01 Chemical World

7/31/2019 01 Chemical World

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INTERNATIONALUNIVERSITY OFSARAJEVOFaculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences (FENS)

Course

C H E M I S T R Y

Dr. Emir [email protected]

Monday: 900-1050

Friday: 900

-0950

(Tutorial: 1000

-1150

)


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C H E M I S T R Y

Chemistry is the stady of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Chemistry is often called the central science, besause a basic knowledge ofchemistry is essential for students of biologie, physics, geology, ecology,

and many other subjects.Indeed, it is central for our way of life; without it, we would be living shorter

lives in primitive conditions, without modern trafic, electricity, and manyother everyday conveniences.

The rapid development of increasingly sophisticated technology thoroughoutthe twentieth century has given as even greater means to study thingsthat cannot be seen with the naked aye.


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C H E M I S T R Y

Chemistry is the stady of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Using computers and electron microscopes, for example, chemist can

analyse the structure of atoms and molecules the fundamental units

of which the study of chemistry is based and designe new substance

with specific properties, such as drugs and enviromentally friendly

consumer products.

In 21th century chemistry will continue to play a key role in all areas of

science and technology.

*Let us consider some of the frontiers that chemists are currently

exploring.


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C H E M I S T R YHealth and Medicine

The major advances in this century have enebled us to prevent and treat

diseases.

Chemists in the pharmaceutical industry are researching potent drugs to treat

cancer, AIDS, and many others diseases as well as drugs to increase the

number of successful organ transplants.


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Aim:To give an overview of the energy-supply

reaction-pathways starting fromglucose as nutritional source.


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Aim: Application of magnetic

nuclear spin resonance

in medical diagnostics.

Aim: To explain the use of X-rays

in medical diagnoses.


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Aim: give an example of the various steps involved

in industrial organic synthesis of a medical drug.


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C H E M I S T R YEnergy and Environment

Energy is a bay-product of many chemical processes, and as the demand for

energy continues to increase, both in technologicaly advanced countries likethe United States and in developing ones like China, chemists are trying tofind new energy sources.

Currently the major sources of energy are fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, andnatural gas)


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The estimated reserves of those fuels will last us another 50-100 years, at thepresent rate of consumption, so it is urgent that we find alternatives.

Solar energy promises to be a viable source of energy for the future.

By 2050, however, it has been predicted that solar energy will suplly over 50

percent of our power needs.


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Another potential source of energy is nuclear fission, but because ofenvironmental concerns about the radioactive from fission processes, thefuture of the nuclear industry in the United States is unsure.

Power plant: Exploiting water power to produce electricity


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Chemists can help to device better ways to dispose of nuclear waste. Nuclearfusion, the process that occurs in the sun and other stars, generate hugeamounts of energy without producing much dangerous radioactive waste.

In another 50 years, nuclear fusion will likely be a significant source ofenergy.


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C H E M I S T R YMaterials and Technology

Chemical research and development in the twentieth century have provided uswith new materials that have profoundly improved the quality of our livesand helped to advance technology in countless ways. A few examples are

polymers (including rubber and nylon), ceramics,.....


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What is in store for the near future?

One likely possibility is room-temperature supercondutors. Electricity is cariedby copper, which are not perfect conductors. Consequently, about 20percent of electrical energy is lost in the form of heat between the powerstation and our homes.

Superconductors are material that have not electrical resistence and cantherefore conduct electricity with no energy loss.

Hemists have helped to design and sinthesise new materials that show promisein this quest.

structure of carbonnanotubes;the tubes are virtuallymade by infinite sheets;the merging line can beregular of shifted

CarbonNanotubes


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If we had to name one technological advance that has shaped our lives morethan any other, it would be the computer. The engine that drives theongoing computer revolution is the microprocessorthe tiny silicon chipthat has inspired countless inventions, such as laptop computers and faxmashines. Microprocesor speed is doubled every 18 mounts.

At this rate by the year 2030 one desk computer will be as powerful as all those

in Californias Silicon Valley in 1998 !Chemists play an important role in the research and development of siliconchips.

For the future, scientist have begun to explore the prospect of molecularcomputing, that is replacing silicon with molecules......

Optical computers also would have much greater storage capacity than

electronic computers.

Computers have completely changed the shape of our industry.Microprocessor


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C H E M I S T R YFood and Agriculture

The world's population is growing faster than ever before which puts increasingpressure on agriculture to produce even greater quantities of food.

