008 r.pdf

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

1/15

CREATING DIGITAL LIBRARIES 0

CREATING DIGITAL LIBRARIES: A MODEL FORDIGITAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT

Amanda Magnussen*Assistant Library Manager

IP AustraliaPO Box 200 WODEN ACT 2606

Phone +61-2-62832301Fax: +61-2-62825810

Email: [email protected]

Amanda Magnussen is Assistant Library Manager at IP Australia Library, Canberra. Prior tojoining IP Australia, she was Legal Librarian with the Defence Library Service. She hasrecently completed a Masters Degree in Information Management at the University ofCanberra, which looked at the development of digital libraries in Commonwealth governmentlibraries in Australia. The Victorian Association for Library Automation (VALA) awarded herthe 2000 VALA Travel Scholarship to conduct research into the development of electronic

rights management systems in the United Kingdom. Amanda is also the Webmaster for theACT Division of the Australian Law Librarians Group, and is currently Convenor of theplanning committee for the 2004 Law Librarians Symposium in Canberra.

ABSTRACT

When examining the literature on digital libraries, it is apparent that there is little consensuson what a digital library is and what shape it may take. However, it is also clear that thewriters in this field have an expectation that digital libraries will consist of a number ofcomplementary activities. The author has recently completed a study of the development ofdigital libraries in Commonwealth Government libraries in Australia. From the results of thisresearch, one potential model of a digital library has been developed. The model covers the

components that libraries may wish to incorporate into their digital libraries, including theInternet and Intranets, integrated access to information, digitisation programs, electronicpublications, electronic document delivery, resource sharing, cooperative activities and end-user services. The model is then further refined by considering the activities done by thoselibraries that are intending to develop a digital library, as opposed to the activities done bylibraries that do not intend to develop a digital library, giving a guide to those componentsthat are core and those that are optional to digital library development. The environmentalissues that impact upon digital libraries, such as legal, financial, client, personnel,organisational, management, technological, collaboration and subject discipline issues arealso incorporated, to provide an overall view of digital libraries and their environment.

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

2/15

10th Asia Pacific Special Health and Law Librarians Conference Adelaide 2427 Aug 2003


INTRODUCTION

Members of the library and information profession have become acutely aware in recentyears that we are working and living in tomorrows virtual world, [and] we must begin tolook to the future and prepare ourselves for what networked technology is making possible(Broering, 1995). As a consequence, much of the recent literature in the field has beendevoted to discussing and exploring the shape of future library and information services. Onearea receiving significant attention is the development of access to information through digitallibraries.

Much of the existing research in the digital library field is concerned with the practicalapplication or implementation of digital libraries, some on a very large scale. There are manythousands of digital library projects currently underway, in all sectors of the librarycommunity. These projects have taken widely varying approaches, dependent on the needsof the different libraries, the sector in which they are based, and, in part, the definition ofdigital library that has been applied. This has led to a variety of digital libraries beingdeveloped, with no common model being available.

The many existing digital library studies can give a useful pointer to the general developmentof digital libraries. However, the majority of published digital library research has occurred inthe academic and public library sectors. Watson and Streatfield (1997) were concerned thatthere has been a major focus on digital library developments in recent years, yet there hasbeen relatively little attention paid to special libraries, especially those outside thecommercial arena. Missingham concurred with this view, noting that the use of newtechnology in special libraries has been quite different to that of academic and public libraries(Missingham, 1996).

Government libraries usually fill a quite different role within their agency than their academicand public library counterparts. Furthermore, Cochrane and Lean noted that libraries serving

different clienteles are quite different from one another, and it is not necessarily helpful tomake comparisons (Cochrane and Lean, 1995). Given these factors, it can be difficult tomake meaningful extrapolations from research in other sectors to the special library sectorgenerally, and to Commonwealth libraries in particular.

During 1998-1999, a study was conducted into the development of digital libraries withinCommonwealth Government libraries in Australia (Magnussen, 2002). This research allowedinformation on Commonwealth digital library development efforts to be gathered andreviewed in a way that had not previously been done. It further provided an opportunity todevelop a general model of digital library development that was both meaningful and usefulto Commonwealth libraries. Likewise, it gave an opportunity to determine whether digitallibrary developments from libraries in the academic sector did, in fact, have application in the

government special library sector.

