DAIKIN

Alternatives for HCFCs in single split type

(room)air conditioners

Prepared by DAIKIN Industries Ltd.Presented by Daikin Europe N.V

Joint Network Meeting for Europe and Central Asia (ECA) and South Asia (SA) Networks of Ozone officers

Istanbul, 26-30 April 2010

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Scope

- Single split air conditioners

(stationary types, “room” air conditioners)

- many also with heating function (reversible)

- Turkish market appr. 500,000 pcs/year

- mainly residential & light commercial use

DAIKIN

1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

65%

25%

10%0.5%

Consumption cap reducedfrom 35% to 25% in 2010

2013 2020 2025 2030 2040

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

65%

32.5%

2.5%

2015

90% Current: Consumption cap steadilyreduced starting in 2015 Previous: Consumption capped at2015 levels until 2040

Phase Out Schedule – Developed (A2) Countries (some countries, incl EU are more strict)

Phase Out Schedule – Developing (A5) Countries

Co

nsu

mp

tio

nC

on

sum

pti

on

Fre

eze

Note: green shows new schedule

Montreal ProtocolHCFC Accelerated Phase Out – MOP 19 September 2007 Montréal

EU

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To phase-out HCFCs, alternatives to HCFCs should be chosen carefully through overall evaluations:

1) Energy efficiency 2) Total emission 3)Safety 4) Economic aspects.

There are several candidates.1. HFO1234yf : Low GWP and not efficient2. HFC32 : Intermediate (Medium) GWP and efficient3. Propane(R290) : Natural and efficient but highly flammable4. CO2(R744) : Natural but poor in efficiency5. HFC410A : High GWP but applications are widely commercialized

This presentation shows the results of overall evaluations for alternatives to HCFCs for single split air-conditioning applications.

From the comprehensive points of view, we recommend R32 as the best alternative to new single split air-conditioners for the time being.

Abstract 4

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1) Energy-efficiencies

2) Total emissions

3) Safety measures

4) Costs

5) Summary

2. Evaluation of alternatives

1. Properties of Alternative Refrigerants

Contents

3. Conclusion

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In case ofResidential A/CCommercial A/C

Candidates for preventing global warming

HCFC22 Single

HFC410A Azeotrope

R32 SingleHF

C

Propane (R290) Single

Nat

ura

l

CO2(R744 ) Single

HFC407C Zeotrope

HFO1234yf Single

Refrigerant physical properties

Cond.Press.MPa

Capacity

R22 ratio

COP

R22 ratioODP

GWP (IPCC4)

Life

Year Flamm-ability

Toxicity

1.73 100 100 0.05 1810 11.9 No Low

2.72 141 92 0 2090 - No Low

160 97 0 675 5 Low Low

Ammonia (R717) Single 1.78 116 106 0 0 0 Low High

1.53 83 98 0 ＜ 3 - High Low

10.00 243 41 0 1 120 No Low

1.86 102 99 0 1770 - No Low

1.16 57 90 0 4 Low ?7day

HFO mixture ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Low ?

2.80

Under investigation

1. Properties of Alternative RefrigerantsFollowing table shows properties of alternative refrigerants to HCFC22.Red areas show unsuitable properties as an alternative refrigerant.

Note: Ammonia is not considered as a candidate refrigerant for small air-conditioners due to its high toxicity

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2.1 Energy-efficiencies

0 0.5 1

R410A (1.4kg)

R744 (1.05Kg)

R290 (0.49kg)

R32 (1.2kg)

HFO1234yf (1.2 kg)

•Annual efficiency (APF) comparison 　 (R410A ratio) 　 Case of 4kW Room A/C by JRAIA

Consideration: As for annual efficiency of APF, CO2 is the worst, HFO needs further optimization, and the rest of the candidates are equivalent to R410A.

Efficiency ratio 0 50 100 150 200

1

2

3

4

5

•Peak power comparison (R410 ratio) under cooling conditionOutside 35°C, room 27°CDB/19.5° CWB

Consideration: A big difference exists in the peak power under cooling condition. HFO and CO2 will cause the peak power problem in large cities.

Calculation conditions: HFO1234yf A/C is modified to improve efficiency, such as an increase in the pipe size of heat exchanger.

Power ratio

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0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

1

2

3

4

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2.2 Total Emissions

R410A (1.4kg)

R744 (1.05Kg)

R290 (0.49kg)

R32 (1.2kg)

HFO1234yf (1.2kg)

LCCP comparison (4kW Room A/C)

Indirect impact

Direct impact

JRAIA; in China 09.4.4

Precondition: refrigerant recovery rate is 30% which is current rate in Japan. LCCP (Life Cycle Climate Performance) means the sum of "the warming impact during refrigerant production” (which is negligible compared to HCFC22) , “ the warming impact according to energy consumption during operation in life cycle” and "the warming impact by emission of refrigerant“.Consideration:

LCCP of R32 and propane are less in terms of total emissions. The charge volume of R32 can be reduced by 40% compared to R410A.HFO1234yf needs to be improved in efficiency to be practical.

KgCO2

Total emissions = Indirect emissions+Direct emissions+Emissions during producing refrigerant

(Refrigerant charge)

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2.3 Safety measures to use flammable refrigerants

(2) Charge limits for DX-AC set by IEC Standard, without ventilation fan.

