01 final southern ar ttttt
Transcript of 01 final southern ar ttttt
Ted Burt, Kim Nam, Dabin Choi
Art of South and Southeast Asia After
1200 AD
South & Southeast Asia
South Asia Pakistan India Tibet Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh
Southeast Asia Cambodia Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Laos Burma Indonesia Malaysia
Buddhism Pala dynasty ( c. 750 – 1199)
The principal Buddhist centers concentrated in the northeast region
Tantric (Mahayana) Buddhism Visualized deities Precise iconographic details
Theravada
Mahayana
Later collapsed in late 12th century
Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (12th century)
Distinguished from a Buddha
Princely garment
Presence of lotus flower
Crown of “parent” Buddha
Third eye
Wheel on his palm
Posture of royal ease
Formalized image
Jainism Mahavira ( c. 599-527 BCE)
Tirthankaras
- Purification
- Life of austerity
Private forms of artistic expression
- Sacred text illustrations rather than building temples
- Western Indian Jains (Gujarat); Illustrated manuscripts
Kalpa Sutra (1375-1400)
Illustrated manuscripts the explicates the lives of the pathfinders
First Jain manuscript on paper (instead of palm leaf)
Depicts the birth of Mahavira
Use of Gouache producing vibrant, energetic color and sense of divinity
Hinduism
Dominant religious tradition of India
- Building programs -> rapid development of Hindu temples
- Evolution of well-formulated regional styles (1000 CE.)
- Monumental with complexity and grandeur of proportion
- Kingdom of Vijayanagar ( c. 1336-1565)- Viewed themselves as defenders and
preservers of Hindu faith and culture
Art of India
Temple at Madurai
Fervent expression of Hinduism
Founded around the 13th century
Complex expanded through 17th century
Modern renovations
Dedicated to the goddess Minakshi
At the center of the City of Madurai and a central focus of Madurai life
There are now 11 Gopuras
Largest is over160 feet tall
(Outer Gopura of the Minakshi-Sundareshvara Temple)
Gopuras’ Statues
Every square inch of the gopuras is covered in figures such as this one
(Thousands of statues )
Each is an individual god
The statues get smaller as the gopura rises and becomes smaller
Very similar design between different levels
Displays the world of the gods
(The gopura has roots in the vimana, the pyramidal tower characteristic of 7th century southern temple style)
Golden Lotus TankGolden Lotus TankOuter Gopura of the
Minakshi-Sundareshvara
Temple
Mughal Period 1526–1858
Islam first touched the South Asian subcontinent in the eight century.
In 1206, Turkish dynasties ruled portions of subcontinent from Delhi Sultanates constructed forts, mausoleums, monuments, mosques
The Mughals came from Central Asia
Babur The first Mughal emperor of India Emphasized his Turkic heritage
Akbar The third emperor who extended Mughal control over most of
North India
Mughal Empire lasted until the last Mughal emperor was deposed and exiled to Burma by the British.
Mughal Architecture
Mughal architects were heir to traditional Islamic buildings in India.
Forts housing government and court buildings
2 fundamental Islamic structures Mosque and tomb
Construction based on arch and dome Decorative and structural elements from other
countries Indian, Persian, Central Asian elements
Cenotaphs are tombs/monuments to someone whose remains are actually somewhere else.
Buland Darvaza (The Lofty Gate)
Buland Darvaza (The Lofty Gate)
Commissioned by Akbar, an ambitious patron of the time
At the mosque Jami Masjid
Inscription dated 1601 following Akbar’s successful return from the Deccan
Gateway is dignified in proportions but monumental in scale (rises 150 feet above road)
Gate built on a high plinth leading to a central courtyard
Islamic style architecture
Review the Key terms
Minaret - Tall spires with a conical crown.
Iwan - A vaulted hall, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.
Sahn - A courtyard found in traditional mosque, surrounded by an arcade.
Mihrab – A semi-circular niche in a wall which indicates the direction to qibla.
Mausoleum – An external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person.
Probably the most well known structure in India
Built between 1631 and 1648
Made of red sandstone & white marble
Commissioned as a mausoleum for the wife of Emperor Shah Jahan
Full of Muslim Influence
Minarets at each corner of platform
Reflecting pool and gardens cover an area of 1000 by 1900 feet
Divided into quadrants with trees and flowers
Geometrically patterned walkways
Perfect geometric symmetry and proportions.
Taj Mahal
Minarets
Minarets
Reflecting Pool
Mausoleum
Gardens
Garden
s
Writings from the Quran are inlaid in black marble around the doors
Spandrels inlaid with jewels that form flowers and natural designs (those are the parts between the door arch and the box with the Quran writing)
4 octagonal chattris transition into the domes of minarets
Iwans and bulbous tops attribute to weightless appearance
Taj Mahal
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnmrOLOQDA8&feature=related
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Selimiye Mosque (Mosque of Selim)
In the city of Edrine, Turkey.
