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Direction Institute for IAS

The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) is the apex research organization under the Ministry of

Environment and Forests, ovt! of India for carrying out taxonomic and f"oristic studies on #i"d

p"ant resources of the country! It #as esta$"ished on %&th Fe$ruary, %' #ith the $asic o$*ective

to exp"ore the p"ant resources of the country and to identify the p"ants species #ith economic

virtues! Sir eorge +ing, the then Superintendent of the -oya" Botanic arden. /a"cutta!

BSI (Botanical Survey of India ) covering the following areas

• 0estern 1ima"aya2 3ropica" and Su$tropica" 4ones of Si#a"i5s6 Masarta",Bina55ha",

+andi5ha" and /handra$adni6 Su5hi78ha"a, 9hara"i7Satta"and,Siyanad7+haga "acier

va""ey and ovind :ashu ;ihar <ationa" :ar5 of =ttar5ashi 9istrict

• Eastern 1ima"aya2 Si55im (0est and South districts)

• <orth > East India2 Arunacha" :radesh (+urum +umey, An*a# and 0est Siang districts,

9ihang 9i$ang Biosphere -eserve), Assam (i$$on 0i"d"ife Sanctuary, :ani 9ihing

0i"d"ife Sanctuary, :a$ha 0i"d"ife Sanctuary, Barnadi 0i"d"ife Sanctuary), Mizoram

(Aiza#" and +o"asi$ districts and :ua"reng 0i"d"ife Sanctuary), Megha"aya (East and 0est

aro 1i""s districts)

• Arid > Semi Arid2 u*arat (-a*5ot, Bhavnagar, :atan districts)6 -a*asthan (9arrah 0i"d"ife)

• angetic :"ains2 =ttar :radesh (-anipur 0i"d"ife Sanctuary, +aterniyaghat 0i"d"ife

Sanctuary, /ham$a" 0i"d"ife Sanctuary), 8har5hand (9a"ma 0i"d"ife Sanctuary, +oderma

0i"d"ife Sanctuary), 0est Benga" (Buxa <ationa" :ar5, orumara <ationa" :ar5)

• 9eccan :eninsu"a2 Madhya :radesh (ovindsagar 9am, 1a"a"i 9am, Mod 9am, =pper

?a5e)

• 0estern hats2 +arnata5a (Moo5am$i5a 0i"d"ife Sanctuary), oa (<etrava"i, /otigaon,

Madei7Bond"a 0i"d"ife Sanctuaries and 9r! Sa"im A"i Bird Sanctuary), +era"a (0ayanad

0i"d"ife Sanctuary, Idu55i, /hitteri 1i""s), 3ami" <adu (;e""ingiri, Siruvani and Ana55atti

1i""s)

• A @ < Is"ands2 Midd"e Andaman (Intervie# Is"ands 0?S), <ico$ar (?itt"e <ico$ar)

•

9uring these fie"d tours, ca ,&C specimens have $een co""ected! D,&D of these co""ectedspecimens $e"onging to ca ' species #ere identified $y scientists of different regiona"

centres and units #hich resu"ted in discovery of one genus, %C species, four varieties as ne#

to science and % species as ne# to India! 9u %ring the period BSI monitored the status of

%

%

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9I-E/3I< (Institute For IAS Examination) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!BG <EE3= SI<1

conservation of threatened species in the fo""o#ing $otanica" gardens under HAssistance to

Botanic ardens Scheme.funded $y MoEF!

> Botanic arden of +M/1 /o""ege of :harmacy, /oim$atore, 3ami" <adu

> Botanic arden of Shi :rasa5thi /o""ege of 0omen, /ourta""am, 3ami" <adu

> Botanic arden of 3hanthai 1ans -oever /o""ege, :eram$a"ur, 3ami" <adu

> Botanic arden of Assam Bio7-esource /entre of Assam Science @ 3echno"ogy,

Assam

> Botanic arden of 8unagarh Agricu"tura" =niversity, 8unagarh, u*arat

Botanic arden of =niversity of Agricu"tura" Sciences, Srinagar, 8ammu @ +ashmir

> Botanic arden of 9! M! /o""ege of Sciences, Impha", Manipur

Zoological Survey of India (4SI), esta$"ished in %%, is a preeminent research institution under

Ministry of Environment and Forests! 3his institution is tas5ed #ith the survey and exp"oration of

fauna" resources of the country!

3he u"timate goa" is the taxonomic identification and documentation of the country.s $iodiversity!

Scientists of 4SI surveyed States, =nion 3erritories, Biosphere reserves, /onservation Areas and

made Status Surveys! A tota" of % surveys #erecarried out during the period under report from

the areas stated $e"o#!States and =3.s Biosphere -eserve %%/onservation Area &

ne of the scientists of 4SI participated in the $utterf"y survey of Ara"am, and Ma"a$ar 0i"d"ife

Sanctuaries, +ottiyur -eserve Forest as #e"" as the 3husaragiri, and +a55avaya" areas of southern

0estern hats a"ong #ith a team of $utterf"y experts inc"uding 9r! +rushnamegh +unte of

1arvard =niversity, =!S!A

> A survey for amphi$ian studies #as conducted in the +empho"ay forests,undia and

/harmadi hats of +arnata5a a"ong #ith a team of outside amphi$ian experts, in

search of H?ost Amphi$ians!

Genus new to Science

> ne ne# genus of order 1ymenoptera identified!

> ne ne# genus of order Arachnida discovered!Species new to Science

> 3#o species of :rotozoa, ne species of <ematode, Six species of 3rematodes, ne

species of ?eech, 3#o species of Sc"eractinian cora"s, CD species of Insects, 3#o

Arachinids, Six species of Fishes, Five species of Amphi$ians are descri$ed as

ne# to science!

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> Fish enus, Brachysomophys (:isces2 phichthidae) and Anuorphorus are recorded

for the first time from India!

> Fourty four species of donata, and D' species of fresh#ater fishes #ere assessed $y 4SI

scientists and #ere incorporated in the I=/< -ed ?ist

Forest Survey of India (FSI) is a su$ordinate office of the Ministry of Environment @ Forests,

overnment of India and is responsi$"e for the nationa" forest resource assessment! Esta$"ished

on %st 8une, %'%, the Forest Survey of India succeeded the H:re investment Survey of Forest

-esources (:ISF-), a pro*ect initiated in %C $y overnment of India #ith the sponsorship

of Food and Agricu"ture rganization (FA) and =nited <ations 9eve"opment :rogramme

(=<9:)! 3he mandate of FSI #as revised in %' in order to ma5e it more re"evant to the rapid"y

changing needs and aspirations of the country! Ma*or activities of FSI are Forest @ 3ree /over

Assessment. and Estimation of ro#ing Stoc5 of #ood #ithin and outside the country.s forests!

FSI is a"so engaged in providing training to state forest department personne" in app"ication of

-emote Sensing @ eographica" Information System (IS) in forest resource assessment! 3he

main o$*ectives of FSI are as fo""o#s2

> 3o prepare a comprehensive State of the Forest -eport (SF-) inc"uding <ationa"

;egetation Map (<;M) once every t#o years! It #i"" a"so prepare thematic maps through use of

remote sensing data #ith minimum essentia" ground7 truth verification (most ground7truth

verification #ou"d $e done $y the respective state governments) on a ten year cyc"e!

> 3o co""ect, store and retrieve necessary forestry and forestry7re"ated data for nationa"

and state "eve" p"anning and to create a computer $ased <ationa" Basic

Forest Inventory System (BFIS)!

Forest Survey of India (FSI) has $een imparting training since %'% to forestry personne" through

short term courses (oneJ t#o #ee5s) on the modern techniKues app"ied in forest inventory and

surveys 9uring the current financia" year, %& personne" from the various State Forest

9epartments have $een trained in the training courses run $y the FSI ti"" &% st 9ecem$er, % on

the fo""o#ing themes!Since its inception, more than &,& forestry personne" from State Forest 9epartments have $een

trained at FSI! FSI has a"so trained a$out

C forestry personne" at various outreach customized training courses for the State Forest

9epartments

> App"ication of -emote Sensing and IS in Effective Forest :"anning and Management

&

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> App"ication of -emote Sensing and IS in 0or5ing :"an :reparation

> Advanced /ourse on App"ication of IS in Forest -esource Management

> Inventory 3echniKues, Image :rocessing and IS App"ications in Forestry

> :S in Forest Surveys @ 9emarcation!

The "inistry of #nvironment $ Forests is at the forefront in regard to conservation and

management of mangroves @ cora" reefs! It accords high priority to the conservation and

management of mangroves and cora" reefs in the country! Mangroves are p"ants that survive high

sa"inity, tida" regimes, strong #ind ve"ocity, high temperature and muddy anaero$ic soi" > a

com$ination of conditions hosti"e for other p"ants! 3he mangrove ecosystems constitute a

sym$iotic "in5 or $ridge $et#een terrestria" and marine ecosystems! 3hey are found in the inter7

tida" zones of she"tered shores, estuaries, cree5s, $ac5#aters, "agoons, marshes and mud7f"ats!

Mangrove vegetation has $een reported in a"" the % coasta" StatesJ=3s! India is home to some of

the $est mangroves in the #or"d! 0est Benga" has maximum mangrove cover in the country

fo""o#ed $y u*arat and Andaman @ <ico$ar Is"ands! 1o#ever, not a"" coasta" areas are suita$"e

for mangrove p"antation as mangrove reKuires an appropriate mix and sa"ine @ fresh#ater, and

soft su$strate "i5e mudf"ats to $e a$"e to gro# and perpetuate! 3he overnment has identified &'

mangrove areas on a country #ide $asis for intensive conservation and management!

Mangroves Sites in India

State%&nion Territories "angrove areas

0est Bena" %! Sunder$ans

rissa ! Bhaitar5ani5a

&! Mahanadi

D! Su$ernare5ha

C! 9evi7+auda

! 9hamra

! Mangrove enetic-esources /entre

'! /hi"5aAndhra :radesh ! /oringa

%! East odavari

%%! +rishna

3ami" <adu %! :ichavaram

%&! Muthupet

D

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%D! -amnad

%C! :u"icat

%! +azhuve"i

Andaman @ <ico$ar %! <orth Andamans

%'! <ico$ar

+era"a %! ;em$anad

! +annur (<orthern +era"a)

+arnata5a %! /oondapur

! 9a5shin +annadaJ1onnavar

&! +ar#ar

D! Mang"ore Forest 9ivision

oa C! oa

Maharashtra ! Achra7-atnagiri

! 9evgarh7;i*ay 9urg

'! ;e"dur

! +unda"i5a7-evdanda

&! Mum$ra79iva

&%! ;i5ro"i

&! Shreevardhan

&&! ;aitarna

&D! ;asai7Manori

&C! Ma"van

u*arat &! u"f of +utchh

&! u"f of +ham$hat

&'! 9umas7=$hrat

'oral eefs

3he four ma*or cora" reefs areas identified for intensive conservation @ management are2i) u"f of Mannar, ii) u"f of +achchh, iii) ?a5shad#eep and iv) Andaman and <ico$ar Is"ands!

