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SÖZLÜ BİLDİRİLER[Abstract:0217] [Diğer]

Collagen: from animal tissues to 3D printing biomaterials for tissue engineeringMadalina Albu Kaya1, Durmus Alpaslan Kaya21Collagen Department, INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Bucharest, Romania2Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey

Processing of animal tissues is still a challenge for obtaining natural biopolymers. The bio-based polymers such as proteins (collagen, keratin, silk fibroin) and glycosaminoglicans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, chitosan) have received increasing attention because of their properties such as high stability, low toxicity, non-immunogenicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Collagen, the most abundant protein of the body can be extracted from skin, bone, cartilage, blood vessels; keratin is found in wool, hairs, quills, hooves, horns, nails and silk fibroin is present in glands of silk producing arthropods (such as silkworms, spiders, scorpions, mites and bees) and spun into fibers during their metamorphosis. Hyaluronic acid is extracted from animal tissues such as cockscombs, vitreous bodies, brain cartilage, and joint fluids; chondroitin sulphate from cow, pig or shark cartilages and chitosan from shrimp, crabs, mussel shells and insect cuticles. They are only some examples of natural biopolymers which have been demonstrated to be excellent candidates in the application of wound healing, tissue regeneration, drug/gene delivery systems.In this study we will focus on collagen biomaterials starting with the animal source of obtaining, the types of collagen, methods of extracting, its processing as biomaterials and their application in medical field. Extracted as solution or gel, type I collagen as such or in combination with other polymers, drugs, natural extracts, ceramics was processed in different forms such as hydrogels, membranes, matrices (spongious), fibers, tubes.According to their applications we developed different collagen composites such as: collagen-natural polymers (dextran, sericin, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, cellulose, sodium alginate), collagen-synthetic polymers (PVP, PVA, PLA, PLGA, Na-CMC) for wound healing and as support for cellular therapy, collagen-ceramics/mineral materials (hydroxiapatite, zeolite, zinc oxide, zinc titanate, barium titanate, calcium/magnesium ions, mollusc shells, Na-montmorillonite) for bone regeneration. Some of these biomaterials, seeded with human adipose derived stem cells (hADSC), 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, human epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, osteoblasts proved their ability to build biohybrids for skin, adipose, cartilage and bone tissue engineering. Drug delivery systems based on collagen with antimicrobials (doxycycline, minocycline, metronidazole, tetracycline, chlorhexidine), anti-inflammatory drugs (niflumic acid, flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, indomethacin, piroxicam), antitumorals (vinblastine), anaesthetic (lidocaine), growth factor for cell culture such as BMP-4, D3 vitamin and dexamethasone were obtained and are in continuing development in order to prove the controlled delivery of drug / active principle at targeted tissue.However, an increased resistance to antibiotics has been recently observed and for these reasons, new drugs and therapies are continuously researched. Moreover, there is a growing number of people who reject the use of synthetic drugs in favor of natural remedies such as essential oils. Starting from this concept collagen in combination of essential oils (of lemon, lavender, laurel, thymus, oregano, eucalyptus) in the form of microcapsules, coating of implants, film/membrane, lyophilized spongious forms were developed and their efficacy were proved to be successfully used as antimicrobial biomaterial for infected tissue.Based on such good results, the promising next generation of engineered tissues is relying on producing natural scaffolds with antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility and also personalized form using 3D-printing technique.

Keywords: animal tissues, biomaterials, collagen, drug delivery systems

[Abstract:0341] [Zootekni]

Genetic improvement of functional traits in the Italian Simmental breedEdo Dagaro1, Lorenzo Degano21Department of Agricultural, Food, Environment and Animal Sciences, Udine, Italy2Italian Simmental Breed Association, Udine, Italy

