ISSN 00364O75

May 1981

Volume 212, No. 4494

LETTERS Least Publishable Unit: R. W. Buddemeier; J. Roth; Startling!Punctuation: N. P. Christy; G. B. Kolata; Guinea Worm Disease:D. R. Hopkins and W. H. Foege........................................

EDITORIAL Affordable Science ........................................................

ARTICLES An Ice-Free Cretaceous? Results from Climate Model Simulations:'E. J. Barron, S. L. Thompson, S. H. Schneider ..........................

Brain, Lung, and Heart Functions During Diving and Recovery:P. W. Hochachka .....................................................

National-Science Foundation Budgets: Fiscal Years 1981, 1982, and Beyond:L. M. Branscomb .....................................................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

Ambitious Energy Project Loses Luster .....................................

Military Plans for Shuttle Stir Concern ......................................

Afghanistan: The Politics of a Tragicomedy ..................................

Attempts to Safeguard Technology Draw Fire ................................

Briefing: Meltdown Too Hot for Maryland Science Center; The Perils ofIsabelie: Under the Budget Ax; Edwards Hears Criticism from SynfuelsIndustry; College Students Fail Global Awareness Test....................

The Containment of Research ..............................................

Micromainframe Is Newest Computer on a Chip..............................

Meeting Highlights: Magma Chambers in the Laboratory; More Deep-SeaHot Springs in the Pacific; Rifts Propagating in the Pacific .................

Tale of the Orphaned Genes ................................................

494

497

501

514

517 s

520

521

524 )

526

527"

528

530

REPORTS Control of Equatorial Ocean Currents by Turbulent Dissipation:W. R. Crawford and T. R. Osborn ........ .............................. 539

Regression of Aflatoxin B,-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinomas by ReducedGlutathione: A. M. Novi ............................................... 541

Changes in DNA During Meiosis in a Repair-Deficient Mutant (rad 52) of Yeast:M. A. Resnick et al. .............. ..................................... 543

Mutation Caused by Human Phagocytes: S. A. Weitzman and T. P. Stossel ..... 546

Transformation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins as Demonstrated in ScallopHomogenates: Y. Shimizu and M. Yoshioka ....... ....................... 547

Tritiated Thymidine Incorporation Does Not Measure DNA Synthesis inRibavirin-Treated Human Cells: J. C. Drach et al. ...... .................. 549

Ctenidial Autotomy in Corbicula fluminea in Response to Massive Granulomas:J. C. Britton et al. ...... ......; 551

Purified Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide: Responses to LactateDehydrogenase Isozynies from Three Cell Sources: A. E. Kaplan et al. 553

Excitation of Limulus Photoreceptors by Vanadate and by a Hydrolysis-Resistant Analog of Guanosine Triphosphate: A. Fein and D. W. Corson .... 555

Isoguanosine: Isolation from an Animal: F. A. Fuhrman et al . ................. 557

Tyrosine Increases Blood Pressure in Hypotensive Rats: L. A. Conlay,T. J. Maher, R. J. Wurtman .................... 559

Cadmium-i 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Bovine Insulin: Two-ZincInsulin Hexamer Specifically Binds Calcium: J. L. Sudmeier et al. ......... 560

Evidence for Endomycorrhizae in Pennsylvanian Age Plant Fossils:C. A. Wagner and T. N. Taylor ......................................... 562

Alternative Male Strategies: Genetic Differences in Crickets: W. H. Cade ....... 563

Energetics of Honeybee Swarm Thermoregulation: B. Heinrich ..... ........... 565

Different Proteins Associated with 10-Nanometer Filaments in Cultured ChickNeurons and Nonneuronal Cells: G. S. Bennett et al . ..................... 567

Drug Discrimination Learning in Lead-Exposed Rats: H. Zenick andM. Goldsmith ............................. ............................. 569

Eusociality in a Mammal: Cooperative Breeding in Naked Mole-Rat Colonies:J. U. M. Jarvis . ....................................................... 571

Male Vole Urine Changes Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone andNorepinephrine in Female Olfactory Bulb: D. E. Dluzen et al . ............. 573

Age Determination for the Shanidar 3 Neanderthal; D. D. Thompson andE. Trinkaus ........................................................... 575

Technical Comments: Terminal Cretaceous Extinctions and the Arctic SpilloverModel: D. L. Clark and J. A. Kitchell; S. Gartner; Food Colors andBehavior: R. L. Brunner, C. V. Vorhees, R. E. Butcher: B. Weiss .......... 577

COVER

Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotesweddelli) initiating a dive under the iceshelf near Ross Island, Antarctica. Thelength of diving depends on regulatedblends of anaerobic and aerobic metab-olism in different tissues and organs.See page 509. [R. Davis, Scripps Insti-tution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Cali-fornia]

1 May 1981, Volume 212, Number 4494

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SCI:ENCE

3rdable Sciencethe question "What is scientific research," there are several possibleers. One reasonable response is that it constitutes an ordered pursuit ofions that need and are worth studying. Here the trouble begins. Needvorth dance up and down the value scale, depending on where one isng from and on a satisfactory consensus between investigators and,ors.at the federal government is not about to abandon science andology is clear enough. In the aggregate, the provisions for support ofrch and development appear robust. Science has been found to belable across the spectrum from fundamental research to the stageE commercialization begins, provided it does not tread on the values ofew masters. For the first time in the postwar partnership of sciencegovernment, summary judgment has been passed on the legitimacy of-ular fields of scientific inquiry without the benefit of due process. Theand economic sciences have been scored as flunking the tests of needvorth on the scale of government's fiscal values.en more troubling than the star-chamber procedures followed ining this choice is the implicit judgment that science has nothing usefulabout contemporary dilemmas and issues. For these matters, it mustesumed, neat answers are to be found in the transition reports. It ispossible that the social and economic sciences have been convicted forgovernment into social experiments and programs that are now

ed wasteful and improvident.there are some realities that cast a different light on the need andof the social and economic sciences. As far ahead as one cares tofor example, the United States will face close encounters with risksstic and foreign, including those of surprise and miscalculation. There[e to show that we are well prepared for them. Going further, it wouldthat while we set about spending $1.3 trillion on our defense forcesis a powerful case for honing our skills at conflict resolution. And

r than disposing of terrorism by nailing it as a Soviet conspiracy, itI be profitable to employ science to search into the formation ofism and find strategies for their management. As for improvingctivity in the nation's economy, it should be clear by now that prayersood works will not suffice in the absence of much greater understand-economic behavior than we have at hand.charge being leveled against the social and economic sciences is that

ire esoteric, meaning that they are practiced by insiders for insiders. Ifnonsense, it is nonetheless plain that the same act of public faith thatrnizes theoretical and applied research in the physical and life sciences)een withheld from the social and economic sciences because theits are less amenable to measurement. It is a Catch-22 situation, and itlikely to improve unless the stronger scientific disciplines come to theof their embattled colleagues. Isolating the social and economicces means inflicting damage on integrity of all scholarship.dilemma that is framed by the exclusionary thrust at the worth ofand economic research raises unsettling questions as to what our

ial science policy is, and how it is decided. Budgetary dispositionsd be consistent with a policy for science, and not presume to reinventwould be a strange species of national science policy that foreclosesess toward understanding and illuminating the tides of human choicetnies that it is affordable science.-WILLIAM D. CAREY