3he emphasis is on preventive aspects through monitoring and survei""ance as the restoration

#or5 is $oth cost"y and time consuming! 3he Ministry provides financia" assistance to the State

Forest 9epartments of a"" the four identified cora" reefs areas in the country for activities "i5e

monitoring, survei""ance, education @ a#areness! Besides, the Ministry a"so supports -@9

C

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activities #ith emphasis on targeted research on cora" $iodiversity, its management inc"uding

various aspects of po""ution in these areas! 3he Indian reef area is estimated to $e ,&C sK 5m!

For encouraging targeted research on $oth hard and soft cora"s in the country, the Ministry has

esta$"ished a <ationa" /ora" -eef -esearch /entre at :ort B"air! 3he Internationa" /ora" -eef

Initiative (I/-I) is a partnership among governments, internationa" organization, and non7

governmenta" organizations throughout the #or"d! India participated in the I/-I enera" Meeting

in Monaco during %th to %Cth 8anuary!

Biosphere eserves are areas of terrestria" and coasta" ecosystems #hich areinternationa""y

recognized #ithin the frame#or5 of Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme of =<ES/!

ut of the % Biosphere -eserves designated nationa""y, so far seven viz!, <i"giri (3ami" <adu,

+era"a and +arnata5a)6 u"f of Mannar (3ami" <adu), Sunder$ans (0est Benga"), <anda 9evi,

(=ttara5hand), :achmarhi (Madhya :radesh), Simi"ipa" (rissa) and <o5re5 (Megha"aya) have

$een inc"uded in the 0or"d <et#or5 of Biosphere -eserves of =<ES/! 3he nominations in

respect of +hangchendzonga (Si55im), reat <ico$ar (Andaman @ <ico$ar Is"ands) and

Achana5mar @ Amar5anta5 (/hhattisgarh @ Madhya :radesh) are under active consideration of

the =<ES/ for inc"usion in the #or"d <et#or5!

3he =nited <ations enera" Assem$"y (=<A) had proc"aimed % as theInternationa" Gear of

Biodiversity (IGB), to create a#areness a$out the understanding of threats to and the need for

conservation of $iodiversity! 3he Ministry undertoo5 a num$er of activities to create

a#arenessa$out $iodiversity issues during the ce"e$ration of IGB in %! 3he IGB #as forma""y

"aunched in India on Dth 8anuary, %, in #hich the Minister for Environment @ Forests re"eased

a $rochure on Achieving % Biodiversity 3arget6 India.s /ontri$utions., high"ighting measure

ta5en $y India to#ards $iodiversity conservation! A ca"endar for the year %

A specia" session on Biodiversity and Sustaina$"e 9eve"opment. #as organized on th 8anuary,

% during the th Indian Science /ongress he"d in 3hiruvananthapuram!

/o:7% a"so endorsed India.s offer to host the /o:7%% to $e he"d in cto$er, in the year %,

#hich a"so mar5s the %

th

anniversary of 8ohannes$urg 0or"d Summit on Sustaina$"e9eve"opment, th anniversary of the -io Earth Summit and Dth anniversary of Stoc5ho"m

/onference! /onsidering that India #ou"d $e hosting the next /o:, India had organized some

additiona" activities, #hich successfu""y he"ped increase our visi$i"ity during /o:7%! 3hese

activities inc"uded2 three side events, a disp"ay $ooth at the exhi$ition, and a -eception #ith

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cu"tura" programme on the "ast day of /o:7%! > 3he <agoya :rotoco" on ABS has $een opened

for signature on nd Fe$ruary, %% at the =< 1eadKuarters in <e# Gor5!

3he Ministry has cohosting #ith =<E: an internationa" meeting of ABS experts in /hennai on

%&7%C Fe$ruary, %% to revie#, ana"yse and interpret the provisions of <agoya :rotoco"! 3his

exercise #ou"d contri$ute to ear"y signing and ratification of this :rotoco" $y countries!

> 3he Ministry organized a Sta5eho"der /onsu"tation on 3he Economics of Ecosystems and

Biodiversity (3EEB) in India

in <e# 9e"hi on %7%% Fe$ruary, %%, in #hich the Minister for Environment @ Forests

"aunched the preparation of India 3EEB! It is proposed to come out #ith an interim report of

India 3EEB during /o:7%% in cto$er, %!

Biological Diversity ct

• 3a5ing cognizance of the Internationa" /onvention on Biodiversity (/B9), and to address the

excessive pressure on $iodiversity, the overnment of India has enactedBio"ogica"

9iversity Act, (B9A )! According"y, the nationa", state and "oca" "eve" mechanisms

have $een provided for imp"ementation of the Act! At the nationa" "eve",<ationa"

Biodiversity Authority (<BA) has $een esta$"ished $y overnment of India in cto$er,

& at /hennai (3ami" <adu) under Section (') of the Bio"ogica" 9iversity

• Act! 3he State Biodiversity Boards (SBB) have $een esta$"ished $y the State

overnments and Biodiversity Management /ommittees (BM/) constituted $y the "oca"

$odies!

• Bio"ogica" 9iversity Act It is an autonomous, statutory and regu"atory organization #hich is

intended to imp"ement the provisions of Bio"ogica" 9iversity Act, !3#enty four States

have so far set up State Biodiversity Boards! E"even states viz! Andhra :radesh, u*arat,

-a*asthan, +arnata5a, Madhya :radesh, Manipur, Si55im, 0est Benga", 3ripura, =ttar

:radesh and Maharashtra have a"so notified the state specific ru"es in accordance #ith the

provisions of the Act!

• 9uring the year, one Authority meeting (%th) #as he"d on %Dth Septem$er % and

important decisions #ere ta5en on different matters! 3hirty one app"ications for access to

$ioresources #ere received and are at various stages of processing during the period! <ine

agreements #ere signed $y <BA #ith app"icants during %7%%!

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• In pursuance of Section &' of the Act re"ating to notification of threatened species, the

Ministry has notified in the States of oa and 0est Benga" on March &%, %, +arnata5a on

cto$er &, %!

• In accordance #ith Section &, the overnment of +arnata5a has notified the H3amarind

site at <a""ur in 9evanaha""i 3a"u5, Banga"ore district as first Biodiversity 1eritage Site in

the country! 3his B1S spread over CD acres comprising a popu"ation of near"y & trees, is a

picture of dynamic pattern of p"ant diversity! 3he State has a"so notified H1ogre5an #hich

is having uniKue Sho"a vegetation and grass "and #ith num$er of f"ora" species #hich are

uniKue and having "ot of medicina" va"ue, and =niversity of Agricu"tura" Sciences, H+;+

/ampus, Benga"uru as &rd B1S in the State #hich is considered as one of the greenest areas

in Benga"uru! Bio"ogica" diversity of this campus constitutes a critica" repository of various

forms of f"ora and fauna! Severa" states have identified the sites and process of notificationis

under progress!

Forest 'onservation *+,ectives

3he mandate of the Forest /onservation 9ivision is to regu"ate the diversion of forest "and for

non7forestry purposesthrough effective imp"ementation of the Forest (/onservation) Act, %',

#hich #as enacted on C th cto$er, %'!

3he Indian /ounci" of Forestry -esearch and Education (I/F-E) an autonomous organization

under the Ministry of Environment @ Forests, and its InstitutesJ /enters name"y27

> Forest -esearch Institute, 9ehradun

> Arid Forest -esearch Institute, 8odhpur

> Forest -esearch /entre, 1ydera$ad

> Forestry -esearch @ 1uman -esource 9eve"opment /entre, /hhind#ara

> 1ima"ayan Forest -esearch Institute, Shim"a

> Institute of Forest enetics and 3ree Breeding, /oim$atore

> Institute of Forest :roductivity, -anchi

> Institute of 0ood Science and 3echno"ogy, Banga"ore > -ain Forest -esearch Institute, 8orhat

> 3ropica" Forest -esearch Institute, 8a$a"pur

Forest Survey of India (FSI), 9ehradun and its fo""o#ing four 4ona" ffices as indicated

$e"o#67

> /entra" 4one, <agpur

'

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> Eastern 4one, +o"5ata

> <orthern 4one, Shim"a

> Southern 4one, Banga"ore

0i"d"ife /rime /ontro" Bureau (0//B) and its -egiona" ffices at 67

> /hennai, Southern -egion

> +o"5ata, Eastern -egion

> Mum$ai, 0estern -egion,

> 8a$"apur, /entra" -egion

> <e# 9e"hi, <orthern -egion

9irectorate of Forest Education (9FE) inc"uding the fo""o#ing State Forest /o""eges67

> State Forest Service /o""ege, 9ehradun

> State Forest Service /o""ege, /oim$atore

> State Forest Service /o""ege, Burnihat

> State Forest Service /o""ege, +urseong

> <ationa" 4oo"ogica" :ar5 (<4:), <e# 9e"hi

> Indira andhi <ationa" Forest Academy (I<FA), 9ehradun

Forest -olicy

Forest :o"icy 9ivision of Ministry of Environment @ Forests (MoEF) coordinates the <ationa"

Forest :o"icy, %'' and its imp"ementation issues, Forest Internationa" /ooperation $esides

examining and coordinating the State Forest :o"icies, State Forest ActsJAmendments etc! In

addition Forest :o"icy 9ivision has $een made <oda" 9ivision regarding /"imate /hange in

Forestry 0ing of MoEF!

'ommittee on Forestry ('*F*)

Indian de"egation :articipated in the th Session of the /ommittee on Forestry (/F) he"d at

FA 1eadKuarters, -ome, Ita"y from Dth to 'th cto$er, %! 3he /ommittee discussed various

issues re"ated to forestry! :rominent among them are2

%! Forest Biodiversity in the context of /"imate /hange! Forest 1ea"th and Forest Fire in the context of /"imate /hange

&! Forest and #ater in the context of the /"imate /hange

D! Strengthening pu$"ic and private sector financia" support for Sustaina$"e Forest

Management

C! Forest overnance

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! Emerging opportunities and cha""enges in the context of /"imate /hange inc"uding

-E99L!

