vowels - e, i. These vowels change the sounds of the consonants around them.



01 Leasan a h-aon - Goraidh - a Gaelic language...

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