The use of biotechnology tools and genetic selection of cattle makes it possible in the near future to increase the fertility of the dairy cow without sacrificing milk production and improving economic and sustainability aspects. The antagonistic relationship between fertility and productive characteristics is the main cause of the reduction of fertility in cattle, when reproductive efficiency parameters are not included in the selection programs. Furthermore, even if included among the selection targets, fertility may be reduced due to the low heritability. Current selection strategies for fertility traits are based mainly on the genetic evaluation of offsprings. One of the main problems with reproductive traits is that female fertility is not fully represented by a single trait but rather a complex of characters and, despite its economic importance, the characteristics of fertility are often underestimated. In some cases, the reduced reproductive efficiency derives from a low reliability of the data gathered. The 56 day non-return rate after the first service (NR56) is the most widely used character in the genetic improvement programs of fertility. An important limitation of this value is that it considers the next date of birth. On the other hand, NR56 provides a quick assessment for the fertility of a subsequent event (calf birth). The use of direct fertility measures could lead to more immediate results in breeding programs, considering that the phenotypic data are reliable and correctly modelled. The present study is part of a larger project aimed at the study of fertility for the Italian Simmental population. This research has allowed the development of a procedure for checking the reproductive performance of cows. Since now, the variables selected for a genetic fertility index in the Italian Simmental breed are: the 56-day and 90-day non-return rate, the birth-first insemination interval and the first and last insemination interval.

Keywords: animal breeding, fertility, Simmental breed

[Abstract:0364] [Diğer]

Chinese food heritage and contemporary food trendsZhaoming LiuSandong fiannce and ecomony university

Chinese cuisine is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverse culinary heritages in the world. It originated in different regions of China and has been introduced to other parts of the world- from Southeast Asia to North America and Western Europe.

A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two general components: (1) a carbohydrate source or starch, known as 主食 in the Chinese language (Pinyin: zhǔshí; lit. "main food", staple)- typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed buns), and (2) accompanying dishes of vegetables, fish, meat, or other items, known as 菜 (Pinyin: cài; lit. "vegetable") in the Chinese language. (This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to Western meals where meat or animal protein is often considered the main dish.)

As is well known throughout the world, rice is a critical part of much of Chinese cuisine. However, in many parts of China, particularly North China, wheat-based products including noodles and steamed buns (饅頭) predominate, in contrast to South China where rice is dominant. Despite the importance of rice in Chinese cuisine, at extremely formal occasions, it is sometimes the case that no rice at all will be served; in such a case, rice would only be provided when no other dishes remained, or as a token dish at the end of the meal. Soup is usually served at the end of a meal to satiate one's appetite. Owing to western influences, serving soup in the beginning of a meal is also quite normal in modern times.

Keywords: chinese food, heritage, culture

[Abstract:0093] ZTo18 [Zootekni]

Transition from in vivo animal production to in vitro cell production for food supply: from the nutrition of animal to the nutrition of cellAhmet ŞahinDepartment of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Kırşehir Ahievran Üniversity, Kırşehir, Turkey

There have been successful recent scientific studies conducted by leading companies and non-profit organizations from many years to culture meat to serve for the nourishment of human beings. Their proposed reasons for this production are to feed millions of people safely and eliminate the negative consequences of animals on global warming, to minimize land usage, and not to feel guilty in animal welfare issues. There has been a continuous discussion on its consumption with respect to religious and legislation matters, but it will be on sale on soon. In vitro cell production named “cellular agriculture” is a multi-disciplinary branch of science encompassing animal agriculture, tissue engineering, biotechnology, medicine, and material sciences. This technology allows meat and other agricultural products to be cultured from cells in a bioreactor rather than harvested from livestock on a farm. Cellular agriculture can be used to create any kind of agricultural product, including those that never involved animals, to begin with, eggs, leather, milk, fragrances, gelatin and silk. Cellular agriculture uses methods of tissue engineering to food production to create meat and dairy products that are molecularly similar to those made via conventional means. Instead of feeds for animal, nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, sugars,

ions, vitamins, cofactors, inorganic salts, and other substances are provided for the cells either in natural or synthetic media. The ideal criteria for the cells to be used for culturing include proliferative nature, immortality, and ability to grow independent of any surface and serum and tissue forming ability. Also, cell type is very important criterion itself. For instance, cells like myoblasts are ideal which have already differentiated to an extent and also have the ability to divide. To conclude, inevitably, some leading companies are going to produce animal products in vitro, suggesting that our next generation agricultural engineers, zootechnycians must be able to formulate serum or media with respect to its nutrient composition as well, to be ready to hybrid jobs, for example, cellular engineering, bioreactor engineering, serum production engineer, and in vitro nutritionist.