Indian 'ouncil of Forestry esearch and Education (I/F-E), an apex $ody in the nationa"

forestry research system, has $een underta5ing the ho"istic deve"opment of forestry research

through need $ased p"anning, promoting, conducting and coordinating research, education and

extension covering a"" aspects of forestry -esearch Institutes under the /ounci" are

> Forest -esearch Institute (F-I), 9ehradun

> Institute of Forest enetics and 3ree Breeding (IF3B), /oim$atore

> Institute of 0ood Science and 3echno"ogy (I0S3), Benga"uru

> 3ropica" Forest -esearch Institute (3F-I), 8a$a"pur

> -ain Forest -esearch Institute (-F-I), 8orhat

> Arid Forest -esearch Institute (AF-I), 8odhpur

> 1ima"ayan Forest -esearch Institute (1F-I),Shim"a

> Institute of Forest :roductivity (IF:), -anchi

3he I/F-E participated in the Bonn /"imate /hange 3a"5s. he"d on Bonn,ermany on th to

%%th Apri" %!Advanced -esearch /entres under the /ounci" are

> /entre for Socia" Forestry and Eco7 -eha$i"itation (/SFE-), A""aha$ad

> /entre for Forestry -esearch and 1uman -esource 9eve"opment (/F-1-9),

/hhind#ara

> Forest -esearch /entre (F-/), 1ydera$ad

> Advanced -esearch /entre for Bam$oo and -attans (A-/B-), Aiza#"

9irectorate of Forest Education (9FE),9ehradun

3he 9irectorate of Forest Education (9FE) under the Ministry is responsi$"e for imparting

professiona"Jtechnica" trainingJeducation in the /ountry to the State Forest Service (SFS) fficers

and Forest -ange fficers (F-s)!

3raining Institutes! 3here are three Academies and ne /o""ege under the 9irectorate and the

names and inta5e capacity (:er $atch) of these academies and co""eges are as under!

> /entra" Academy for State Forest Service, 9ehradun

> /entra" Academy for State Forest Service, /oim$atore

> /entra" Academy for State Forest Service, Burnihat

> Eastern Forest -angers /o""ege, +urseong

%

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ational Board for .ildlife

3he 0i"d"ife (:rotection) Act, % envisages for constitution of <ationa" Board for 0i"d"ife

(<B0?) to promote the conservation of and deve"opment of #i"d"ife and forests and a"so for

framing po"icies and advising /entra" overnment and State overnments on the #ays and

means of promoting #i"d"ife conservation, etc! 3he <ationa" Board for 0i"d"ife is /haired $y

1on.$"e :rime Minister #ith the Minister7in7charge for Environment @ Forests as the ;ice

/hairperson!

'entral Zoo uthority

3he /entra" 4oo Authority is a statutory autonomous $ody esta$"ished $y the overnment of

India in the year % through an amendment in the 0i"d ?ife (:rotection) (%% Amendment)

Act, %!

3he /entra" 4oo Authority is a t#e"ve mem$er $ody headed $y a /hairman! Minister of State for

Environment @ Forests (Independent /harge) is present"y the ex7officio /hairman of the /entra"

4oo Authority! Mem$er Secretary is the /hief Executive fficer of the Authority!

/uman esource Development

3he /entra" 4oo Authority in co""a$oration #ith San*ay andhi Bio"ogica" :ar5, :atna organized

a #or5shop on H/onservation education and zoos for the Educators #or5ing in the zoos at :atna

from th Apri" > th Apri" %!

3he /entra" 4oo Authority in co""a$oration #ith <ationa" Institute of Anima" 0e"fare,

Ba""a$hgarh organized a training programme on H9ifferent aspects of anima" #e"fare in zoos for

the "o#er "eve" of personne" #or5ing in the zoos at Ba""a$hgarh from 'th 8une >nd 8u"y %!

The 'entral Zoo uthority organized training programme on HS:A-+S soft#are at /hennai

from 7th <ovem$er %, and u#ahati from & <ovem$er > Dth 9ecem$er % for the

record 5eepers of zoos in co""a$oration #ith Arignar Anna 4oo"ogica" :ar5 and Assam State 4oo

u#ahati respective"y for $etter record 5eeping in zoos!#lephant eserves

0ith the notification of =ttar :radesh E"ephant reserve in the year , the tota" num$er of

E"ephant -eserves (E-s) in the country has $ecome #here as permission for five more

E"ephant -eserves 7 Baitarini E- @ South rissa E- in rissa, ?emru @ Bada"5hod in

%%

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/hattisgarh and +hasi E- in Megha"aya has $een accorded $y the Ministry! 3he area under these

#ou"d $e extending over a$out C' sK 5m

Tiger -rotection

3he popu"ation of the tiger #as estimated in % Indian states!3he resu"ts from this procedure

indicate that tiger popu"ations are via$"e #ithin :rotected Areas $ut are under threat outside

them!

TIG# #S#0#S I IDI (State #ise)

% Manas (Assam)

+aziranga (Assam)

& <ameri (Assam)

D <agar*unasagar (Andhra :radesh)

C <amdapha (Arunacha" :radesh)

:a55e (Arunacha" :radesh)

;a"mi5i (Bihar)

' Indravati (/hhattisgarh)

=ndanti7Sitandadi (/hhattisgarh)

% Achana5mar (/hhattisgarh)

%% :a"amau (8har5hand)

% :eriyar (+era"a)

%& :aram$i5u"am (+era"a)

%D Bandipur (+arnata5a)

%C Bhadra (+arnata5a)

% 9ande"i7Anshi (+arnata5a)

% <agarho"e (+arnata5a)

%' 3ado$a7Andhari (Maharashtra)

% :ench (Maharashtra)

Me"ghat (Maharashtra)% Bandhavgarh (Madhya:radesh)

+anha (Madhya :radesh)

& Satpura (Madhya :radesh)

D :anna (Madhya :radesh)

C San*ay79u$ri (Madhya :radesh)

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:ench (Madhya :radesh)

9ampa (Mizoram)

' Sat5osia (rissa)

Sim"ipa" (rissa)

& -antham$hore (-a*asthan)

&% Saris5a (-a*asthan)

& +a"a5ad7Mundanthurai (3ami" <adu)

&& Muduma"ai (3ami" <adu)

&D Anama"ai (3ami" <adu)

&C /or$ett (=ttara5hand)

& 9udh#a (=ttar :radesh)

& Buxa (0est Benga")

&' Sunder$ans (0est Benga")

& Sahyadri (Maharashtra)

ecent Initiatives In Strengthening of anti7poaching activities, inc"uding specia" strategy for

monsoon patro""ing, $y providing funding support to tiger reserve states, as proposed $y them, for

dep"oyment of anti7poaching sKuads invo"ving ex7army personne"Jhome guards, apart from

#or5force comprising "oca" peop"e, in addition to strengthening of communicationJ #ire"ess

faci"ities! n 9ec"aration of nine ne# tiger reserves and in7princip"e approva" accorded for creation

of four ne# reserves 7 Bi"igiri in +arnata5a, :i"i$hit in =ttar :radesh, -atapani in Madhya

:radesh and Suna$eda in rissa! n 3he revised :ro*ect 3iger guide"ines have $een issued to states

for strengthening tiger conservation, #hich apart from ongoing activities, inc"udefunding support

to states for enhanced vi""age reha$i"itation pac5age for peop"e "iving in core or critica" tiger

ha$itats (from % "a5h to % "a5h per fami"y), reha$i"itation of communities invo"ved in

traditiona" hunting, mainstreaming "ive"ihood and #i"d"ife concerns in forests outside tiger

reserves and fostering corridor conservation through restorative strategy to arrest ha$itatfragmentation! n Financia" and technica" he"p is provided to States under various centra""y

sponsored schemes, viz! :ro*ect 3iger, :ro*ect E"ephant and Integrated

9eve"opment of 0i"d"ife 1a$itats for enhancing the capacity and infrastructure of the states for

providing effective protection to #i"d anima"s! n A "o$a" 3iger Forum of 3iger -ange /ountries

has $een created for addressing internationa" issues re"ated to tiger conservation! n As part of

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active management to re$ui"d Saris5a and :anna tiger reserves #here tigers have $ecome "oca""y

extinct, reintroduction of tigers have $een done! n Specia" advisories issued for in7situ $ui"d7up of

prey $ase and tiger popu"ation through active management in tiger reserves having "o#

popu"ation status of tiger and its prey!

International 'ooperation

In India has a Memorandum of =nderstanding #ith <epa" on contro""ing trans7$oundary i""ega"

trade in #i"d"ife and conservation, apart from a protoco" on tiger conservation #ith /hina! n 3he

process is on for $i"atera" protoco" #ith Bang"adesh, Bhutan @ Myanmar! n A "o$a" 3iger Forum

of 3iger -ange /ountries has $een created for addressing internationa" issues re"ated to tiger

conservation!

Amongst the seven surveyed "andscapes, the "andscape that contained San,ay ational -ar12

Du+ri .ildlife Sanctuary and Guru Ghasidas ational -ar1 #as the "argest, covering over

%,C 5m! It is in this "andscape that the cheetah continued to survive ti"" after India.s

Independence! 3he three protected areas #ere current"y estimated to have the capacity to support

a$out %D cheetah! 0ith restorative and manageria" inputs under the :ro*ect 3iger scheme

avai"a$"e for San*ay <ationa" :ar5 and 9u$ri 0i"d"ife

Sanctuary, these protected areas are "i5e"y to improve and cou"d potentia""y support over &

cheetah, #hi"e the "andscape cou"d ho"d upto individua"s 0e recommend that uru hasidas

<ationa" :ar5 in /hhattisgarh a"so $e considered under the :ro*ect 3iger scheme as it is #e""

connected #ith San*ay <ationa" :ar5 and 9u$ri 0i"d"ife Sanctuary!

3uno -alpur .ildlife Sanctuary is a part of the Sheopur7Shivpuri forested "andscape, #hich

had the second "argest area (,' 5m) amongst the surveyed sites! 3he <auradehi 0i"d"ife

Sanctuary (%% 5m) in Madhya :radesh is part of a forested "andscape of C,C 5m! /heetah

prey densities #ere reasona$"e in this area and the site #as considered favoura$"e to $e

considered for a reintroduction!

3aimur .ildlife Sanctuary2 =ttar :radesh and Bagdara 0i"d"ife Sanctuary, Madhya :radesh

formed a continuous ha$itat! 1o#ever, potentia" cheetah ha$itat in this area #as sma"" ("ess thanC 5m), as much of the "and is under agricu"ture!

3he Shahgarh "andscape on the internationa" $order in 8aisa"mer district of -a*asthan #as found

to $e suita$"e for introducing cheetah!

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Desert ational -ar1 in 4aisalmer2 -a*asthan, #as reasona$"y "arge (&% 5m) #ith a fair"y

good prey avai"a$i"ity! Banni grass"ands and +achchh 0i"d"ife Sanctuary in u*arat cover a vast

arid "andscape of #hich over C' 5m cou"d $e considered as potentia" cheetah ha$itat!

Biodiversity

India, a megadiverse country with only 2.4 per cent of the land area accounts for 7- 8 per cent

of the recorded species of the world , inc"uding over DC,C species of p"ants and %, species

of anima"s!In India is situated at the tri7*unction of the Afro7tropica", the Indo7Ma"ayan and the

:a"eo7Arctic rea"ms, #hich disp"ay significant $iodiversity!Being one of the % identified

megadiverse countries, it is home to '!C' per cent of mamma"ians, %&! per cent of avians, !%

per cent of repti"ians, D! per cent of amphi$ians, %%! per cent of fish, and %%!' per cent of

p"ant species documented so far!