How can the world's rapidly increasing population be fed? In poor countries,agricultural activities occupy about 80 percent of the workforce, and half of anaverage family budget is spent on foodstuffs. This is a tremendous drain on anation's resources.

Traditional methods of farming just cannot produce enough food and one answer lies in

intensive farming. This increases the yield by the large scale use of : modern machinery

artificial fertilisers to supply essential nutrients

fungicides to combat disease

pesticides and weed killers to combat pests and weeds

Such measures have often had serious detrimental effects on the environment.

Even the excessive use of fertilizers is harmful to the land, water, and air.


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Incorporating the gene that codes for the toxin into crops enables plants to protect

themselves so that pesticides are not necessary. Researchers have also found a

way to prevent pesky insects from reproducing. Insects communicate with one

another by emitting and reacting to special molecules called pheromones.


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By identifying and synthesizing pheromones used in mating, it is possible to

interfere with the normal reproductive cycle of common pests, for

example, by inducing insects to mate too soon or tricking female insectsinto mating with sterile males.

Moreover, chemists can devise ways to increase the production of fertilizers

that are less harmful to the environment and substances that would

selectively kill weeds.

Fertilizer: a substance that is put on the soil to make plants grow


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THE STUDY OF C H E M I S T R Y

Compared with other subjects, chemistry is commonly believed to be moredifficult, at least at the introductory level.

There is some justification for this perception; for one thing, chemistry has a veryspecialized vocabulary. However, even if this is your first course in chemistry,you already have more familiarity with the subject than you may realize.

Scanning tunneling

microscope image

of nickel atoms

Scanning tunneling

microscope image of

a DNA molecule


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In everyday conversations we hear words that have a chemical connection,

although they may not be used in the scientifically correct sense. Examplesare "electronic," "quantum leap," "equilibrium," "catalyst," "chain reaction,"and "critical mass.

Moreover, if you cook, then you are a practicing chemist! From experiencegained in the kitchen, you know that oil and water do not mix and thatboiling water left on the stove will evaporate.



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You apply chemical and physical principles when you use baking soda to leavenbread, choose a pressure cooker to shorten the time it takes to prepare soup,add meat tenderizer to a pot roast, squeeze lemon juice over sliced pears toprevent them from turning brown or over fish to minimize its odor, and add

vinegar to the water in which you are going to poach eggs.



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Every day we observe such changes without thinking about their chemicalnature. The purpose of this course is to make you think like a chemist, tolook at the macroscopic worldthe things we can see, touch, and measuredirectlyand visualize the particles and events of the microscopic worldthat

we cannot experience without modern technology and our imaginations.


graphite

human genes

H2O, CO

2,...


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At first some students find it confusingthat their chemistry instructor andtextbook seem to be continuallyshifting back and forth between themacroscopic and microscopic worlds.Just keep in mind that the data forchemical investigations most oftencome from observations of large-scale phenomena, but the

explanations frequently lie in theunseen and partially imaginedmicroscopic world of atoms andmolecules.

In other words, chemists often see onething (in the macroscopic world) andthink another (in the microscopic

world).Looking at the rusted car, for example, a

chemist might think about the basicproperties of individual atoms of ironand how these units interact withother atoms and molecules toproduce the observed change.



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All sciences, including social sciences, employ variations of what is called thescientific

method, a systematic approach to research.The first step is carefully define the problem.

The next step includes performing experiments, making careful observation, andrecording information, or data, about the system the part of the universe that isunder observation.

The data obtained in research study may be both qualitative, consisting of generalobservations about the system, and quantitative, comprising numbers obtained by

various measurements of the system.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHODScience uses instruments

to make measurements.


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When the experiments have been completed and the data have been recorded,the next step in the scientific method is interpretation, meaning that thescientist attempts to explain the observed phenomenon.

Now researcher formulates a hypothesis, a tentative explanation for a set ofobservation. Further experiments are devised to test the validity of thehypothesis in as many ways as posible, and the proces anew.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD


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After a large amount of data have been collected, it is often desirable tosummarize the information in a concise way, as a law.

In scince, a lawis aconcise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationshipbetween phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions.

Hypotheses that survive many experiments tests of their validity may evolveintotheories.

A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or thoselaws that are based on them.

Theories, too, are constantly being tested.

If a theory is disproved by experiment, than it mast be discarded or modified so

that it becomes consistent with experimental observations.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD


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What you should know !

What Chemistry deals with

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