Keywords: cellular agriculture, cell nutrition, animal farming, bioreactor, hybride jobs


Determination of satisfaction and sustainability in cattle fattening farms: Case of Siirt provinceGalip Bakır1, Mustafa Kibar21Kahramanmaraş Sütcüimam University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey2Siirt University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Siirt, Turkey

This study was carried out in order to determine the satisfaction of the operators in the fattening farms in Siirt province. Satisfaction and sustainability in fattening were analyzed through factors such as the position of the enterprises, the age and educational status of the operators, the duration of the breeding period, the reasons for making the breeding, the sale of the animals at the price of fattening and the work other than the breeding. The data were obtained by a face-to-face survey with 93 operators in Siirt province, Pervari, Baykan and Şirvan districts. SPSS package program was used for statistical analysis.Overall, it is determined that 59.8% of the operators are satisfied with livestock and 87% want to maintain their livestock. The reason for the continuation of the operators was that they did not have any other jobs (37.9%), followed by sufficient income (26.4%), loving fattening (20.7%) and being profitable (14.9%). 83.3% of the operators who were not satisfied with the fattening and did not want to continue the work stated that the fattening was not profitable.On the basis of position, high satisfaction levels were determined in Pervari and Şirvan districts, while 59.1% of enterprises in the center were not satisfied. 81.8% of the companies that are not satisfied with the center were determined to want to maintain the food for other businesses (65%).It was determined that the satisfaction level of the operators according to their age levels changed and the rate of those who wanted to maintain their fattening increased as the age increased. As there is no other job to do, 34.8%, 37.5% and 43.8% of the operators want to maintain their livelihood.According to the reason of the breeding of the operators, the rate of satisfaction with the nourishment was found to be 36.4% for the operators who do not have any other jobs, 65.7% for those who do the job as their father and 87% for the lovers. Most of the operators are determined to not want to maintain because the fattening is not profitable.At the end of the fattening period, 79.5% of the operators selling their animals at the price were satisfied with the fattening and 89.7% of them wanted to maintain their fattening. 86.3% of the

operators who could not sell their animals at the end of the fattening period were determined to maintain their fattening for other jobs (46.9%).71.9% of the operators who work other than fattening were satisfied with the food and 84.4% of them were profitable and they found that they would continue to feed because they found the income obtained next to them. Only 50.9% of the people who do not deal with the work other than those who do not work just, and 87.7% of them do not have other jobs to do (50%) were determined to continue to feed.

Keywords: Siirt province, Cattle fattening, Satisfaction, Sustainability


Determination of the structural state of cattle fattening farms in Siirt provinceGalip Bakır1, Mustafa Kibar21Kahramanmaraş Sütcüimam University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey2Siirt University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Siirt, Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the structural and demographic characteristics of beef cattle farms in Siirt province. The data were obtained from the province center of Siirt, Pervari, Baykan and Şirvan with 93 breeders. SPSS package program was used for statistical analysis.The educational status of the operators is primary school (46.2%), secondary school (28%), high school (12.9%) and illiterate (12.9%). The average age of the operators was 42.24 years, the number of individuals in the household was 7.36 and the period of livestock breeding was 18 years. culture and 14.8% of them consist of hybrid-native breeds. The average number of animals in the farm was 5.87, heifer-cow was found to be 6.20 and the total number was 11.17.While 55.9% of the enterprises only feed, 44.1% of them make milk production in addition to food. 36% of the operators are engaged in other activities other than livestock and 26.1% are engaged in sheep breeding. 69.6% of the operators stated that Siirt province was suitable for livestock and that it was not suitable. As a reason, they stated that the feed was expensive, there was no pasture area, climate and market conditions.Among the problems experienced in the enterprises, while the feed is expensive (23.1%), feed is expensive + support is less (22%). Operators expect support from farmers mostly (26.4%). It is determined that 31.5% of the operators are members of the association and 6.7% of them are members of the cooperative. The average number of animals to provide livelihood was found to be 24 head.As a result, in Siirt province, fattening is not widespread and the fattening enterprises have been found to do this work extensively with less animals. In order to increase the income of the operators and to increase the contribution of the business to the economy and the country's economy, the infrastructure of the enterprises should be improved, the knowledge level of the growers should be increased and encouraged by various measures.When evaluated in general terms, it was determined that the operators did not pursue fattening very willingly and that there was no other job to be done by the operators in order to maintain their fattening. It is determined that some operators continue to feed because they think that the income obtained is sufficient. The rate of those who declared that the food was profitable was only 15.1%. As a result, it was determined that the operators were not very satisfied with then nourishment, and they continued to breed because they had no other work to do.

