01 Introduction GENZOO
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IntroductionIntroductionRubie MarananRubie Maranan--CausarenCausaren
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Zoology?Zoology?Zoology?Zoology?
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Scientific MethodScientific MethodScientific MethodScientific Method
Logical process Facts/informationLogical process Facts/information
??observation experimentation
conclusions theory/iesconclusions theory/ies
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StepsSteps
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
Descriptive Experimental
• Effect of altitude to • Effect of june Effect of altitude to the distribution of frogs
jbeetle as a source of food to the frogs growth of albino mice
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StepsSteps
2. Exploration of Alternative resources
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StepsSteps
3. FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
Descriptive Experimental
• Altitude has no • june beetle has no Altitude has no effect to the distribution of frogs
jeffect as a source of food to the distribution of frogs growth of albino mice
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StepsSteps
4. EXPERIMENTATION/TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
Descriptive Experimental
• Method? • To= pure regular feedMethod?• Field work
p g• T1=75% feed + 25% beetle• T2=50% feed + 50% beetle• T2=50% feed + 50% beetle• T3=25% feed + 75% beetle
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StepsSteps
5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Descriptive Experimental
• Data? • Data?Data?• Number of frogs at
every station or
• Weight (g)• Length (cm)every station or
elevationg ( )
• Statistical analysis
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5. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
1415
es
91011121314
f Sp
ecie
345678
mbe
r of
123
0 40 100 200 300 400 500 600
Num
Species elevation curve the anurans of Mt Palay
Elevation (meters above sea level)
Species-elevation curve the anurans of Mt. Palay-Palay and immediate vicinities.
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Average weight (g) of albino mice
80
Average weight (g) of albino mice
50607080
g)
304050
eigh
t (g
ToT1
0102030
we
T2T30
mo. 1 mo. 2 mo. 3 mo. 4
duration of studyduration of study
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StepsSteps
6. GENERALIZATION / CONCLUSION
Descriptive Experimental
• The number of • Feeding albino mice The number of anuran species decrease with
with june beetle caused a significant i i th idecrease with
increase in elevation
increase in their weight
elevation
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Fields of Science related to ZoologyFields of Science related to Zoology• Anatomy• Morphology
• Physiology• TaxonomyMorphology
• CytologyTaxonomy(classification)P it l• Ecology
• Embryology
• Parasitology• ZoogeographyEmbryology
• Evolution
g g p y• Paleontology
M l l Bi l• Genetics• Histology
• Molecular Biology
Histology
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Food web. This shows an interlocking pattern of food chains in anecosystem.
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PhylogenyPhylogenyEchinodermata
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Annelida
Protostome lineage
Deuterostome lineage
Acoelomate PseudocoelomateCoelomate
Chordata
Echinodermata
Nematoda
Ancestral diploblastic radial animals
Ancestral triploblastic acoelomates
Cnidaria
Radial ancestor
Porifera
Ancestral protista
Figure . A phylogenetic tree of Kingdom Animalia.
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TISSUES
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NomenclatureNomenclatureNomenclatureNomenclature
• Binomial SystemBinomial System• 2 names
R th• e.g. Rana erythraea
Rana erythraea☺Writing?Rana erythraea
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Genetic EngineeringGenetic EngineeringGenetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering
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Specialized Fields in ZoologySpecialized Fields in Zoology
Ichth olog
Invertebrate Zoology Vertebrate Zoology
• Protozoology• Carcinology
• Ichthyology• Herpetology
O ith l• Conchology• Entomology
• Ornithology• Mammalogy
• Helminthology• Malacology• Parasitology
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RepresentativesRepresentatives
Figure 9 16 Phylum
(a)
Figure 9.16. Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea. Prawn (a), crayfish (b) and crab (c) belong to Class Malacostraca, Order Decapoda.
(b)
(c)
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RepresentativesRepresentatives
Figure 9 18 PhylumFigure 9.18. Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Uniramia, Subclass Pterygota, Superorder Exopterygota.
(a)
(e)
Exopterygotes include those belonging to Order Odonata like (a) dragonfly and (b) damselfly Order Orthoptera
(b)
damselfly. Order Orthoptera includes (c) grasshopper and (d) cockroaches. Order Dermaptera includes (e)
i T it (f) b l t (c)
(f)
earwig. Termite (f) belongs to Order Isoptera while stonefly (g) belongs to Order Plecoptera.
(c)
p
(g)(d)
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RepresentativesRepresentatives
Figure 9.13. Phylum Annelida. ClassPolychaeta includes clamworms such as(a) Nereis virens. Class Oligochaetaincludes earthworms such as (b)Lumbricus terrestris and Class Hirudineaincludes leeches such as (c) Hirudomedicinalis.
(c)
(b)(a)
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RepresentativesRepresentatives
(a) (b) (c)
Figure9 10 Phylum Mollusca
(d)
Figure9.10. Phylum Mollusca.Class Polyplacophora includeschitons like (a) Tonicellalineata. Class Gastropoda
(d)
(e)
(f)
includes univalves such as (b)Trochus, (c) Pterocera, (d)Cypraea, (e) Conus, (f) Murex,(g) Astraea (h) Oliva (i) (f)(g) Astraea, (h) Oliva, (i)Vermicularia, (j) Drupa, (k)Polinices, (l) Turitella, and(e) Tibia.
(g) (h) (i)
(k)(l) (m)
(j)
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RepresentativesRepresentatives
Figure 9 23 Phylum (a) (b)
(c)
Figure 9.23. Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata. Class Amphibia includes (a) caecilian, (b) frog,
(d)and (c) salamander. Class Reptilia includes (d) turtle, (e) alligator, (f) snake and (g) chameleon
(d)
(g) chameleon.
(e)
(f)(g)
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NATURE OF LIFENATURE OF LIFE
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Theories: Life’s OriginTheories: Life’s OriginDi i C ti Th• Divine Creation Theory
• Big Bang Theory• Cosmozoic or Interplanetary Theory• Naturalistic / Physico-chemical / AbiogenicNaturalistic / Physico chemical / Abiogenic
Molecular Evolution / Oparin-Haldane HypothesisHypothesis
• Abiogenesis / Spontaneous Generation TheoryTheory
• Biogenesis Theory
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(NH3)
(H2) (CO)(CO )
(N2)
(CO2)
(CH4)
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Biogenesis TheoryBiogenesis Theory• Francesco Redi• Lazzaro Spallanzanip
– Nutrient fluids like broth heated after sealing the flask did not favor growth of gmicroorganisms
• Louis Pasteur– Demonstrated that microorganisms were
present in the air but were not created by airp y– Use of open-ended, long-necked (with S-
shaped curves) flask
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life
• Metabolism• Growth
I i bili• Irritability• Reproduction and DevelopmentReproduction and Development• Adaptation• Organization
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catabolism
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Asexual reproductionAsexual reproductionAsexual reproductionAsexual reproduction
bud
a. budding in Hydra sp.
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Sexual reproductionSexual reproductionmale
Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction
sperm
female
spermmass
c. leecheggs
e. frogs in amplexus
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Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life• Definite form and Size• Movement / Locomotion• Movement / Locomotion• Respiration (cellular or mechanical)p ( )• Excretion• Homeostasis
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S l t!S l t!Salamat!Salamat!
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Main tasks of SystematicsMain tasks of SystematicsMain tasks of SystematicsMain tasks of Systematics
Id tifi tiIdentification
Nomenclature
Binomial System
Classification