In India is one of the 17 identified mega diverse countries of the world. From a$out per cent

of the tota" geographica" areasurveyed so far, DC,C p"ant species (inc"uding fungi and "o#er

p"ants) and %, anima" species, representing a$out seven percent of the #or"d.s f"ora and !C

per cent of the #or"d.s fauna, respective"y, have $een descri$ed!

7 <ear"y ,C native p"ants are sti"" used prominent"y in the indigenous hea"thcaresystems!

From the $iodiversity standpoint, India has some C,&C& insect species, ,CD fish species, D

amphi$ian species, D repti"e species, %,& $ird species and & mamma" species, of #hich

%'!D per cent are endemic and %!' per cent are threatened! 3he country is home to at "east %',D

species of vascu"ar p"ants, of #hich !' per cent are endemic! 0ith on"y !D per cent of the tota"

"and area of the #or"d, the 5no#n $io"ogica" diversity of India contri$utes ' per cent to the 5no#n

g"o$a" $io"ogica" diversity!

7 It has $een estimated that at "east % per cent of the country.s recorded #i"d f"ora, and possi$"y

the same percentage of its #i"d fauna, are on the threatened "ist, many of them on the verge of

extinction!

India has two biodiversity hot spots, namely%! 3he Eastern 1ima"ayas

! 3he 0estern hats

!nd, it is composed of diverse ecological habitats

%! Forests

! rass"ands

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&! 0et"ands

D! /oasta" and Marine ecosystems

C! 9esert ecosystems

Biodiversity -rofile of India

India, #ith varied terrain, topography, "and use, geographic and c"imatic factors, can $e divided

into ten recogniza$"e $iogeographic zones ! 3hese zones encompass a variety of ecosystems 7

mountains, p"ateaus, rivers, forests, deserts, #et"ands, "a5es, mangroves, cora" reefs, coasts and

is"ands!

"rans-#imalayan $egion, constituting C! per cent of the tota" geographica" area, inc"udes the

high a"titude, co"d and arid mountain areas of ?ada5h, 8ammu @ +ashmir, <orth Si55im, ?ahau"

and Spiti areas of 1imacha" :radesh! 3his zone has sparse a"pine steppe vegetation that har$ours

severa" endemic

7 species and is a favoura$"e ha$itat for the $iggest popu"ations of #i"d sheep and goat in the

#or"d and other rare fauna that inc"udes Sno# ?eopard (Uncia uncia) and the migratory

B"ac5nec5ed /rane (Grusnigricollis)! 3he co"d dry desert of this zone represents an extreme"y

fragi"e ecosystem!

#imalayan %one, in the far <orth, constituting !D per cent of the tota" geographica" area

inc"udes some of the highest pea5s in the #or"d and ma5es 7 India one of the richest areas in

terms of ha$itats and species! 3he steep s"opes, unconso"idated soi"s and intense rainfa"" render

the zone extreme"y fragi"e! 3he a"pine and su$7a"pine forests, grassy meado#s and moist mixed

deciduous forests provide diverse ha$itat for endangered species of $ovids such as Bhara"

( Pseudois nayaur ), I$ex (Capra ibex), Mar5hor (Capra falconeri), 3ahr ( Hemitragus jemlabicus),

and 3a5in ( Budoreas taxicolor )! ther rare and endangered species restricted to this zone inc"ude

1angu" (Cervus eldi eldi) and Mus5 9eer ( Moschus moschiferus) !

Indian &esert %one, constituting ! per cent of the tota" geographica" area, inc"udes the 3har andthe +utch deserts and has "arge expanses of grass"and that supports severa" endangered species of

mamma"s such as 0o"f (Canis lupus, /araca" (!elis caracal, 9esert /at (!elis libyca and $irds

of conservation interest viz!, 1ou$ara Bustard (Chamydotis undulate and the reat Indian

Bustard ("rdeotis nigriceps#

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'emi-arid $egion, constituting %! per cent of the tota" geographica" area, is a transition zone

$et#een the desert and the dense forests of 0estern hats! :eninsu"ar India has t#o "arge regions,

#hich are c"imatica""y semi7arid! 3his semi7arid region a"so has severa" artificia" and natura" "a5es

and marshy "ands!

• 3he dominant grass and pa"ata$"e shru$ "ayer in this zone supports the highest #i"d"ife

$iomass! 3he cervid species of Sam$ar (Cervus unicolor and /hita" ("xis axis are

restricted to the $etter #ooded hi""s and moister va""ey areas respective"y! 3he ?ion ($eo

persica, an endangered carnivore species (restricted to a sma"" area in u*arat), /araca"

(!elis caracal% 8ac5a" (Canis aureus and 0o"f (Canis lupus are some of the endangered

species that are characteristic of this region!

(estern )hats, constituting D! per cent of the tota" geographica" area, is one of the ma*or

tropica" evergreen forest regions in India! 3he zone stretches from the hi""s to the South of the

3apti -iver in the <orth to +anya5umari in the South and in the 0est, this zone is $ound $y the

coast! 3his zone represents one of the $iodiversity hot spots. #ith some %C, species of higher

p"ants, of #hich D, ( per cent) are endemic to the region!

3he 0estern hats har$our via$"e popu"ations of most of the verte$rate species found in

peninsu"ar India, $esides an endemic fauna" e"ement of its o#n! Significant species endemic to

this region inc"ude <i"giri ?angur ( Presbytis jobni), ?ion 3ai"ed MacaKue ( Macaca silenus),

rizz"ed iant SKuirre" ( &atufa macroura), Ma"a$ar /ivet ('iverricula megaspila), <i"giri 3ahr

( Hemitragus bylocrius) and Ma"a$ar rey 1orn$i"" (cycerous griseus)! 3he 3ravancore 3ortoise

( )ndotestudo forstem) and /ane turt"e ( Heosemys silvatica) are t#o endangered taxa restricted to

a sma"" area in centra" 0estern hats!

&eccan *lateau, constituting D per cent of the tota" geographica" area, is a semi7arid region that

fa""s in the rain shado# area of the 0estern hats! 3his $io7geographic zone of peninsu"ar India

is $y far the most extensive zone, covering India.s finest forests, particu"ar"y in the States of

Madhya :radesh, Maharashtra and rissa! Ma*ority of the forests are deciduous in nature $ut

there are regions of greater $io"ogica" diversity in the hi"" ranges! 3he zone comprising of deciduous forests, thorn forests and degraded scru$"and support diverse #i"d"ife species! Species

such as /hita" ( "xis axis), Sam$ar (Cervus unicolor ), <i"gai ( Boselapbus tragocamelus) and

/housingha (*etracerus +uadricornis) are a$undant in this zone!

Some other species "i5e Bar5ing deer ( Muntiacus muntja, ) and aur ( "ntilope cervicapra) are

more freKuent in, or are restricted to moister areas, $ut are sti"" found in fair"y "arge num$ers!

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• Species #ith sma"" popu"ations inc"ude the E"ephant ( -lephas maximus) in Bihar7rissa and

+arnata5a73ami" <adu $e"ts!

)angetic *lain, constituting %!' per cent of the tota" geographica" area, is a f"at a""uvia" region

"ying to the <orth and South of the anga -iver and its ma*or tri$utaries and in the foothi""s of

the 1ima"ayas! 3he angetic p"ain is topographica""y homogenous for hundreds of 5i"ometers!

3he characterstic fauna of this region inc"ude -hino ( &hinoceros unicornis), E"ephant ( -lephas

maximus), Buffa"o ( Bubalus bubalis), S#amp 9eer (Cervus duvauceli), 1og79eer ( "xis porcinus)

and 1ispid 1are (Carprolagus bispidus)! 3his zone gains considera$"e eco"ogica" significance in

the context of increasing industria"ization and po""ution and the conseKuent environmenta"

degradation and deforestation!

+orth-ast $egion, constituting C! per cent of the tota" geographica" area, represents the

transition zone $et#een the Indian, Indo7Ma"ayan and Indo7/hinese $io7geographica" regions as

#e"" as $eing a meeting point of the 1ima"ayan mountains and peninsu"ar India! 3he <orth7East

is thus the $iogeographica" gate#ay. for much of India.s fauna and f"ora and a"so a $iodiversity

hotspot! A diverse set of ha$itats coup"ed #ith "ong term geo"ogica" sta$i"ity has a""o#ed the

deve"opment of significant "eve"s of endemism in a"" anima" and p"ant groups! Many of the

species contri$uting to this $io"ogica" diversity are either restricted to the region itse"f, or to the

sma""er "oca"ized areas of the +hasi 1i""s! 3he country.s extensive oasts, constituting !C per

cent of the tota" geographica" area #ith sandy $eaches, mangroves, mud .epenthes /hasiana 0

commonly ,no1n as Pitcher Plant f"ats, cora" reefs and marine angiosperm pastures ma5e them

the #ea"th and hea"th zones of India! 3he coast"ine from u*arat to Sunder$ans is estimated to $e

C,D& 5m "ong! A tota" of C is"ets constitute the ?a5shad#eep, #hich are of cora" origin, and

have a typica" reef "agoon system, rich in $iodiversity! 1o#ever, the dense"y popu"ated

?a5shad#eep is"ands virtua""y have no natura" vegetation!

!ndaman and +icobar Islands, constituting !& per cent of the tota" geographica" area are one of

the three tropica" moist evergreen forests zones in India! 3he is"ands house an array of f"ora and

fauna not found e"se#here! 3he e"ongated <orth7South oriented groups of &D' Andaman Is"andshave a $iogeographica""y affinity #ith Myanmar! 3he <ico$ar Is"ands, "ying on"y 5ms a#ay

from Sumatra have much stronger Indonesian and South7East Asian e"ements! 3hese is"ands are

centres of high endemism and contain some of India.s finest evergreen forests and support a #ide

diversity of cora"s! 1o#ever, endemic is"and $iodiversity is found on"y in the Andaman and

<ico$ar Is"ands! 0et"ands occur in various geographica" regions such as the co"d arid zones of

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?ada5h, #arm arid zones of -a*asthan, tropica" monsoonic /entra" India, <orth Eastern region,

South peninsu"ar region and the coasta" #et"ands!

/*T S-*TS I IDI

India has two identified biodiversity hot spots. "hese are the astern #imalayas and the

(estern )hats.