Keywords: Siirt province, Cattle fattening, Structural status, Demographic characteristics

[Abstract:0153] ZTp1 [Zootekni]

Effect Of Water Spray And Anise Seeds Supplementation On Some Blood Characteristic In Holstein Friesian Cow Under Heat StressNatik Hameed Al Kudsi1, Mohammed Ahmed Shwayel21Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq.2Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Dialaa, Iraq.

This study was carried out at the Animal Farm pertaining to the Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad in Iraq. Using 18, multiparous Holstein Friesian cows following their beak milk production. The cows were randomly divided into two main groups (with and without spraying body with water). Each group was sub-divided into three sub groups including 3 cows each representing treatment of anise (0 and 30 gm of formaldehyde- treated anise as well as 30 gm. Formaldehyde untreated anise to the concentrate diet/cow/day). The field part of the experiment was continued for the period from 1/7/2012 to 2/10/2012 to study the effect these treatments on the productive and physiological performance under heat stress conditions in Summer. Results revealed that the experimental cows were exist under severe heat stress during the experiment which negatively affected on some studied traits. Significant (P<0.05) effect of anise was observed on some blood characteristics (cholesterol, cortisol and thyroxin hormones). Excluding data of cortisol hormone which was declined (P<0.05) in spraying group at the end of the experiment, the influence of water spraying on blood attributes lacked significant. The interaction between the anise treatment and water spraying was positively significant (P<0.05) on most studied traits. The formaldehyde 30 gm/cow/day anise treated group was always better than untreated group during the experiment. It seems clear that exposure of dairy cattle to heat stress in summer had a negative effect on productive and physiological performance. The formaldehyde treated and untreated anise supplementation (30 gm/cow/ day) to concentrate diet and water spraying during afternoon led to the mitigate the adverse effect of heat stress of these cows and enhanced their performance.

Keywords: anise seed, blood characteristic, heat stress, cows


Hatching Traits of Brown Layer Pure Lines and Their Different Combinations

Serdar Kamanli1, İsmail Turker21Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey2Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Agriculture, Yozgat, Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine of the hatching traits of the brown egg pure lines and their different combinations in the Poultry Research Institute. For this purpose, a total of 9900 eggs from 22 genotypes were used. The study was carried out according to completely randomized design with three replicates. 150 breeding eggs were used in each replication. In the study, fertility rate, hatchability of fertile eggs and hatchability traits of genotypes were determined. Difference between the means of the treatment groups was determined by variance analysis. There are significant differences between genotypes in terms of these traits.It was concluded that the hatchability of fertile eggs of breeding eggs obtained from Colombian and Rhode Island Red 2 pure lines is lower than other genotypes.

Keywords: Genotype, hatchery, hatchability of fertile eggs, hatchability

[Abstract:0123] [Bahçe Bitkileri]

Fruit Characteristics of Some Bay Laurel GenotypesSerra Hepaksoy1, Aysun Boza21Ege University2Ege Forestry Research Institute

Laurel nobilis L. is one of the major export products of our country and constitutes 90% of world exports. Laurel is one of the least studied plant species, although it is demanded in large quantities for use in the chemical and food industries in Europe. In Turkey, bay laurel grows in the Marmara, Aegean and Mediterranean regions. In this study, the fruit width, height and weights of genotypes in the natural populations of Çeşme and Dilek peninsula, which are located in important bay areas of Turkey, have been studied for two years. The average fruit length and height values of the trees were found to be similar in two years at the all areas. However, thousand fruit weight gave similar results in the Dilek peninsula in two years, while the differences between years were found important for the other two regions. In general fruit weights were found more in the second year than first year.

Keywords: Bay laurel, Laurus nobilis L., fruit, Çeşme peninsula, Dilek peninsula

[Abstract:0127] [Tarım Ekonomisi]

Organic Livestock Products Marketing in TurkeyHasan VuralDepartment of agricultural economics, Bursa uludağ Univ., Bursa

Organic agricultural production has been gaining importance in Turkey in recent years and has been an alternative to traditional agricultural production. Organic agriculture in Turkey is affected by the same general issues that affect Turkish agriculture. The most important problems of the Turkish agriculture can be identified as lack of organization and marketing followed by lack of education for farmers. In organic livestock production the most important issue should be considered as marketing and marketing research. In this study, marketing problems of organic agriculture and organic livestock production in Turkey is examined and some suggestions are made as a solution to these problems.