THE DIGITAL LIBRARY CONCEPT

The basic concept underlying the digital library is not new. In 1945, Dr Vannevar Bush of theU.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development discussed a device called a memex.He envisioned this device being used by individuals as a sort of mechanised private file andlibrary. It would be able to store large amounts of books, pictures, periodicals, newspapers,correspondence, and so on, with material being indexed for easy retrieval (Bush, 1986).

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

3/15



According to Saffady, the Bush vision is one of the most influential and frequently citedprecursors of the modern digital library concept. He continued to note that although thedigital library seems a revolutionary development, the concepts and technologies involvedare more accurately described as evolutionary (Saffady, 1995). Pacifici concurred with thisview. She stated that the digital library did not develop from the Internet, as is often thought.Rather, it has been evolving since the 1960s, when libraries began integrating emerginginformation technologies (such as microfiche, microfilm and electronic files) to facilitateaccess to hard copy collections (Pacifici, 1997).

TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

Although not a recent concept, in terms of actual development, digital libraries are stillrelatively new. Because of this, there is as yet no universally agreed terminology in place. Inthe literature, the digital library may also be called the library without walls, virtual library,electronic library, e-library, desktop library, online library, future library, library of the future,logical library, networked library, hybrid library, gateway library, extended library orinformation superhighway. Of these many terms, digital library, virtual library, hybrid library

and electronic(ore-) libraryare most common.

Just as there is no universally agreed upon terminology for digital libraries, neither is there acommon definition for this concept. In the 1990s, terms such as digital library, virtual libraryand electronic librarybecame widely used, but considerable uncertainty remains about whatthey actually mean (Kahin, 1995). However, Bishop and Starr considered this confusion ofdefinitions healthy because the digital library world is still emerging, and as such, hasmultiple agendas. The multiplicity of definitions ensures that no area is excluded (Bishop andStarr, 1996).

A few authors (Dijkstra, 1994; Oppenheim, 1994; Griffin, 1998) distinguish between thevarious terms, defining each one differently. However, such distinctions are relatively rare,

with the various terms usually being used to refer to essentially the same thing: that is,shared access to networked information (Zhao and Ramsden, 1995).

The term digital libraryhas been defined both broadly and narrowly. In the narrower form, adigital library is construed as a mainly, if not wholly, digital entity (Covi and Kling, 1996; Lesk,1997; Stratigos and Strouse, 2001), although this fully digital scenario is dependent on thenecessary materials being available in an appropriate format (Harden, 1994; Saunders,1994). In the broader construction, the digital library is defined as a hybrid of traditionallibrary services and new electronic sources and methods (Crawford, 1995; Waters, 1998;Borgman, 2000). One of the more comprehensive (and more quoted) definitions was putforward by Gapen, who defined digital libraries as:

the concept of remote access to the contents and services of libraries andother information resources, combining an on-site collection of current andheavily used materials in both print and electronic form, with an electronicnetwork which provides access to, and delivery from, external worldwidelibrary and commercial information and knowledge sources. In essence, theuser is provided the effect of a library which is a synergy created by bringingtogether technologically the resources of many, many libraries and informationservices (Gapen, 1993).

For the purposes of this research, the broader definition of digital libraries offered by Gapenwas adopted. No distinction was made in defining the various terms used to describe thedigital library concept, and for the sake of clarity, the term digital library has been usedthroughout.

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

4/15



COMPONENTS OF THE DIGITAL LIBRARY

Regardless of the wide variety of terms used to describe the digital library concept, it is clearfrom the literature that there are certain common elements, regardless of the terminologyapplied. There must be, in some sense, a collection, to which clients must be linked in anefficient and satisfying manner. There is also a set of services, either human or electronic,

which link clients to the collections. The technologies involved in providing digital libraryservices should support document creation, retrieval, transfer, dissemination, manipulationand management. Finally, there must be an institution in which the digital library collectionsand services are embedded (Bishop and Starr, 1996).