#astern /imalaya

:hyto7geographica""y, the Eastern 1ima"aya forms a distinct f"ora" region and comprises of

<epa", Bhutan, states of East and <orth7East India, and a contiguous sector of Gunnan province in

South70estern /hina! In the #ho"e of Eastern 1ima"aya, there are an estimated , p"ant

species, out of #hich &,C (i!e! & per cent) are endemic! In the Indian portion, there occurs

some C,' p"ant species, rough"y , (i!e! & per cent) of #hich are endemic! At "east CC

f"o#ering p"ants endemic to this area are recognised as rare, for examp"e, the :itcher :"ant

( .epenthes ,hasiana)! 3he area has "ong $een recognised as a rich centre of primitive f"o#ering

p"ants and is popu"ar"y 5no#n as the rad"e of Speciation.! Species of severa" fami"ies of

monocoty"edons, rchidaceae, 4ingi$eraceae and Arecaceae are found in the area! ymnorperms

and :teridophytes (ferns) are a"so #e"" represented here! 3he area is a"so rich in #i"d re"atives of

p"ants of economic significance e!g! rice, $anana, citrus, ginger, chi""i, *ute and sugarcane! It is

a"so regarded as the centre of origin and diversification of five pa"ms of commercia" importance,

name"ycoconut, arecanut, pa"myra pa"m, sugar pa"m and #i"d date pa"m! 3ea ( *hea sinensis) has

$een cu"tivated in this region for the "ast D, years! Many #i"d and a""ied species of tea, the

"eaves of #hich are used as a su$stitute for tea, are found in the <orth East, in their natura"

ha$itats!

As regards fauna" diversity, & per cent of the genera of "and mamma"s in India are found in this

region! 9uring the "ast four decades, t#o ne# mamma"s have $een discovered from the region 7

o"den ?angur from Assam7Bhutan region, and <amdapha F"ying SKuirre" from Arunacha"

:radesh, indicating the species richness of the region! 3he region is a"so a rich centre of avian

diversity 7 more than per cent of the $ird species found in India have $een recorded in the <orth East! 3he region a"so hosts t#o endemic genera of "izards, and &C endemic repti"ian

species, inc"uding t#o turt"es! f the D Indian amphi$ian species, at "east ' species are 5no#n

to occur in the <orth East, of #hich are endemic! From <amdapha <ationa" :ar5 itse"f, a ne#

genus of mamma", a ne# su$species of a $ird, six ne# amphi$ians species, four ne# species of

fish, at "east %C ne# species of $eet"es and six ne# species of f"ies have $een discovered!

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.estern Ghats

3he 0estern hats region is considered to $e one of the most important $io7geographic zones of

India, as it is one of the richest centres of endemism. 9ue to varied topography and

microc"imatic regimes, some areas #ithin the region are considered to $e active zones of

speciation! 3he region has D ar$orescenttaxa, of #hich as many as &' are endemic! A$out

%,C endemic species of dicoty"edonous p"ants are reported from the 0estern hats! DC species

of orchids $e"onging to C genera are found here, of #hich %% species in ten genera are endemic

to the region! As regards the fauna, as many as &%C species of verte$rates $e"onging to genera

are endemic, inc"uding % species of mamma"s, %& species of $irds, ' species of repti"es, '

species of amphi$ians and %D species of fish! 3he extent of endemism is high amongst

amphi$ian and repti"e species! 3here occur %% species of amphi$ians in the region, of #hich '

species ( per cent) are endemic! f the %C species of repti"es found in 0estern hats, ''

species are endemic! Many of the endemic and other species are "isted as threatened! <ear"y &C

species of endemic f"o#ering p"ants are considered endangered! -are fauna of the region inc"ude

7 ?ion 3ai"ed MacaKue, <i"giri ?angur, <i"giri 3ahr, F"ying SKuirre", and Ma"a$ar ray 1orn$i""!

.etlands

0et"ands in India are distri$uted in different geographica" regions, ranging from the 1ima"aya to

the 9eccan p"ateau! 3he varia$i"ity in c"imatic conditions and topography is responsi$"e for

significant diversity! Based on their origin, vegetation, nutrient status and therma" characteristics,

they are c"assified into fo""o#ing different types2

7 Glaciatic .etlands (e!g!, 3somoriri in 8ammu and +ashmir, /handerta" in 1imacha" :radesh)

7 Tectonic .etlands (e!g!, <i"nag in 8ammu and +ashmir, +ha**iar in 1imacha" :radesh, and

<ainita" and Bhimta" in =ttarancha")

7 *5+ow .etlands (e!g!, 9a" ?a5e, 0u"ar ?a5e in 8ammu and +ashmir and ?o5ta5 ?a5e

in Manipur and some of the #et"ands in the river p"ains of Brahmaputra and Indo7

angetic region! 9eepor Bee" in Assam, +a$ar in Bihar, Surahta" in =ttar :radesh)

7 6agoons (e!g!, /hi"i5a in rissa)7 'rater .etlands (?onar "a5e in Maharashtra)

7 Salt .ater .etlands (e!g!, :angong 3so in 8ammu and +ashmir and Sam$har in

-a*asthan)

7 &r+an .etlands (e!g!, 9a" ?a5e in 8ammu and +ashmir, <ainita" in =ttarancha" and Bho*

in Madhya :radesh)

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7 -onds%Tan1s2 "an7made .etlands (e!g!, 1ari5e in :un*a$ and :ong 9am in 1imacha"

:radesh)

7 eservoirs (e!g!, Idu55i, 1ira5ud dam, Bha5ra7<anga" dam)

7 "angroves (e!g!, Bhitar5ani5a in rissa)

7 'oral reefs (e!g!, ?a5shad#eep)

7 *thers 7 /ree5s (3hane /ree5 in Maharashtra), seagrasses, estuaries, therma"

springs are some other types of #et"ands in the country!

Biodiversity and -rotected reas

India has some ,&C 5no#n species of amphi$ians, $irds, mamma"s and repti"es of these, %'!D

per cent are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and %!' per cent are threatened!

India is home to at "east %',D species of vascu"ar p"ants, of #hich !' per cent are endemic!

A$out D! per cent of the country.s area is protected under I=/< categories I7;!

%! <ature -eserves, 0i"derness Areas, and <ationa" :ar5s (categories I and II)

! Areas Managed for Sustaina$"e =se and =nc"assified Areas (category ;I and other.)

&! <atura" Monuments, Species Management Areas, and :rotected ?andscapes and Sea

scapes (categories III, I;, and ;)

amsarsite 3he -amsar /onvention (3he /onvention on 0et"ands of Internationa" Importance,

especia""y as 0aterfo#" 1a$itat) is an internationa" treaty for the conservation and sustaina$"e

uti"ization of #et"ands

'tate/" +ame of 'ite

Andhra :radesh +o""eru ?a5e

Assam 9eepor Bee"

1imacha" :radesh :ong 9am ?a5e, -enu5a 0et"and, /handerta" 0et"and

8ammu @ +ashmir 0u"ar ?a5e, 3somoriri, 1o5era 0et"and,Surinsar7Mansar ?a5es

+era"a Ashtamudi 0et"and, Sastham5otta ?a5e, ;em$anad7+o"

Madhya :radesh Bho* 0et"and

Manipur ?o5ta5 ?a5erissa /hi"i5a "a5e,Bhitar5ani5a Mangroves

:un*a$ 1ari5e ?a5e, +an*i"i, -opar

-a*asthan Sam$har ?a5e, +eo"adeo <ationa" :ar5

3ami" <adu :oint /a"imere 0i"d"ife and Bird Sanctuary

3ripura -udrasagar ?a5e

%

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=ttar :radesh =pper anga -iver (Bri*ghat to <arora Stretch)

0est Benga" East +o"5ata 0et"ands

Biosphere eserves

3he programme of Biosphere -eserve #as initiated under the Man @ Biosphere. (MAB)

programme of =<ES/ in %%! 3he purpose of the formation of the $iosphere reserve is to

conserve in7situ a"" forms of "ife, a"ong #ith its support systems, in their tota"ity, so that it cou"d

serve as a referra" system for monitoring and eva"uating changes in natura" ecosystems! 3he first

$iosphere reserve of the #or"d #as esta$"ished in %! Since then thenet#or5 of $iosphere

reserves has increased to C&% in %C countries across the #or"d ! :resent"y, there are % existing

$iosphere reserves in India!

Status of Biodiversity of .orld "he 2010 biodiversity target has not been met at the global

level. +one of the twenty-one sub-targets accompanying the overall target of significantly

reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 can be said definitively to have been achieved

globally, although some have been partially or locally achieved. &espite an increase in

conservation efforts, the state of biodiversity continues to decline, according to most indicators,

largely because the pressures on biodiversity continue to increase. "here is no indication of a

significant reduction in the rate of decline in biodiversity, nor of a significant reduction in

pressures upon it. #owever, negative trends have been slowed or reversed in some ecosystems.

"here are several indications that responses to biodiversity loss are increasing and improving,

although not yet on a scale sufficient to affect overall negative trends in the state of

biodiversity or the pressures upon it. 0hen governments agreed to the % target for

significant"y reducing the rate of $iodiversity "oss , a num$er of too"s #ere put in p"ace #ithin the

/onvention on Bio"ogica" 9iversity and other conventions to he"p focus action to#ards achieving

the target, to monitor progress to#ards it, and eventua""y to determine #hether it had in fact $een

achieved! 3#enty7one su$7targets #ere defined, to $e reached $y % to#ards e"even principa"

goa"s re"ated to $iodiversity! 0hi"e none of the su$7targets can $e said definitive"y to have $eenmet, some have $een achieved partia""y or at regiona" or nationa" sca"es ! In fact, the %

$iodiversity target has inspired action at many "eve"s! Some % countries no# have nationa"

$iodiversity strategies and action p"ans ! :rotected areas have $een expanded in num$er and

extent, on $oth "and and in coasta" #aters! Environmenta" impact assessment is more #ide"y

app"ied #ith most countries reporting that they have some measures in p"ace for its use! Most

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countries are a"so underta5ing activities re"ated to communication, education and pu$"ic

a#areness as #e"" $iodiversity monitoring, research and the deve"opment of data$ases! At the

internationa" "eve", financia" resources have $een mo$i"ized and progress has $een made in

deve"oping mechanisms for research, monitoring and scientific assessment of $iodiversity! 3here

is no sing"e measurement that captures the current status or trends in g"o$a" $iodiversity!

3herefore a range of indicators #as deve"oped for the /onvention on Bio"ogica" 9iversity, to

provide scientifica""y rigorous assessments of trends in the state of the various components of

$iodiversity (genes, popu"ations, species, ecosystems)6 the pressures $eing imposed upon it6 and

the responses $eing adopted to address $iodiversity "oss! 3en of the fifteen head"ine indicators

sho# trends unfavoura$"e for $iodiversity ! Get, for certain indicators the amount and coverage of

data is not sufficient to ma5e statements #ith confidence! 3he assessment of status and trends of

$iodiversity on the fo""o#ing pages therefore re"ies on mu"tip"e "ines of evidence, inc"uding

scientific "iterature and recent assessments, as #e"" as nationa" reports from the :arties to the

/onvention! <ot a sing"e government in the "atest reports su$mitted to the /B9 c"aims that the

% $iodiversity target has $een comp"ete"y met at the nationa" "eve"! Around one in five

governments state exp"icit"y that they have missed the target

#ndangered Species

mphi+ians

N'ape -latanna 3he species can $e found on"y in the south#estern /ape :rovince in South

Africa! 3he frog.s ha$itat inc"udes fyn$os, #hich are stained, piKuant seepages and in the ponds

in the /ape of ood 1ope <ature -eserve!