Keywords: organic agriculture, animal products, marketing of organic products

[Abstract:0165] [Tarla Bitkileri]

A Study on Correlation Between Different Sowing Time and Defoliator Applications in Cotton (G. hirsutum L.)Cevher İlhan Cevheri, Vedat BeyyavaşHarran university, Technical Sciences Vocational High School, Sanliurfa, Turkey

In 2016 and 2017, various quality characteristics of the fibers obtained as a result of different sowing time and defoliant applications in two cotton varieties were examined. Fiber fineness (mic), fiber length (mm), short fiber index (%), fiber strength (str, g / tex), elasticity (elg) and brightness (Rd) fiber quality properties were investigated. In the correlation analysis, several (1%) and (5%) significance results were found among these characteristics. According to 2016 data; positive and significant correlation (r = 0.5719 **) was found between the short fiber index and fiber fineness (mic), and a negative and significant (r = -0.4435 *) correlation between short fiber index (%) and fiber length (mm) was found. There was a positive and significant correlation between fiber brightness and fiber fineness (mic) (r = 0.5320 **). According to 2017 data; a negative and significant (= -0.4875*) correlation was found between the uniformity index (UI) and the fiber fineness (mic) and a positive and significant (=0.5149*) correlation between the uniformity index (UI) and fiber length (mm) was found. It was also found a negative and significant (r = -0.5124) correlation between short fiber index (SFI%) and fiber length (mm), a positive and significant (r = 0.5291 **) correlation between fiber strength (g / tex) and fiber length (mm), a negative and significant (r = -0.4304 *) correlation between fiber strength (g / tex) and short fiber index (SFI), and a negative and significant (r = -0.4755 *) correlation between fiber elasticity and fiber fineness (mic). Moreover, it was found a positive and significant correlation(r = 0.6143 **) between fiber

brightness (Rd) and fiber fineness (mic), a negative and significant (r = -0.4579 *) correlation between fiber luster (Rd) and fiber length (mm), and a positive and significant(r = 0.5008 *) correlation between fiber brightness (Rd) and short fiber index. Correlations in the degree of materiality between fiber quality properties yielded meaningful and significant results for cotton, which is the raw material of textile.

Keywords: cotton, sowing time, fiber quality, correlation


The Impact on Yield and Some Traits of Different Forage Pea and Annual Ryegrass MixturesMehmet Can1, Gülcan Kaymak1, Elif Öztürk1, İlknur Ayan1, Zeki Acar1, Erdem Gülümser21Field Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey2Field Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey

This study was carried out in order to determine hay yield and some quality parameter of yield and the best mixture ratio in randomized block design with three replications throughout 2017-2018 growing season in Çarşamba/Samsun conditions. The seeds were sowed at November, 16, 2017 and harvesting was made constitute of lower pods of pea plants at May 1, 2018. Cultivar “Caramba” of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. westervoldicum L.)(ARG), leafed “Gölyazı” cultivar of forage pea (Pisum arvense L.) (LFP) and semi-leafless forage pea cultivar “Kirazlı” (SLFP) were used in the study. Besides the solely plots of the cultivars, different mixture ratios of annual ryegrass with forage pea cultivars (20% ARG+80% LFP, 30% ARG+70% LFP, 40% ARG+60% LFP, 50% ARG+50%LFP, 60% ARG+40% LFP, 70% ARG+30% LFP, 80% ARG+20% LFP; 20% ARG+80% SLFP, 30% ARG+70% SLFP, 40% ARG+60% SLFP, 50% ARG+50% SLFP, 60% ARG+40% SLFP, 70% ARG+30% SLFP, 80% ARG+20% SLFP) were experimented. Total plot numbers were 17 in the same block. While fresh herbage yields varied from 9.04 t ha-1 (40% SLFP+60% ARG) to 3.05 t ha-1, hay yields were ranged between 1.79 t ha-1 (40% SLFP+ 60% ARG) and 0.66 t ha-1 (100% ARG). The highest crude protein ratio was determined as 17.04% for 80% LFP+20% ARG plots. While ADF ratio of hays were 28% (100% ARG)- 38% (100% SLFP), NDF ratios ranged from 43.05% (20% LFP + 80%ARG) to 50.40% (%100 SLFP).