Ottoman mosque Commissioned by
Sultan Selim II
Islamic Architecture Minarets Main dome and Semi-
domes Pointy Arches
Hagia Sophia Byzantine period
Ordered by emperor Justinian.
Temple – Religious reason
In 1453, conversion into mosque
Islamic features
Minarets
Dome and arch entrance
Symmetry and balance
Mughal Painting
Emperor Akbar – great promoter of the arts Control over solidification of Mughal Empire
and creation of Mughal art Humane, dynamic, and just Mughal leader Created an imperial atelier (workshop) for
painters
Combination of Persian art and Indian art Transformed Persian styles into more vigorous
and naturalistic
Technique- Indian painting on
paper Introduction of paper
Indian artists adapted painting techniques form Persia – produced jewel-toned works of surpassing beauty on paper
Fill outlines with thick washes of opaque unpopulated color.
Painting in the Court of Akbar
Paintings depicted Akbar’s own life and accomplishments. Akbarnama – Book of Akbar, the official
chronicle of the reign of Akbar. Illustrated manuscript of Hamzanama
Hamzanama – The legendary adventures of Hamza (Persian classic)
Hamza – The uncle of the prophet of the Islam
Jahangir in Darbar Gouache painting on paper
Gouache – Mud painting. Opaque, dries quickly and very amenable
Jahngir was the emperor of the Mughal empire.
Emperor in the center, holding an audience at court (Darbar)
Sense of loyalty to their emperor
Symmetrical format
Virgin and Child Enthroned
Duccio’s Virgin and Child in Majesty.
Audiences (Angels, Saints and Saints of Siena) are divided along central axis.
Symmetrical format – Composition was topped by pinnacles
Unrealistic size – Focus more on Symbolism Predella was depicting the event sin the childhood of Jesus.
Rajput Painting
Northern India was governed regionally by local Hindu princess – Rajput warrior clans.
Very artistic, supportive to painters. Influences of Indian painting style.
More abstract and poetic than Mughal arts Many arts were about myth and poetry.
Bhakti The Hindu devotional movement. Inspired poetic literature Gita Govinda –poems about love between God and
humans
Luxury Arts – Panel from a Box
Metalwork in precious metals as well as carvings in crystal, agate, jade, and ivory are all characteristics of Indian art.
Because of the base value of their materials, many Indian pieces have been melted or reworked to be sold at a higher price.
Late 17th-18th century, Ivory with Gilded paper, 6 x 123/8 x 1/8 inches, Nayak Dynasty, Timil Nadu
http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/Collections/South_Asian_Art/Indian,_Tamil_Nadu,_possibly_Madurai_80_171.aspx
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
Roman sculpture on Sarcophagus.
Columns are dividing the scenes.
Decorative and expressive
Roman sculpture
Imperial Christian period. Religious Scenes Old/New Testsments
Ramayana Scene Indonesia experienced Hindu
revival (8th-9th century)
Early 14 century, Java (Indonesia)
Depicts Hindu epic the “Ramayana”
Javanese version of illustrative stone relief
Reduced modeling and increased rhythmic surface ornamentation
Western Influence - Modern
British East India Company controlled India throughout the 17th and 18th centuries
British Government began to rule directly in the 19th century Mercantile interests overwhelmed the native
culture
British artists hired to do work in India
Mixing of cultures
Sir Edwin Lutyens The capital of India changed from Calcutta to New Delhi
in 1931 This city had been founded shortly before 1911 Lutyens was appointed joint architect for New Delhi Intentionally built with Western-style and Indian-style
ornamentation Develops the Delhi Order based on Roman Doric
Viceroy’s House Draws models from Classical antiquity as well as modern
models such as Washington D.C.
India Gate
Originally “All India War Memorial”
India Gate
Arch of Constantine
Barrel-vaulted arches
High pedestals.
Decorative sculptures/columns all over the place.
Depiction of Constantine’s victory in battle with Maxentius Sculptures symbolize
Constantine’s power and generosity.
Arc de Triomphe
1806 – 1836
In France, Paris. Honors those who fought
and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars.
The names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces.
Underneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.