NThe 'hinise Giant Sa"amander can $e found in the north, centra", south and south#est /hina!

Its ha$itats are those of mountain streams at e"evations $e"o# &'% feet (%m) #ith p"entifu"

vegetation and sha""o# #ater surrounded #ith caves and poo"s

Nsalamander has t#o popu"ations, one in the 1idden :a"ms /anyon and the other in the

uada"upe /anyon! 3he ha$itat of this sa"amander is that of a desert canyon and "imestone strata!

N3he /ouston toad #as discovered in the "ate %Ds and #as thought to $e extinct $ecause of severe droughts in 3exas in the %Cs! It #as found again in Bastrop State :ar5 in %C! 3here are

many reasons for the dec"ine of its popu"ation2 droughts, c"earing of its ha$itats, use of pesticides,

and #eather changes! 3he existing popu"ations are $eing protected and there is a search for other

suita$"e ha$itats

&

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NThe 4apanese Giant Sa"amander can $e found in the is"ands of +yushu, 1onshu, and Shi5o5u

in 8apan! 3his sa"amander "ives on the rivers in the mountainous areas!

NThe "allorcan mid#ife toad can $e found on"y in the Serra de 3ramuntana in Ma""orca, Spain!

3he estimated num$er of the Ma""orcan mid#ife toad is C $reeding pairs!

NThe salamander #as discovered in %CD and its dec"ine is caused main"y $y the "oss of its

ha$itat! Artificia" ponds have $een constructed to preserve the surviving popu"ations! =n"ess the

ha$itats of these amphi$ians are protected, these sa"amanders may not survive for very "ong!

NThe amphi+ian can $e found on"y in southeastern Oueens"and, Austra"ia! 3here are no 5no#n

"iving popu"ations, even though some are found in rain forests streams!

N3he Te5as Blind Salamander can $e found in the San Marcos :oo" of the Ed#ards AKuifer in

1ays /ounty, 3exas! 3his sa"amander favors good #ater Kua"ity and #ater temperature under

PF (%!%P/)!

N3he .yoming toad can $e found on"y in a "a5e and at the #et meado#s in ?aramie, 0yoming

BirdsN

Bald eagles2 the American sym$o", most"y inha$it #estern /anada, A"as5a, and sparse"y spread

throughout the "o#er D' states! 3hey congregate in north#estern :acific, F"orida, upper reat

?a5es, and /hesapea5e Bay! 3he $a"d eag"es nest their home high up on for5 $ranches of trees or

on mountain c"iffs

NBlac1 .inged Sti"ts originated in southern Europe! :eop"e, ho#ever have seen them $red in

?ondon, Eng"and! 3hey "i5e to "ive around marshes or "agoons #ith open #ater! 3hese $irds are

rare in their occurrence

NBlac1 -alm /oc5atoos "ive in the scru$"and and open forest of <e# uinea! 3hey are the "argest

of the coc5atoos! B"ac5 :a"m /oc5atoos have a grayish co"or and a red patch of feather around

the eye and the $ea5 area! n an average they can $e & inches (Ccm) "ong

NThe Greater Flamingos are distri$uted throughout the #or"d! 3hey cou"d $e found in the

/ari$$ean, Africa, South#est Europe, and Asia! 3hey "ive on sha""o# "a5es and coasta" #ater!

reater F"amingos ma5e their nests out of mud! 3hey are shaped "i5e a cone #ith ho""o# top!

NThe Great (Indian) /orn+ills, one of the "argest horn$i""s, are most common"y found in south

eastern Asia! 3heir homes range from #estern India, through Indochina, south of Ma"aya and

through Sumatra! 3hese horn$i""s

are found on sea "eve" up to C feet (%CDm) a$ove ground!

Northern /elmeted /urasso#s "ive in coo" humid forest of northern and eastern /o"um$ia

through the mountains of ;enezue"a!

D

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N*striches are found in areas in Africa! ne "ocation stretches from Senega" to Ethiopia, the

other "ocation covers the ground of South Africa to 3anzania! 3hey inha$it open areas "i5e

deserts, semi7deserts, and grass"and!

Ned 'rown 'ranes are found in areas "i5e 8apan, north /hina, and Si$eria! 3hey thrive on

marshy p"aces!NSnowy owls "ive in the Arctic 3undra! 3his inc"udes p"aces "i5e north of <orth America,

reen"and, north of Europe and Asia! 0hen $reeding season comes, sno#y o#"s remain in the

Arctic 3undra!

Biological diversity, or $iodiversity, is a term used to descri$e the myriad "ife forms found on

Earth! 3hese are the "egacy of $i""ions of years of evo"ution, shaped $y natura" processes and,

increasing"y, $y the activities of humans! Biodiversity is most oft en understood as the num$er of

different species of p"ants, anima"s and microorganisms in existence! 1o#ever, $iodiversity a"so

encompasses the specific genetic variations and traits #ithin species as #e"" as the assem$"age of

these species #ithin ecosystems! At the genetic "eve", differences in 9<A codes #ithin speciesgive rise to uniKue types inc"uding different varieties of crops and $reeds of "ivestoc5!

Ecosystems provide the $asic necessities of "ife (e!g!, food, #ater and the very air #e $reathe), off

er protection from natura" disasters and disease (e!g!, $y regu"ating c"imate, f"oods and pests),

provide a foundation for human cu"tures and inspire our spiritua" $e"iefs and #or"dvie#s! 3hese

Hecosystem services a"so support and maintain the essentia" "ife processes of the p"anet, such as

primary production and nutrient cyc"ing! Each of these supporting services is essentia" to human

#e""7$eing, #hether the services are considered at the "oca", regiona" or g"o$a" "eve"!

9eep concern over the rapid "oss of $iodiversity and the rea"ization that it p"ays a fundamenta"

ro"e in supporting human "ife motivated the creation of the /onvention on Bio"ogica" 9iversity, a"ega""y $inding g"o$a" treaty! pened for signature at the Earth Summit -io de 8aneiro in %

and entering into force in %&, the /onvention arose from an internationa" dia"ogue $egun a

decade ear"ier $y the 0or"d /ommission on Environment and 9eve"opment (5no#n as the Brundt

"and /ommission)! 3he /onvention is ho"istic covering a"" aspects of $iodiversity, and #as the

first internationa" treaty to ac5no#"edge the ro"e of $iodiversity in sustaina$"e deve"opment!

/onvention encompasses three eKua""y important and comp"ementary o$*ectives2 the

conservation of $iodiversity, the sustaina$"e use of its components, and the fair and eKuita$"e

sharing of $enefits arising out of the uti"ization of genetic resources

3he seven foca" areas in decision ;II ,adopted at the D /onference of the :arties inc"ude2N -educing the rate of "oss of the components of $iodiversity, inc"uding2

(i) $iomes, ha$itats and ecosystems6 (ii) species and popu"ations6 and (iii) genetic diversity6

N :romoting sustaina$"e use of $iodiversity6

N Addressing the ma*or threats to $iodiversity, inc"uding those arising from invasive a"ien

species, c"imate change, po""ution, and ha$itat change6

C

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N Maintaining ecosystem integrity, and the provision of goods and services provided $y

$iodiversity in ecosystems, in support of human #e""7$eing6

N :rotecting traditiona" 5no#"edge, innovations and practices6

N Ensuring the fair and eKuita$"e sharing of $enefits arising out of the use of genetic

resources6N Mo$i"izing financia" and technica" resources, especia""y for deve"oping countries, in

particu"ar "east deve"oped countries and sma"" is"and deve"oping states among them, and

countries #ith economies in transition, for imp"ementing the /onvention and the Strategic

:"an!

3argets a"so form the core of the =nited <ations. Mi""ennium 9eve"opment oa"s, providing a

common"y agreed focus for activities $y a"" countries and sta5eho"der groups to meet the needs of

the #or"d.s poorest peop"e! Simi"ar"y, the +yoto :rotoco" is centred on meeting targets for

reducing greenhouse gas emissions

'*- 89 7 3enth meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on Bio"ogica"9iversity <agoya, Aichi :refecture, 8apan, %' 7 cto$er %

'*- : 7 <inth meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on Bio"ogica"

9iversity Bonn ermany, % 7 & May '

'*- ; 7 Eighth rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on

Bio"ogica" 9iversity /uriti$a, Brazi", 7 &% March

'*- < 7 Seventh rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on

Bio"ogica" 9iversity +ua"a ?umpur, Ma"aysia, 7 Fe$ruary D

'*- = 7 Sixth rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on Bio"ogica"

9iversity 3he 1ague, <ether"ands, 7 % Apri" '*- > 7 Fifth rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on Bio"ogica"

9iversity <airo$i, +enya, %C 7 May

#5'*- 8 7 First Extraordinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on

Bio"ogica" 9iversity /artagena, /o"om$ia @ Montrea", /anada, 7 & Fe$ruary % @ D 7 '

8anuary

'*- ? 7 Fourth rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on

Bio"ogica" 9iversity Bratis"ava, S"ova5ia, D 7 %C May %'

'*- @ 7 3hird rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on

Bio"ogica" 9iversity Buenos Aires, Argentina, D 7 %C <ovem$er %'*- A 7 Second rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on

Bio"ogica" 9iversity 8a5arta, Indonesia, 7 % <ovem$er %C

'*- 8 7 First rdinary Meeting of the /onference of the :arties to the /onvention on Bio"ogica"

9iversity <assau, Bahamas, ' <ovem$er 7 9ecem$er %D

3he Cartagena Protocol on Bio safety to the Convention on Biological 2iversity is an

internationa" agreement #hich aims to ensure the safe hand"ing, transport and use of "iving

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modified organisms (?Ms) resu"ting from modern $iotechno"ogy that may have adverse effects

on $io"ogica" diversity, ta5ing a"so into account ris5s to human hea"th! It #as adopted on

8anuary and entered into force on %% Septem$er &!

As demographic pressures and consumption "eve"s increase, $iodiversity decreases, and the

a$i"ity of the natura" #or"d to continue de"ivering the goods and services on #hich humanityu"timate"y depends may $e undermined! Biodiversity underpins ecosystem functioning! 3he

services provided $y hea"thy ecosystems, in turn, are the foundation for human #e""7$eing! 3hese

ecosystem services not on"y de"iver the $asic materia" needs for surviva", $ut a"so under"ie other

aspects of a good "ife, inc"uding hea"th, security, good socia" re"ations and freedom of choice By

disrupting ecosystem functions, $iodiversity "oss ma5es ecosystems more vu"nera$"e to shoc5s

and distur$ances, "ess resi"ient, and "ess a$"e to supp"y humans #ith needed services!