Keywords: Forage pea, Annual ryegrass, mixture rates, hay yield.

[Abstract:0191] [Biyosistem Mühendisliği]

A Research on the Structural Problems of Buffalo Breeding Enterprises in Bursa RegionErcan Şimşek1, Fatma Şahin21Department of Biosystems Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey2Tavşanlı District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry

Although carcasses meat and milking yield are less common than live cattle, it is seen that buffalo farming is an activity that should not be ignored, due to factors such as high consumption of low quality roughage feeds and high utilization of feed, resistance to difficult climate conditions and diseases, milk and meat quality. Since 1980, water buffalo breeding in Turkey has begun to decline greatly as it is in other animal production areas. Factors such as the introduction of the economic stabilization measures put into practice and the removal of animals and animal products from others, and the intensification of migration from the village to the city were the factors. The animal assets within the 1 million successes for decades-long production declined to 84 thousands in 2007 and reached 138 thousands in 2018. The increase in recent years, interest has been increasing along with the support and buffalo milk. However, it seems that producers dealing with buffalo farming, traditional production methods, small capitals, inadequate shelter conditions have not provided adequate maintenance and feeding facilities.In this study, the enterprises that were engaged in the cultivation of buffalo at the Karaoglan district of Mustafakemalpaşa town in Bursa were examined. This settlement is located on the banks of the Uluabat Lake and the main production area is directed to the production of buffalo milk and only Anatolian buffalo is grown in the enterprises. Milk yields of enterprises are quite low in the winter season and vary between 3-5 liters on average. In the study, the operating structures were evaluated from the structural direction as a result of in situ measurements, and temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and various gas measurements were performed in order to determine the indoor environment conditions in the three operations. As a result of the research, it has been reached that the shelters used are not suitable for animal desire and welfare, and the shelters need to be rearranged. Accordingly, the models of buffalo shelters designed to suit the conditions of the region and the operational capacity were evaluated and suggestions were presented.

Keywords: Barn, Air Quality, Business, Buffalo, Buffalo milk

[Abstract:0201] [Gıda Bilimleri]

Microbiological attributes of packaged and unpackaged dried raisin samples sold in Manisa marketsKıvılcım Çelik, Bülent ErgönülDepartment of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey

Dried raisin which has a high economic value is an important product of Eagean Region, especially in Manisa. In this study, it was aimed to determine the microbiological attributes of unpackaged or packaged dried raisin samples from different locations of Manisa region. Total of 62 different dried raisin samples were collected and brought into Manisa Celal Bayar University, Microbiology Laboratory and were taken under microbiological investigation. Average microbiological attributes of 43 unpackaged and 19 packaged dry raisin samples were determined and were compared to values given in Communication for Microbiological Criteria for Dried Fruits and Vegetables of TSE.

Keywords: Dried raisin, microbiology, package


Microbiological attributes of "Çiğ Köfte" samples sold in Manisa marketsKıvılcım Çelik, Bülent ErgönülDepartment of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey

"Çiğ köfte" (raw meatball) is a traditional Turkish snack food prepared by using bulgur, onions, garlic and different varieties of spices by adding or without adding minced beef. It is generally consumed as a fast-food within a short time but, leftovers of it can be kept in refrigerator or in room temperature until they are consumed. In this study, total of 63 çiğ it was determined that, total mezophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. counts of the samples were determined.

Keywords: Fast food, microbiology, raw meatball

[Abstract:0210] [Bitki Koruma]

Pathogenicity of Alternaria solani (Ell. & G. Martin) Sor. Isolates Isolated in Tomato Areas in Van Province and The Effect of Trichoderma spp. Antagonists in Vitro Conditions

Gökhan Boyno, Emre Demirer Durak, Hasret Güneş, Semra DemirDepartment of Plant Protection, Agricultural Faculty, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Zeve Campus, Van, Turkey

Tomato is a very important culture plant in our country as it is in the world. The tomato plant, which can be grown in almost all of our country, has a very important place for the province of Van. In particular, the tomatoes produced in the districts of Gevaş, Edremit and Erciş constitute 90% of the province of Van. It is inevitable that phytopathological problems will be seen in tomatoes whose production is so high. Especially among these problems fungal pathogens take the first place, A. solani cause serious problems unless the pathogen control. Most of these control are chemical control.