Bharat Mata (Mother India)
Artist strives to reflect ethnic origins
Deliberately rejects oil painting and academic realism of Western art
Draws from format and technique of Mughal painting
Invents nationalistic icon drawing from Hindu symbols
Abanindranath Tagore, watercolor on paper, 1905,
26.7x15.3 cm
Modern Indian Art Gandhi Bhavan
Gandhi Bhavan Punjab University, Chandigarh,
North India
1959-1961
Used for lectures and prayer
Designed by Indian Architect B. P. Mathur and Pierre Jeanneret
3-part pinwheel plan and abstract sculptural qualities reflect the International style
Robust combinations of angles are like Sanskrit letterform
Pools surrounding it are like Mughal tombs
Dharma and the God
Striking new impression of Indian heroic figures
Manjit Bawa Silkscreen and oil
painting artist Juxtaposes
illusionary models of figures and animals against flat backgrounds 1984, Manjit Bawa, oil on canvas,
216x185.4 cm
Art of Nepal & Tibet
Tantric Influence
Tantric Buddhist art can be traced in the regions of Nepal and Tibet
Artistic expression of esoteric Buddhist ideals
Inlaid Devotional Sculpture Statue of Maya
Tangka Painting Buddhism caught on late in Tibet but is now the
center of the religion The “Achala”
Maya, Mother of Buddha,Holding a Tree Branch
Buddha comes out of Maya’s side while she holds the legendary tree branch
Regal costume Fluttering scarves, elaborate
jewelry, and an impressive crown all inlaid with jewels, pearls, and a variety of semi-precious stones
Tree also inlaid with jewels
Figures rise from a pedestal shaped to suggest the blossoming lotus Reference to Buddha’s purity
Buddha
18th century, 22 inches tall, Nepal,
Gilt bronze & inlaid precious stones
Achala from Central Tibet
Achala, the Immovable is the deity in the center
Characteristic kneeling pose
Atop a lotus platform
Right hand wields a sword as his left makes the gesture of menace while holding a lasso
From a group of wrathful deities called krodha vighnantaka - enable practitioners to overcome obstacles
Geometic – Tantic Buddhism
Repeated representations of deities
19th Century, gouache on cotton, 291/2 x 225/8
inches,
Theravada Buddhism
In Northern Burma (11th-13th century) , rulers raised religions monuments in the Pagan plain
Followed Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism
Classic statement of Theravada ideals in bronze sculpture of Buddha
Shwe-Dagon Stupa (Pagoda)
Golden Dragon
Terrace (Burma), 15 century
Established Rangoon by Mon rulers
Pagoda – E. Asian reliquary tower built with smaller, repeated stories
Lotus elements symbolizing Buddha’s purity
Center of Theravada devotion
Decoration in gliding & precious stones
Buddha Calling the Earth to Witness Thailand, Sukhothai kingdom
13-14 century
Bronze sculpture depicting Buddha
Iconography & stylistic features with a few elegant lines
Buddha’s cranial protuberance interpreted as a flame of divine knowledge
Eloquent hand gesture - Mudras
Gesture of Pressing the Earth
The right hand pressing the earth to bear witness.
The position of the left hand symbolizes meditation.
Gesture of “touching the earth” or “calling the earth to witness”
Mudras- (sign)
Vietnamese Ceramics from Hoi
An Hoard 15th-16 century
Wide spread Vietnamese potters
Painted in underglaze cobalt blue
Embellished with overglaze enamels
Impressive variety of ceramic forms shipped out throughout Southeast Asian and Beyond
Modern Vietnam Paintings
The influence of Vietnam War Communism Propaganda
Picture Bibliography
http://www.travel247.tv/india/sri-meenakshi-sundareswarar-temple-madurai
http://www.destination360.com/europe/france/paris/arc-de-triomphe
http://jacobmetcalf.net/renderDiary.php?dir=india&file=india2
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg
http://www.fotopedia.com/items/jmhullot-tcOXXf5Nm8g
http://www.asianart.com/exhibitions/svision/i22.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puerta_de_la_India_2.JPG
http://www.ascensiongateway.com/blog/spiritual/2006_10_01_spirit.html
http://www.vmfa.state.va.us/Collections/South_Asian_Art/Indian,_Tamil_Nadu,_possibly_Madurai_80_171.aspx
http://www.world-mysteries.com/gw_mgray4.htm
http://old-master-bawa.blogspot.com/
Picture Bibliography http://www.artnet.com/Images/magazine/reviews/stern/stern10-4-5.jpg http://radhikaranjanmarxist.blogspot.com/2010/09/early-history-mahajanapadas.h
tml http://sacredsites.com/asia/burma_myanmar/rangoon.html http://www.buddha-images.com/subduing-mara.asp http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/mudras.htm http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4149/503287
4130_933f8d5f4c_z.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.flickr.com/photos/iprahin/5032874130/&usg=__VirWHl5HGArsU4XPJoa5jhTdtZs=&h=480&w=640&sz=229&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=5cKCXE3ni6glM:&tbnh=162&tbnw=215&prev=/images%3Fq%3DBuddha%2BCalling%2Bthe%2BEarth%2Bto%2BWitness%2Bclose%2Bup%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26biw%3D1259%26bih%3D815%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=156&ei=nTf9TK9D42lnQeR25XJCg&oei=nTf9TK9D42lnQeR25XJCg&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0&tx=131&ty=123
http://artdefinesus.wordpress.com/2010/11/27/did-etruscan-art-inspire-disney/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/26612863@N00/2873457274/ http://khanhhoathuynga.wordpress.com/2009/05/22/hinh-ảnh-trục-vớt-cổ-vật-tau-
dắm-cu-lao-cham-hoi-an-hoard/ http://v-s-gopal.sulekha.com/blog/post/2009/11/magnificent-sculptures-in-ancient-
prambanan-temple.htm