"illennium Development Goals

3he Mi""ennium 9eve"opment oa"s #ere agreed upon at the =nited <ations Mi""ennium Summit

in ! =nder each oa", specific targets for %C #ere esta$"ished!G*6 8 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

G*6 A Achieve universa" primary education

G*6 @ :romote gender eKua"ity and empo#er #omen

G*6 ? -educe chi"d morta"ity

G*6 > Improve materna" hea"th

G*6 = /om$at 1I;JAI9S, ma"aria and other diseases

G*6 < Ensure environmenta" sustaina$i"ity

G*6 ; 9eve"op a "o$a" :artnership for 9eve"opment!

Mi""ennium Ecosystem Assessment has a"ready confirmed that the rea" costs of $iodiversity "oss pose a significant $arrier to meeting the M9s! A"though po"icy7ma5ers have genera""y focused

narro#"y on the contri$ution of $iodiversity conservation and sustaina$"e use to the achievement

of oa" (HEnsure environmenta" sustaina$i"ity), the #ider ro"e of ecosystem services in

supporting "ive"ihoods and human #e""7$eing revea"s $iodiversity to $e the foundation for a""

deve"opment, and hence for meeting each of the Mi""ennium 9eve"opment oa"s!

enera" patterns of change in the extent of ecosystems across other $iomes $esides forests sho#

simi"ar negative trends! 3he Mi""ennium Ecosystem Assessment reported that a"most Q of

Mediterranean forests, #ood"ands and scru$, CQ of tropica" and su$7tropica" grass"ands,

savannas and shru$"ands and &Q of desert ecosystems had $een "ost $y %! /oasta" andmarine ecosystems have $een heavi"y impacted $y human activities, #ith degradation "eading to a

reduced coverage of 5e"p forests, sea grasses and cora"s! In the /ari$$ean, average hard cora"

cover dec"ined from a$out CQ to %Q %s Some &CQ of mangroves

have $een "ost in the "ast t#o decades in countries for #hich adeKuate data are avai"a$"e! 3his is

eKuiva"ent to an annua" "oss of Q of the remaining area! 3here has $een a #idespread retreat of

mountain g"aciers in non7po"ar regions during the th century, and decreases of a$out %Q in the

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extent of sno# cover since the "ate %s! In the Arctic the average annua" sea ice extent has

dec"ined $y a$out 'Q in the past & years, #ith a "oss of %C to Q in summer sea ice extent over

the same period!

/#D6I# IDI'T*

%! Species popu"ation trend indices are va"ua$"e too"s for monitoring and communicating $iodiversity change at g"o$a", regiona" and (su$7) nationa" sca"es, or #ithin $iogeography units!

3hey can a"so $e app"ied to taxonomic groups (e!g!, $irds), ha$itat7dependent species (e!g!,

#aterfo#") or species #ith particu"ar eco"ogica" characteristics (e!g!, migratory species)! *rends

in abundance and distribution of selected species is an indicator of ecosystem Kua"ity and

comp"ements the foregoing measures of ecosystem extent! ther indicators such as

connectivity3fragmentation of ecosystems are a"so re"evant in providing information a$out the

Kua"ity of ecosystems! A num$er of assessments have revea"ed that, across a range of taxonomic

groups, the popu"ation size andJ or geographic range of the ma*ority of species assessed is

dec"ining! Studies of amphi$ians g"o$a""y, African mamma"s, $irds in agricu"tura" "ands, British $utterf"ies, /ari$$ean and Indo7pacific cora"s, and common"y harvested fish species sho#

dec"ines in the ma*ority of these species! Exceptions inc"ude species that have $een protected

through specific measures, that have had their specific threats reduced, and those that tend to

thrive in modified "andscapes!

A! 3hreatened species occur across a"" taxonomic groups and in a"" parts of the #or"d! ver the

past fe# hundred years, it is estimated that humans have increased species extinction rates $y as

much as %, times the $ac5ground rates typica" over Earth.s history! Bet#een %Q and CQ of

species #ithin #e""7studied higher taxa are threatened #ith extinction, according to the I=/< -ed

?ist of 3hreatened Species!@! From a human perspective, genetic diversity is of particu"ar importance in cu"tivated and

domesticated species! n"y a re"ative"y sma"" num$er of species are used in this #ay2 a fe# dozen

domesticated anima"s, a fe# hundred crop p"ants (if ornamenta" p"ants are exc"uded), and a fe#

dozen ma*or p"antation tim$er species! An ana"ysis of trends in the varieties of species that

underpin human "ive"ihood, #hi"e s5etchy, provides an a"arming picture! enetic variation is

important for maintaining fitness and adapta$i"ity of species, and of direct importance for peop"e

through the maintenance of goods and services provided $y cu"tivated and domesticated species2

high yie"ds, disease resistance and resi"ience to changing environmenta" conditions! "oss of

genetic diversity is associated #ith the dec"ine in popu"ation a$undance and distri$ution thatresu"t from ha$itat destruction and fragmentation!

D! 'overage of protected areas A 5ey too" to counter the continuing "oss of ecosystems and

species is the esta$"ishment of protected areas! :rotected areas current"y cover a$out %Q of the

Earth.s "and surface, constituting one of the "argest p"anned changes of "and use! f more than

%C, protected areas "isted in the 0or"d 9ata$ase on :rotected Areas a$out Q have a 5no#n

date of esta$"ishment there are su$stantia" differences in coverage $et#een different $iomes,

'

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ecosystems and ha$itats! n"y CQ of the #or"d.s temperate need"e7"eaf forests and #ood"ands,

D!DQ of temperate grass"ands and !Q of "a5e systems are protected! Moreover, marine coverage

"ags far $ehind terrestria" coverage, #ith approximate"y !Q of the ocean.s surface area and

a$out %!DQ of the coasta" she"f areas protected!

C! "arine Trophic Inde5 ceans cover over Q of the g"o$e! 3he primary source of foodfrom the oceans is from capture fisheries! :referred fish catches consist of "arge, high va"ue,

predatory fishes, such as tuna, cod, sea7$ass and s#ordfishes! 3he intensification of fishing has

"ed to the dec"ine in these "arge fishes, #hich are high up in the food chain (e!g!, in the <orth

At"antic, "arge fish have dec"ined $y t#o7 thirds in the "ast C years)! As predators are removed,

the re"ative num$er of sma"" fish and inverte$rates "o#er on the food chain increases, and the

mean trophic "eve" (i!e!, the mean position of the catch in the food chain) of fisheries "andings,

dec"ines! In addition, the resu"ting shortened food chains "eave marine ecosystems

increasing"y vu"nera$"e to natura"7and human7induced stresses, and reduce the overa""

supp"y of fish for human consumption!! 'onnectivity % fragmentation of ecosystems In terrestria" and in"and #ater ecosystems,

human activities often "ead to the fragmentation of ha$itats! :revious"y contiguous areas are

divided into a num$er of sma""er patches that are much more vu"nera$"e to outside inf"uence than

"arge ones and that support sma""er popu"ations of species, #hich are conseKuent"y

more vu"nera$"e to "oca" extinction! "o$a" information on the status of anthropogenic

fragmentation is avai"a$"e for "arge river systems and forests! In riverine systems, the creation of

impoundments to form reservoirs, either for #ater storage or to generate hydroe"ectric po#er,

have significant effects on the hydro"ogy and #ater Kua"ity of the affected river system and its

$iodiversity, particu"ar"y that of migratory species! /atchments7sca"e impacts of dams onecosystems stem from inundation, f"o# manipu"ation, and fragmentation! +no#n effects inc"ude

the destruction of terrestria" ecosystems through inundation, greenhouse gas emission,

sedimentation, an upsurge of nutrient re"ease in ne# reservoirs, su$stantia" changes in "and7use

patterns and an extensive modification of aKuatic communities!

! .ater Cuality in aCuatic ecosystems $servations of physica", chemica" andJor $io"ogica"

parameters over time indicate that the #ater Kua"ity of in"and #ater $odies and their catchments

has changed! 3he integrity of in"and #aters is affected $y a series of factors, in particu"ar the

extraction of fresh #ater for agricu"tura", industria" and human consumption, and

the physica" a"teration of the ecosystem, for examp"e through the diversion and cana"ization of #atercourses, the creation of impoundments or drainage! 1uman activities are a"so impacting

upon the Kua"ity of fresh #ater avai"a$"e, through po""ution, increased sedimentation and c"imate

change! Inorganic nitrogen po""ution of in"and #ater#ays, for examp"e, has more than dou$"ed

since % and has increased tenfo"d in many industria" parts of the #or"d!

!ddressing the maor threats to biodiversity, including those arising from invasive alien

species, climate change, pollution, and habitat change

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Five main threats to $iodiversity are common"y recognized in the programmes of #or5 of the

/onvention2 invasive a"ien species, c"imate change, nutrient "oading and po""ution, ha$itat

change, and overexp"oitation! =n"ess #e successfu""y mitigate the impacts of these direct drivers

of change on $iodiversity, they #i"" contri$ute to the "oss of $iodiversity components, negative"y

affect ecosystem integrity and hamper aspirations to#ards sustaina$"e use!-romoting sustaina+le use of +iodiversity

rea of forest2 agricultural and aCuaculture ecosystems under sustaina+le

8! "anagement ne of the head"ine indicators for assessing the sustaina$i"ity

of human use of $iodiversity focuses on the proportion of area of forest, agricu"tura" and

aKuacu"ture ecosystems under sustaina$"e management! "o$a" figures for such an indicator are

current"y not avai"a$"e!

A! #cological footprint and related concepts 3he eco"ogica" footprint is a #ide"y 5no#n

concept that aims to communicate unsustaina$"e consumption! =sing pu$"ished statistics, it

ca"cu"ates the area of "and and #ater needed to sustain a defined human popu"ation at a setmateria" standard, $ased on the popu"ation.s use of energy, food, #ater, $ui"ding materia" and

other consuma$"es! A"though the concept does not provide a comprehensive assessment of

demands on nature, it is a usefu" accounting too" #hose purpose is to demonstrate the effect of

human consumption on the productive capacity of the Earth!!

@! #nsuring the fair and eCuita+le sharing of +enefits arising out of the use of genetic

esource 3he fair and eKuita$"e sharing of the $enefits arising out of the uti"ization of genetic

resources is one of three o$*ectives of the /onvention! 3hese $enefits #ou"d provide incentives to

conserve and sustaina$"e use $iodiversity! Some countries have imp"emented "egis"ation

contro""ing access to genetic resources, and there are a num$er of cases of $enefit7sharingarrangements! 1o#ever, there is no re"ia$"e centra" depositary of information on nationa" access

and $enefit7sharing measures! Benefit sharing arrangements may invo"ve some or a"" of the

fo""o#ing2 overnments, "oca" and indigenous communities, private companies, non7

governmenta" organizations and scientific research institutes!