In the aim of this study, surveys were carried out in areas where tomato cultivation was carried out in Van province and A. solani isolates were determined. These isolates were selected to represent regions and were used in the pathogenicity test. For the pathogenicity test, tomato seeds were growed up in viols and in the 3rd week of seedling growth, 50 ml suspensions of 1x106 conidi / ml were prepared and hand spray was applied to the selected A. solani isolates to plants. Disease severities were determined by using 0-4 scale at the 3rd, 4th and 5th weeks. As a result of the pathogenicity test, A. solani GATd1 and EAb 1 were determined as the most virulent isolates with 35,61 % and 31,06 %, respectively. A. solani ErG 3 isolate was found to have the lowest disease severity with 23.07%. In total, 8 Trichoderma spp. antagonists were used in vitro conditions against A. solani EAb 1 and GATd 1 isolates by double culture technique. Five of these 8 Trichoderma spp. antagonists were isolated from the survey (BKe1, BKe2, NTC1, NTC2, GATd2) and 3 were selected from the culture stocks (T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens). As a result of this study, Trichoderma spp. NTC 2 isolate was found to be the most effective antagonist against A. solani EAb 1 isolate by 53.98% and against GATd 1 isolates by 58.74%.

In conclusion, Trichoderma antagonists were effective at different rates in A. solani pathogens in vitro.

Keywords: Tomato, Pathogenicity, Biological control, Trichoderma spp., A. solani


Germination and plant growing of F1 hybrid pear genotypes of Deveci x Ankara, Deveci x Akça and Akça x DeveciAli Kesik, Hatice DumanoğluANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMANT OF HORTICULTURE,ANKARA,TURKEY

This study was carried out to examine plant development and germination ratio of F1 hybrid seeds in combinations of Deveci x Ankara (DE x AN), Deveci x Akça and Akça x Deveci. Seeds were stratificated in moistened perlite at 4°C for a period of 60 days prior to germination. Plant development was determinated by measuring trunk diameter at 5 cm above root collar, stem height and number of nodes. The germination ratio of hybrid seeds was 76.2% in DE x AN, 94.8% in DE x AK and 7.0% in AK x DE. Recent measurements by taking into account their size plants were divided into 3 groups as I)

shorter than 20 cm, II) between 20 to 40 cm and III) longer than 40 cm. Plant ratio in I., II. and III. group was 25.9%, 44.4% and 29.7% in DE X AN; 11.1%, 55.6% and 33.3% in DE x AK; 12.5%, 56.3% and %31.2% in AK x DE, respectively. According to these groups, the trunk diameters were 5.2 mm, 7.3 mm and 8.9 mm in DE X AN; 6.4 mm, 7.9 mm and 8.2 mm in DE AK. The number of nodes was 11 to 48 units in DE x AN combination, 17 to 43 units in DE x AK, 11 to 50 units in AK x DE.

Keywords: germination, hybrid, node number, pyrus, pear, plant development.


Effects of SÖ39200, SÖ1669 and SÖ1882 quince clone rootstocks on growth of Williams, Beurre Hardy and Passe Crassane pear cultivarsAli Kesik, Hatice Dumanoğlu, Veli ErdoğanANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMANT OF HORTICULTURE,ANKARA,TURKEY

In this study, vegetative and generative growth of young trees of Williams, Beurre Hardy and Passe Crassane European pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) grafted on SÖ39200, SÖ1669 and SÖ1882 quince rootstocks (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) were evaluated. Dwarf quince clonal rootstock of EMA (East Malling A) was used as control. The SÖ (Prof. Dr. Sabahattin Özbek) clonal quince rootstocks were registered by Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University in 2017. In the study, plant height, canopy diameter, annual shoot length, cross section area, internode length and fruit bearing branch number were determined in all cultivar/rootstock combinations. The results showed that SÖ rootstocks were more vigorous than EMA, and SÖ39200 had lower growth vigor than the other SÖ rootstocks.

Keywords: graft combinations, growth, pear cultivars, SÖ rootstocks, vigor.