A major study, conducted by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) in 1992, identifiedseries of different activities considered essential to the formation of digital libraries (Schiller,1992; Schiller and Von Wahlde, 1992a; 1992b; Von Wahlde and Schiller, 1993). Theseincluded:

Use of, or development of electronic document delivery services; Policies, services, or reallocations that emphasise access [to information] over

ownership; Participation in cooperative development or purchase of electronic files; Participation in the development of a campus-wide information system; A written plan that states its goal as access to information from a single

workstation; Enhancement of the online public access catalogue (OPAC) to include the

holdings of other libraries besides those held locally; Providing a gateway from the OPAC to other databases or networks, such as the

Internet; End-user access to online files from on or off campus; Connection with the Internet; Training faculty and students:

.....in the use of Internet sources; and,

.....in end-user searching; Subscribing to electronic journals; Digitisation of text for electronic storage, retrieval and/or dissemination; An e-mail front-end that allows users to initiate interlibrary loan and document

delivery requests, suggest purchases, or ask reference questions from within theOPAC; and,

Access to electronic full-text (Schauder, 1994)

When grouped together logically, these activities fall into eight basic categories, as shown inTable 1.

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

5/15



Table 1: Digital Library Component Groups

The Internet and Intranets Development of library Internet and/or Intranet sites Internet connection

Integrated access toresources

Single workstation access to resources

Use of OPAC as a gateway Inclusion of external holdings on local OPAC

Digitisation of materials Digitisation projects

Electronic publications Electronic journals Electronic full-text

Electronic documentdelivery

Commercial and library-to-library electronic documentdelivery

Resource sharing Access to resources over ownership

Cooperative activities Cooperative purchasing or development of resources

End-user services.

End-user access to online resources Internet training for clients Searching training for clients End-user electronic requesting

These elements, then, may be considered the basic building blocks of the digital library,although the nature and extent of the application of each component will depend upon thecircumstances and needs of the library and/or organisation to which the digital library isattached. One basic digital library model may then be illustrated as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Digital Library Components

LibraryCooperation

ElectronicDocumentDelivery

End-UserServices

ResourceSharing

Digitisation ofMaterials

ElectronicPublications

Internet andIntranets

IntegratedAccess toInformation

DIGITAL LIBRARY COMPONENTS

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

6/15



THE DIGITAL LIBRARY ENVIRONMENT

Just as the literature identifies a number of activities that together make up digital libraries,so too does it show that the development of digital libraries is heavily dependent on anumber of inter-related enabling (or hindering) factors. These include such issues ascopyright, client attitudes, changes to funding and financial structures, the need for neworganisational structures, technological issues, staff training, and so on. When groupedtogether, these factors all fall within nine inter-linked subject categories, as shown in Table 2

Table 2: Issues in the Digital Library Environment

Legal issues copyright contracts privacy

Financial issues financial resources changes to funding allocation

Client issues

client needs client attitudes resistance to introduction of new technologies

Personnel issues

staff commitment to new systems and services changed staff training and competencies effect of automation on staff skilling and

professionalisation

Organisational issues

need for new organisational structures reorganisation of hierarchies and work divisions organisational size balance between professional and

paraprofessional staff appropriate position levels

Management issues

strategic planning need for new or different performance measures organisational support and leadership need for champions within the organisation appropriate statistical measurement

Technological issues

security infrastructure development use of appropriate technologies standards

Collaboration issues

resource sharing cooperative purchasing of information resources cooperative purchase or development of

hardware and infrastructure

Subject disciplineissues

availability of content for different disciplines appropriateness of delivery method

Although writers in the field differ on the relative importance of these individual issues, it iswidely agreed that the continued progress and ultimate success of digital libraries isdependent on their resolution. If this is the case, then these issues can be said to make up

an environment that surrounds the digital library itself. The digital library and its environmentmay then be modelled as shown in Figure 2.

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

7/15



Figure 2: Digital Libraries and their Environment

Financial Issues ManagementIssues

Legal

Issues

SubjectDisciplineIssues

LibraryCooperation


End-UserServices

Resource

Sharing





DIGITAL LIBRARY COMPONENTS

Client

Issues

PersonnelIssues

OrganisationalIssues

CollaborationIssues

TechnologicalIssues

DIGITAL LIBRARY ENVIRONMENT

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

8/15



DIGITAL LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IN COMMONWEALTH LIBRARIES

As previously discussed, a study of Commonwealth library digital library developments wasconducted in 1998-1999, with one of its objects to determine if the model developed from thegeneral literature on digital libraries (above at Figure 2) was appropriate to digital librarydevelopment in the Commonwealth library sector.