The #cosystem pproach

3he Ecosystem Approach is a strategy for the integrated management of "and, #ater and "iving

resources that promotes conservation and sustaina$"e use in an eKuita$"e #ay! It is $ased on the

app"ication of scientific methodo"ogies focused on "eve"s of $io"ogica" organization #hichencompass the essentia" processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their

environment! It recognizes that humans, #ith their cu"tura" diversity, are an integra" component of

ecosystems! 3he Ecosystem Approach can $e understood in terms of its % :rincip"es and five

points of operationa" guidance!

%! 3he o$*ectives of management of "and, #ater and "iving resources are a matter of societa"

choices!

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! Management shou"d $e decentra"ized to the "o#est appropriate "eve"!

&! Ecosystem managers shou"d consider the effects (actua" or potentia") of their activities

on ad*acent and other ecosystems!

D! -ecognizing potentia" gains from management, there is usua""y a need to understand and

manage the ecosystem in an economic context! Any such ecosystem7management programmeshou"d2 a! -educe those mar5et distortions that adverse"y affect $io"ogica" diversity6 $!

A"ign incentives to promote $iodiversity conservation and sustaina$"e use6

Interna"ize costs and $enefits in the given ecosystem to the extent feasi$"e!

C! /onservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem

services, shou"d $e a priority target of the Ecosystem Approach!

! Ecosystems must $e managed #ithin the "imits of their functioning!

! 3he Ecosystem Approach shou"d $e underta5en at the appropriate spatia" and

tempora" sca"es!

'! -ecognizing the varying tempora" sca"es and "ag7effects that characterize ecosystem processes, o$*ectives for ecosystem management shou"d $e set for the "ong term!

! Management must recognize that change is inevita$"e!

%! 3he ecosystem approach shou"d see5 the appropriate $a"ance $et#een, and integration

of, conservation and use of $io"ogica" diversity!

%%! 3he ecosystem approach shou"d consider a"" forms of re"evant information, inc"uding

scientific and indigenous and "oca" 5no#"edge, innovations and practices!

%! 3he Ecosystem Approach shou"d invo"ve a"" re"evant sectors of society and scientific

discip"ines!

Five point of operational GuidanceI! Focus on the re"ationships and processes #ithin ecosystem!

II! Enhance $enefit7sharing!

III! =se adaptive management practices!

I;! /arry out management actions at the sca"e appropriate for the issue $eing addressed, #ith

decentra"ization to "o#est "eve", as appropriate!

;! Ensure inter7sectora" cooperation!

GI'&6T&6 BI*DI0#SIT

N Ana"yse the status and trends of the #or"d.s agricu"tura" $iodiversity

N Identify management practices and techno"ogies that promote the positive andmitigate thenegative impacts of agricu"ture on $iodiversity!

N Strengthen the capacities of farmers and indigenous and "oca" communities to

sustaina$"y manage agricu"tura" $iodiversity

N 9eve"op nationa" p"ans or strategies for the conservation and sustaina$"e use of agricu"tura"

$iodiversity!

BI*6*GI'6 DI0#SIT *F D D S&B7/&"ID 6DS

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N Assess the status and trends of $iodiversity in dry and su$7humid "ands

N Identify specific areas of va"ue for $iodiversity

N 9eve"op indicators of dry and su$7humid "and $iodiversity

N Bui"d 5no#"edge on eco"ogica", physica" and socia" processes affecting $iodiversity

N Identify "oca" and g"o$a" $enefits derived from dry and su$7humid "and $iodiversityN Identify $est management practices and promote measures for the conservation and

sustaina$"e use of $iodiversity

N Support sustaina$"e "ive"ihoods

F*#ST BI*6*GI'6 DI0#SIT

N App"y the Ecosystem Approach to forest management

N -educe the threats to forest $iodiversity

N :rotect, recover and restore forest $iodiversity

N :romote the sustaina$"e use of forest $iodiversity

N :romote the sharing of $enefits resu"ting from the use of forest genetic resourcesN Enhance the institutiona" ena$"ing environment

N Address socio7economic fai"ures and distortions!

N Increase pu$"ic education, participation and a#areness

N Improve the assessment of forest $iodiversity and understanding of ecosystem functioning

N Improve information management for assessment and monitoring

I6D .T# BI*DI0#SIT

N Integrate $iodiversity into #ater7resource and river7$asin management and re"evant sectora"

p"ans and po"icies

N Esta$"ish and maintain systems of protected in"and #ater ecosystemsN :revent the introduction of invasive a"ien species

N Encourage the app"ication of "o#7cost techno"ogy and innovative approaches to

#ater7resource management

N :rovide incentives for the conservation and sustaina$"e use of in"and #ater $iodiversity

N 9eve"op an improved understanding of in"and #ater $iodiversity and the threats to in"and

#ater ecosystems

N App"y rigorous impact assessments

N Introduce monitoring arrangements for in"and #ater $iodiversity

"I# D '*ST6 BI*DI0#SITN Imp"ement integrated marine and coasta" area management (IM/AM)

N :romote the conservation and sustaina$"e use of marine and coasta" "iving resources

N Esta$"ish and maintain effective marine and coasta" protected areas

N :revent or minimize negative effects of maricu"ture

N :revent the introduction of invasive a"ien species

"*&TI BI*DI0#SIT

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N :revent and mitigate the impacts of 5ey threats to mountain $iodiversity

N :rotect, recover and restore mountain $iodiversity

N :romote the sustaina$"e use of mountain $io"ogica" resources

N :romote access to, and sharing of, $enefit arising from the use of genetic resources

N Maintain genetic diversity in mountain ecosystemsN Enhance the "ega", po"icy and institutiona" frame#or5

N :reserve 5no#"edge and practices of indigenous and "oca" communities

N Esta$"ish regiona" and transoundary co""a$oration

N Improve identification, assessment and monitoring of mountain $iodiversity

N Improve research, cooperation, techno"ogy transfer and other forms of capacity7$ui"ding

N Increase pu$"ic education, participation and a#areness

IS6D BI*DI0#SIT

N /onserve and restore 5ey terrestria" and marine ecosystems important for is"and

$iodiversity societies and economiesN Esta$"ish nationa" and regiona" systems of protected areas to conserve via$"e popu"ations

of se"ected is"and species

N Improve 5no#"edge of and conserve the genetic materia" of signifi cance to is"ands

N :revent the movement of invasive a"ien species $et#een and #ithin is"ands and

deve"op "ong7term management p"ans for priority species

N Imp"ement c"imate change adaptation and mitigation measures in "and7use and coasta"

zone p"anning and strategies!

T/# BI*DI0#SIT #6T#D '*0#TI*

Five internationa" conventions focus on $iodiversity issues2 the /onvention on Bio"ogica"9iversity, the /onvention on Internationa" 3rade in Endangered Species of 0i"d Fauna and F"ora,

the /onvention on the /onservation of Migratory Species of 0i"d Anima"s, the -amsar

/onvention on 0et"ands and the 0or"d 1eritage /onvention! 3he /onvention on Bio"ogica"

9iversity is the most recent of these mu"ti"atera" environmenta" agreements, arising out of the -io

Earth Summit of %, some t#enty years after -amsar (%%), 01/ (%) and /I3ES (%C)

entered into force, and ten years after /MS did (%'&)!

The 'onvention on International Trade in #ndangered Species of .ild Fauna and Flora

(/I3ES)

aims to ensure that internationa" trade in specimens of #i"d anima"s and p"ants does not threatentheir surviva"! 3hrough its three appendices, the /onvention accords varying degrees of

protection to more than &, p"ant and anima" species

#ndangered species I&' ed 6ist refers to a specific category of threatened species2 and

may include critically endangered species! I/+ $ed ist of "hreatened 'pecies uses the

term endangered species as a specific category of imperilment2 rather than as a general

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term! &nder the I&' 'ategories and 'riteria2 endangered species is +etween critically

endangered and vulnerable! lso critically endangered species may also +e counted as

endangered species and fill all the criteria

3he more genera" term used $y the I=/< for species at ris5 of extinction is threatened species,

#hich a"so inc"udes the "ess7at7ris5 category of vu"nera$"e species together #ith endangered and

critica""y endangered! I=/< categories inc"ude

N #5tinct2 :hi"ippine Eag"e, pictured in 9avao /ity 8avan 3iger, 3hy"acine, 9odo, :assenger

:igeon, /ari$$ean Mon5 Sea", 9imetrodon, Aurochs, 9us5y Seaside Sparro#!

N 'ritically endangered2 faces an extreme"y high ris5 of extinction in the immediate future!

Examp"es2 Mountain ori""a, Ara5an Forest 3urt"e, 9ar#in.s Fox, 8avan -hino, Brazi"ian

Merganser, haria", ;aKuita!

N #ndangered2 faces a very high ris5 of extinction in the near future! Examp"es2 9ho"e, B"ue

0ha"e, Bono$o, Ethiopian #o"f, iant :anda, Sno# ?eopard, African 0i"d 9og, 3iger,

Indian -hinoceros, three species of A"$atrosses, /ro#ned So"itary Eag"e, :hi"ippine Eag"e,

Mar5hor, rangutan, revy.s ze$ra, 3asmanian 9evi"!

N 0ulnera+le2 faces a high ris5 of extinction in the medium7term! Examp"es2 /heetah, aur,

?ion, S"oth Bear, Manatee, :o"ar Bear, African o"den /at, +omodo dragon, o"den hamster

N 'onservation dependent2 3he fo""o#ing anima"s are not severe"y threatened, $ut must

depend on conservation programs! Examp"es2 Spotted 1yena, B"anford.s fox, ?eopard Shar5,

B"ac5 /aiman, +i""er #ha"e!

N ear threatened2 may $e considered threatened in the near future! Examp"es2 B"ue7$i""ed9uc5, So"itary Eag"e, Sma""7c"a#ed tter, Maned 0o"f, 3iger Shar5, 5api!

N 6east concern2 no immediate threat to the surviva" of the species! Examp"es2 <oot5a

/ypress, 0ood :igeon, 0hite7tai"ed Mongoose, 1ouse Mouse, 0o"verine!

The 'onvention on the 'onservation of "igratory Species of .ild nimals (/MS, or the

Bonn /onvention) aims to conserve terrestria", marine and avian migratory species throughout

their range! :arties to the /MS #or5 together to conserve migratory species and their ha$itats $y

providing strict protection for the most endangered migratory species, conc"uding regiona"

mu"ti"atera" agreements for the conservation and management of specific species or categories of

species, and underta5ing cooperative research and conservation activities!

The amsar 'onvention on .etlands (popu"ar"y 5no#n as the -amsar /onvention) provides

the frame#or5 for nationa" action and internationa" cooperation for the conservation and #ise use

of #et"ands and their resources! 3he /onvention covers a"" aspects of #et"and conservation and

#ise use, recognizing #et"ands as ecosystems that are extreme"y important for $iodiversity

conservation and for the #e""7$eing of human communities!

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