BKF1513(INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IRRAVANI B MOHAMED@HANAFIAH NUR AYUNI BT MARSAL NUR ATIQAH BT MOHAMAD NURUL SHANAS BT MD ISHAK FAYIZAH BT YASIN KA11152 KA11154 KA11150 KA11161 KA11155

Environmental indicators are simple measures that tell

us what is happening in the environment. Direct or indirect measure of environmental quality that can be used to assess status and trends in the environment's ability to support human and ecological health(National Air and Radiation Indicators Project).

BIODIVERSITY AIR WATER

SOIL TOXIC

BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS AND OUTLOOKThe OECDs (1993) core set of indicators for biodiversity and landscape was:

Indicators of pressure habitat alteration and land conversion from its natural state, land use changes, introduction of new genetic material and species.

Indicator of condition or state threatened or extinct species as a share of total species known.

Indicators of response protected area as a percentage of total area by ecosystem type, protected species as a percentage of threatened species.

ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR AND OUTLOOK (AIR)

AIR INDICATOR AND OUTLOOK Particulate matter(PM10)--dust, smoke or fog Carbon monoxide carbon dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Sulphur dioxide Ozone

Emissions of carbon dioxide,from human activities increased by 26 percent from 1990 to 2005.

Concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen substantially since the beginning of the industrial era. Almost all of this increase is attributable to human activities.

Bryopyhtes as an indicator for air polution. Epypitic lichens

DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) Measures the amount of oxygen dissolved in water Pollution to the water can decrease the amount of DO and can be

harmful to aquatic organisms. Total dissolved gas concentrations in water should not exceed 110 percent. Concentrations above this level can be harmful to aquatic life Dissolved oxygen monitor- to check the oxygen content in water

WATER TEMPERATURE Water temperature can be measured with a thermostat, which is a

metallic device that undergoes a predictable change in resistance in response to temperature changes. This resistance is measured and converted to a temperature reading in Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin. High water temperatures stress aquatic ecosystems by reducing the ability of water to hold essential dissolved gasses like oxygen.

pH Measures the alkalinity or acidity concentration in water Acid rain causes a drop

in the pH in water. Pollution from accidental spills, agricultural runoff and sewer overflow can cause changes in pH. Changes in the pH, especially sudden changes, can prove harmful or even fatal to fish . As the pH rises it increases the toxicity of chemicals such as ammonia.

ESCHERICHIA COLI (E.coli) E. coli is the most important indicator and its presence indicates water

is unfit for human consumption. E. coli comes from human and animal waste. During rainfalls, snow melts, or other types of precipitation, E. coli may be washed into rivers, streams, lakes, or groundwater. When these waters are used as sources of drinking water and the water is not treated or inadequately treated, E. coli may end up in the drinking water.

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE Measures the ability of water to conduct an electrical current Conductivity in water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved

solids such as chloride, sulfate, sodium, calcium and others. High specific conductance indicates high dissolved-solids concentration. Agriculture is adversely affected by high-specific-conductance water as crops cannot survive if the water they use is too saline High specific-conductance may not be a direct indicator of water pollution, but it can clearly reveal the presence of dissolved material in waters, which may be an indicator of pollution.

Soil pollution indicators and outlooks

changed antropod species patterns

plants indicators

Soil pollution indicators

earthworm population

changed soil enzyme activity

1.Soil erosion is a key factor in land degradation. Around 2 000 million (2 billion) ha of soil, equal to 15 per cent of the Earths land cover or an area bigger than the United States and Mexico combined, is now classed as degraded as a result of human activities

OUTLOOKS

2.Sewage discharges, combined with run off of fertilizers from the land and emissions from cars, trucks and other vehicles, are enriching the oceans and seas with nitrogen nutrients.

Toxic indicator & outlooks

Toxic a substance thatbrings bad effects and hazardous to human and environment. Toxic can exist in air, water and solid.Divided into 3:

Chemical substanceBiological substance Physical substance

Toxic Indicators There are many ways to indicate toxic existence ; An example for detecting toxic in gas form is a technology from a Japanese company Riken Keiki Co.Ltd which produce devices that use photoelectric method.

How it detect? By emitting electrons to open air which measure difference of wavelengths. Same concept as spectrophotometry.

Another method for both water & soil toxic indicator is by measuring pH. Earthworms ingest soil contaminants and absorb them through the skin, making them an ideal indicator of soil toxicity. Scientists can examine the tissue of earthworms and observe the effects of pollution.

Toxic Outlooks United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972. The aim is to promote chemical safety by providing policy advice, technical guidance and capacity building to countries.

The following Federal regulatory agencies were established to assure public safety: Food and Drug Administration----- for pharmaceuticals, food additives, and medical devices Environmental Protection Agency ----for agricultural and industrial chemicals released to environment Consumer Product Safety Commission----- for toxins present in consumer products Department of Transportation-----for the shipment of toxic chemicals Occupational Safety and Health Administration-----for exposure to chemicals in the workplace

ConclusionEnvironmental indicators look at the effects of human activities on the environment as well as the implications of those actions on human health, quality of life and the integrity of ecosystems. Environmental indicators are usually scientifically-based information that describes environmental conditions and trends. Reliable information about the current state of the environment and the factors that stress it, is essential for making appropriate future commitments of time, energy, and resources to

Environmental Outlooks demonstrates that meeting the environmental challenges is both economically rational and technologically feasible. Seen from a long-term perspective, the costs of early action are far less than the costs of delaying; the earlier we act, the easier and less expensive the task will be.Policy-makers, businesses and consumers all need to play their part to implement the ambitious policy reforms which will deliver the most cost-effective environmental improvements. In that way, options are left open for future generations to make their own choices about how to enhance their wellbeing.