Libraries included in the study were libraries within those agencies, statutory and non-statutory authorities administered by the Commonwealth Government. Where an agency hadmore than one library, only those libraries that had policy and budgetary control over theirindividual library or network was included. The National Library of Australia was excludedfrom this study as, although it is a Commonwealth library, it is also a national library, and assuch, has different foci, programs and priorities than special libraries delivering informationservices to public sector organisations. A total of 126 libraries were surveyed, with 102overall responses received.

As part of this study, libraries were surveyed to discover which of the 15 digital library

activities identified by Schiller and Von Wahlde they were performing. This question received98 responses, with libraries performing activities as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Digital Library Activities in Commonwealth Libraries

76%

60%

55%

100%

23%

40%

58%

64%

86%

86%

79%

65%

40%

65%

70%

13%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Electronic document

delivery

Access over

ownership

Cooperativedevelopment

Internet/ Intranet site

Access from single

workstation

OPAC holdings

enhancement

OPAC gateway

End-user access to

files

Connection with the

Internet

Client training -

Internet

Client training -

Searching

Electronic journals

Digitisation project(s)

Electronic requests

by clients

Electronic full-text

Other

VirtualLibraryActivit

% Libraries

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

9/15



An examination of the digital library activities undertaken in Commonwealth libraries showedthat some activities were undertaken by far more libraries than were others. For example,100% of respondents were involved in the development of Internet and Intranet sites, yetonly 40% had digitisation projects underway. Electronic document delivery was in use in 76%of respondent libraries, yet just 40% listed external library holdings on their OPACs. Only23% had embraced the notion of access to materials through a single workstation, yet 86%were conducting client Internet training.

When grouped into the eight categories of digital library activities shown above in Table 1,the average percentage of Commonwealth libraries undertaking each activity was as shownin Figure 3.

Table 3: Digital Library Activities Performed by Commonwealth Libraries

ACTIVITY % OF LIBRARIES

The Internet and Intranets 93%

Integrated access to

resources40%

Digitisation of materials 40%

Electronic publications 68%

Electronic document delivery 76%

Resource sharing 60%

Cooperative activities 55%

End-user services 74%

THE DIGITAL LIBRARY ENVIRONMENT IN COMMONWEALTH LIBRARIES

Commonwealth libraries were also surveyed about how important they perceived the various

environmental issues shown in Table 2to be. Respondents rated each issue using a 7-pointscale, from most unimportant to most important. The responses received were thenweighted, with each score being multiplied by the number of votes received. The individualweighted scores were as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Issues of Importance to Digital Library Development (Weighted)

606 600 597 586 58 4 581547

50 8 500 486 484 482 476 458 454411 40 3

0

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

50 0

60 0

70 0

Fun

dingch

ange

s

Organ

isatio

nals

uppo

r

Appropr

iate te

chnologie

Traine

d te

chstaf

Staff

commitm

ent

Clie

ntattit

udes

Fina

ncial

reso

urce

s

Resou

rcesh

arin

g

Human

resource

issu

es

Strate

gicpla

nnin

g

Infra

structure de

velop

men

C

opyrigh

tissu

es

Securitya

ndprivac

yissue

Coop

erative

venture

Electronicp

ublis

hing

New

orga

nisation

alstructu

re(s

New

perform

ance

mea

sure

Issue

Weightedsco

r

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

10/15



When these responses were grouped into the environmental issue categories listed in Table2, client issues were considered most important, with financial issues only slightly less so.The relative importance of all nine issues was as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Digital Library Environmental Issues (Weighted)

There was little difference in terms of relative score between the ranked categories, with aspan of just 127 points between them. This suggests that the various issues that impact on

the digital library environment have relatively equal importance, with none assuming muchgreater significance than another. Further, when respondents were asked to nominate otherissues of importance, there were no issues suggested which did not already fit either withinone of existing groups, or in one of the specified digital library activities in Table 1. Thiswould seem to indicate that respondents saw no significant gaps in the proposedenvironmental issues, and that the model of the environment is reasonably complete.