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 20 40 60

( )床面積 ㎡

充填

量（ｋ

ｇ）

R32

HFO1234

R290

R744

In the case of 10m2 room Propane <0.24kg HFO1234< 3.02kgR32 <3.24kg

Room area(m2)

Ch

arg

e am

ou

nt(

kg)

R32 Floor setting

Wall mounted

Wall mounted

Wall mounted

(1) Current status of Safety standards to use flammable refrigerants

[International] ISO5149 and ISO817 are being drafted, IEC 60335-2-24, 40 and 89 are published

[European] EN378 is published

[U.S.] ASHRAEstd. 34 is published, and ASHRAEstd. 15 is now under a discussion.

[Japan] High Pressure Gas Safety Law

Flammable refrigerants are limited in charge amount of DX-AC in IEC standard.

Maximum charge amount depends on LFL and installation height.

In the case of wall mounted type, the charge amounts stipulated in the std can be feasible for small and medium sized ACs except when using R290.

When charge volume exceeds the limits, leak detector and mechanical ventilation become mandatory.

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(3) Consideration on the use of 2L refrigerants classified by ASHRAE34

Class 1 (non-flammable)

Class 2L

(Low flammable limit with low burning velocity)

Class2

(Low flammable limit with high burning velocity)

Class3

(High flammable and higher heat of combustion)

CO2(R744 )

R410A

R22

HFO 1234

R32

Ammonia (Toxic)

R152a Propane (R290)

1. Class 2L is similar to ammonia which caused no flammable accidents.

Consideration is on going to clarify the safety requirements to use 2L refrigerants

2. Refrigerators, Commercial refrigeration and MAC(wrong use) which employed R290 caused fire accidents in the fields.

Beer cooler incident in Australia 10/19/95, CA: charging while engine was still hot 8/18/96, MS: low pressure hose from evaporator blew off 9/27/96, AR: torch used on truck AC unit after venting refrigerant Source: US-EPA in Bogota 2008

<Fire accident examples>

Fire accident ｓ in case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave.68/yr, death: ave.1.3/yr (01-06) ,:Source METI Japan

Refrigerators Explosion in UK and South Korea

Propane explosion in a New Zealand supermarket.

2.3 Safety measures to use flammable refrigerants

Source: EFCTC newsletterSource Telegraph.co.uk

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2.4 Costs

(1) Factors of Cost Fluctuation

Propane (R290) R32 HFO1234yf CO2(R744)

Refrigerant price Cheap Cheap Expensive Cheap

Cost for performance Compressor, EX, etc.

Modification required Same as R22

Near as R410 Same as R410

Larger comp. Larger pipe etc.

Two-stage comp.High-pressure etc.

Cost for safety Charge reduction Joint Electronic parts Leak detector Ventilation

Important (ex.230g) Special jointSealing etc.NecessaryNecessary

NecessarySpecial jointSealing etc.UnnecessaryUnnecessary

NecessarySpecial jointSealing etc.UnnecessaryUnnecessary

Necessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Unnecessary

Cost for handling Manufacture Supply chain Installation Service Disposal

Special facilityQualificationQualified personQualified personQualification

Modified facilityModificationModificationModificationModification

Modified facilityModificationModificationModificationModification

Modified facilityQualificationQualified personQualified personModification

The example of Room A/C Component which increases cost

Consideration: CO2 requires significant cost for performance improvement.

Consideration: Propane requires additional cost when taking safety measures in application and handling.

Required in Japan

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Alternatives

Refrigerant GWP

Energy efficiency

Total emission (LCCP)

Safety

Economy Issues

Annual efficiency

Peak power

Application cost

Infrastruc-ture cost

HFO1234 yf

4 O △ x △ △ x O Not commercialized

HFC32 675 △ O O O △ △ O Lower flammable

Propane 3 O O O O x △ x Higherflammable

CO2 1 O x x x O x x Lowefficiency

HFC410A 2090

x O O x O O O High GWP

2.5 Summary

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

R22 R410A CO2 Propane HFO1234 R32

The warming impact of refrigerants

Assumption:When R32 is used, the charge volume is reduced by 25%.R

410-

rati

o.

Note:○ = Suitable

△ = Poor× = Not Suitable

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3. Conclusion

1. To evaluate not only GWP but also the total emissions.

2. Higher flammable refrigerants have bigger risks, esp due to handling under poor quality control, or by wrong use.

4. HFC32 is the most practical solution for the time being.

When charge volume is small, we recommend to use class A2L refrigerants, by taking measures in accordance with IEC60335-2-40.

3. Use of efficient refrigerants brings economical benefits.

When charge volume is large, we recommend to use class A1 refrigerants for the moment.

HFO mixture could be a candidate; however, it needs further improvement to become practical.

Higher peak power will cause problems for energy supply.CO2 application requires significant cost for performance improvement, and it can be used for limited applications.

In case of R32, higher efficiency and less refrigerant charge will lead to lower emissions. Additional leakage prevention measures will contribute to emission reduction further.

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Thank you.

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Hilde Dhont : dhont.h@daikineurope.com

Martin Dieryckx : dieryckx.m@daikineurope.com