CONCLUSION

Based on the literature in the field, a model for digital libraries was formulated as shown inFigure 2, with the model comprising the components that made up the digital library andfactors that impacted on its environment. Originally, it was considered that all components

were equally applicable to all libraries, as the literature on the topic did not provide anyguidance as to the relative importance or utility of each activity.

However, an examination of the digital library activities undertaken in Commonwealthlibraries showed that some digital library activities were undertaken by far more libraries thanwere others. Based on this, it appears that certain activities can be described as beingessential to digital library development, while others may be considered optional. In thismodel, those components that were undertaken by an average of 65% or moreCommonwealth libraries have been deemed core digital library components. Those activitiesthat had an average participation rate of less than 65% may be considered more peripheralto digital library development.

581 57 7542 54 1

499 49 6 483 47 9454

0

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

50 0

60 0

Clie

nt

Fina

ncial

Person

nel

Tech

nolog

ical

Organisa

tional

Man

agem

ent

Collabo

ratio

n

Legal

Subje

ctdisciplin

e

Issue

WeightedTota

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

11/15



On this basis, Internet and Intranets, electronic publications, electronic document deliveryand end-user services comprise the core digital library components, while integrated accessto information, digitisation of materials, resource sharing and library cooperation are optional.The model of digital library components proposed at Figure 1 has therefore been revised asshown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Revised Digital Library Components

There were various issues of importance that made up the nine major issues that fed into thedigital library environment, as shown in Table 2. When these issues were weighted andranked (at Figure 5), there was little difference between the scores from the first and lastranked issues. This suggests that the various issues that impact on digital libraries haverelatively equal importance to their potential for success, with none being vastly more

important than others. Further, when respondents were asked to nominate other issues ofimportance, there were no issues suggested which did not already fit either within one ofexisting groups, or in one of the specified digital library activities. This would seem to indicatethat the proposed environmental issues are reasonably complete, with no major gaps. In lightof this, the digital library environment proposed at Figure 2has not altered.

Therefore, taking account of the alterations made in Figure 6, the digital library and itsenvironment may be illustrated as shown in Figure 7below.

ResourceSharing


LibraryCooperation


Electronic

DocumentDelivery

End-UserServices



OPTIONAL DIGITAL LIBRARY COMPONENTS

CORE DIGITAL LIBRARY COMPONENTS

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

12/15



Figure 7: Revised Model of Digital Libraries and their Environment

Financial Issues ManagementIssues

LegalIssues

Subject

DisciplineIssues

DIGITAL LIBRARY ENVIRONMENT

PersonnelIssues

ClientIssues

TechnologicalIssues

CollaborationIssues

OrganisationalIssues

ResourceSharing


LibraryCooperation



End-UserServices

Internet and

Intranets

Electronic

Publications

OPTIONAL DIGITAL LIBRARY COMPONENTS

CORE DIGITAL LIBRARY COMPONENTS

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

13/15



The model of digital libraries proposed in this research (at Figure 7) was formulated based onthe general literature on digital libraries. It has only been tested in the Commonwealth speciallibrary sector in Australia. As discussed in the introduction to this paper, special libraries tendto be quite unique, depending upon the nature of their parent organisation. Further testing ofthe proposed model in other library settings would be needed to show whether it truly hasuniversal application. However, given that the basic model was developed from digital libraryliterature drawn from all library sectors, and has proven appropriate to the Commonwealthlibrary sector, it seems likely that it can provide a sound starting point for other librarieswishing to develop digital libraries suitable for their organisations.

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

14/15



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bishop, Ann Peterson and Susan Leigh Starr(1996) 'Social informatics of digital libraryuse and infrastructure'. InAnnual Review on Information Science and Technology, Vol.

vol. 31 (Edited by: Williams, Martha E.) Medford, N.J.: Information Today, 301-401.

Borgman, Christine L. (2000) From Gutenberg to the Global Information Infrastructure:access to information in the networked world. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Broering, Naomi C. (1995) 'Changing focus: tomorrow's virtual library'. Serials Librarian. 25(3/4), 73-94.

Bush, Vannevar(1986) 'As we may think'. In CD-ROM: the new papyrus: the current andfuture state of the art(Edited by: Lambert, Steve and Suzanne Ropiequet) Redmond,Wa.: Microsoft Press, 3-20.

Cochrane, Tom and Mike Lean (1995) 'Copyright, libraries and the electronic future'.Australian Library Review. 12 (4), 373-380.

Covi, Lisa and Rob Kling (1996) 'Organizational dimensions of effective digital library use:closed rational and open natural systems models'. Journal of the American Society forInformation Science. 47 (9), 672-689.

Crawford, Walt (1995) 'Moving toward extended libraries: sensible futures'. North CarolinaLibraries. 53 (4), 162-171.

Dijkstra, Joost (1994) 'A digital library in the mid-nineties: ahead or on schedule?'Information Services and Use. 14, 267-277.

Gapen, G. Kaye (1993) 'The virtual library: knowledge, society and the librarian'. In TheVirtual Library: Visions and Realities (Edited by: Saunders, Laverna M.) Westport,Conn.: Meckler, 1-14.

Griffin, Stephen M. (1998) 'Taking the initiative for digital libraries'. The Electronic Library.16 (1), 24-27.

Harden, Gary (1994) 'The virtual library: what is it and where are we headed?' NorthCarolina Libraries. 52 (3/4), 99-101.

Kahin, Brian (1995) 'Institutional and policy issues in the development of the digital library'.

In Networking in the humanities: proceedings of the Second Conference on Scholarshipand Technology in the Humanities, held at Elvetham Hall, Hampshire, UK, 13-16 April,1994 (Edited by: Kenna, Stephanie and Seamus Ross) London: Bowker-Saur, 127-140.

Lesk, Michael (1997) Practical digital libraries: books, bytes, and bucks. San Francisco,Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann.

Magnussen, Amanda (2002) The development of virtual libraries in Commonwealth librariesin Australia [M.A. (Information Studies), School of Information Management andTourism, University of Canberra]. Also available athttp://e-prints.alia.org.au/view/year/2002.html.

7/28/2019 008 r.pdf

15/15


Missingham, Roxanne (1996) 'A World-Wide Web of information: the solution to ourproblems or a new reason for information specialists'.Australian Library Review. 13 (1),38-43.

Oppenheim, Charles (1994) 'The virtual library: some common sense please'. ManagingInformation. 1 (1), 26-27.

Pacifici, Sabrina I. (1997) Virtual libraries: myth and reality. [Internet]http://www.llrx.com/features/virtual.htm(Accessed: 28 May 1997).

Saffady, William (1995) 'Digital library concepts and technologies for the management oflibrary collections: an analysis of methods and costs'. Library Technology Reports. 31(3), 223-238.

Saunders, Laverna M. (1994) 'The virtual library today'. In The virtual library: an SLAinformation kit(Edited by: Washington, DC: Special Libraries Association, 8-12.

Schauder, Don (1994) 'Development of the e-library concept, with special reference toAustralian libraries'.Australian Library Review. 11 (1), 5-30.

Schiller, Nancy (1992) The emerging virtual research library. Washington, D.C.: Associationof Research Libraries. Office of Management Services.

Schiller, Nancy and Barbara Von Wahlde (1992a) 'Toward a realization of the virtuallibrary: first in a two-part series'.ARL Newsletter. (163), 3-4.

--- (1992b) 'Toward a realization of the virtual library: second in a two-part series'.ARLNewsletter. (164), 4-6.

Stratigos, Andrea and Roger Strouse (2001) 'Going virtual with the corporate library'.Online. 25 (2), 66-68.

Von Wahlde, Barbara and Nancy Schiller(1993) 'Creating the virtual library: strategicissues'. In The Virtual Library: Visions and Realities (Edited by: Saunders, Laverna M.)Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 15-46.

Waters, Donald J. (1998) What are digital libraries? [Internet]http://www.clir.org/pubs/issues/issues04.html(Accessed: 3 July 2002).

Zhao, Dian G. and Anne Ramsden (1995) 'Report on the ELINOR electronic library pilot'.Information Services and Use. 15, 199-212.

008 r.pdf

Documents

Transcript of 008 r.pdf