[Abstract:0218] [Tarımsal Biyoteknoloji]

Mitogenome Characterization of Turkish Anatolian Water Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (Mammalia: Bovidae)

Mehmet Baran1, Osman İbiş21Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Water Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis is a member of the family Bovidae and one of the most important livestock species in the world, especially several Asian countries. In general, the Asian domestic water buffalo is considered two subspecies (the dairy river buffalo and the draft swamp buffalo), due to differences in morphology, behavior and chromosome number. Water buffalo husbandry in Turkey is performed in many parts of Anatolia and Thrace, and an ancient element of the Anatolian domestic livestock. Commonly, the Anatolian buffalo is known to be a part of the river buffalo in Mediterranean group. In this study, we characterized whole mitogenome of the Anatolian river buffalo, (Bubalus bubalis) by using Illumina-MiSeq platform and compared with the conspecific populations of the water buffalo. The mitogenome of the Anatolian river buffalo was a circular DNA molecule with 16.358 base pair length, with a deep-coverage of ≥6.500X that included 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (small 12S rRNA and large 16S rRNA subunits), and also a non-coding control region (D-loop). The gene number, orientation and order were similar to that of other mammals. The 12 PCGs, the 14 tRNA and the 2 rRNA genes were encoded on the heavy strand (H strand), while a PCG (ND6) and 8 tRNA genes were encoded on the light strand (L strand). The nucleotide composition was calculated as 33.1% A, 26.6 % T, 13.9% G, and 26.4% C, with an A+T content of 59.7%, which were within the range of known mammalian mitogenomes. This study was first report of the water buffalo mitogenome from the Anatolian part of Turkey. In the GenBank database, there are only two mitogenomes of the river buffalo, which are from Indian and Southwest China, whereas there are many mitogenomes of the swamp buffalo from several countries in Asia. The whole mitogenome sequences from Turkey and GenBank that included two the river buffalos and were analyzed together. Genetic distances among three the river buffalos ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0033. In addition, the Anatolian river buffalo was genetically distinct at least 2.3% from the swamp buffalos. On the other hand, one water buffalo (AY488491, Unknown location) was genetically differ 3% from the river buffalos and at least 4.4% from the swamp buffalos. This result suggested that Turkish Anatolian buffalo was genetically close to the dairy river buffalo, and that there was high genetic variability within the water buffalos.

Acknowledgments: This study was supported by Research Fund of the Erciyes University (Project Number: FYL-2018-8608).

Keywords: Anatolian Water Buffalo, Mitogenome, Next-Generation Sequencing, Turkey


Determination of some chemical properties of beetroot chips produced by using different spicesSezin Erdoğan, Pelin Günç ErgönülDepartment of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey

Beetroot is a root vegetable rich in bioactive components becauase of its high antioxidant content widely grown in Aegean and Marmara Regions. It also contains betaxanthin and betalain pigments and it is also known that beet contains iron which has an regulatory effect on blood pressure. In this study, because of it is rich in phenolic substances, it was aimed to produce beetroot chips using different spices in formulation. At this point of view, this new healthy snack product has been developed without any pretreatment and any chemical additive. In this study, the effect of the spices used in formulation on antioxidant activity, total phenolic substance, betalain and total flavonoid amounts were investigated. For this purpose, fresh beets were supplied from a local producer in Manisa during its own season. Red beetroots were sliced into 5 mm thickness and flavored with 3% olive oil, 0.6% salt and 0.2% in different spices (thyme, coriander, garlic powder, red pepper powder). Then they were dried at a rotary tray dryer at 60°C/390 minutes.

Keywords: Beet, chips, spices, drying, antioxidant, phenolic compound


Palm oil restrictions or can it be real sustainableErza AuliaDepartment of Food Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey

The European parliament demands certification for all sustainable vegetable oils before entering European markt. This resolution isnt only to take certification scheme in Europe, but also to work forward ‘The use of vegetable oils that drive deforestation by 2020’. The banning prelude was Amsterdam Declaration that was signed on 2015, between EU countries. With these signatories, declared themselves as supporters for 100% Sustainable Palm Oil in Europe and also declared their intention to end illegal logging and deforestation by 2020. Palm Oil leads more than 50% products in the market shelves, the cheapest available vegetable oil in the global market. Environmentalists have been pushing the EU to ban these crop-based biofuels and move instead to incentivising “second-generation” biofuels made from things like algae, because even RSPO certified growers, recent biofuel analysis, implicate several vegetable oils such as a indirectly of rampant land use, biodiesel usage leads to greenhouse emission, causing growers to raze forests, which results in more carbon in the air, the deforestation has high impact of biodiversity loss, climate changes and the increased biofuels from agricultural crops take up land that would otherwise be used for growing food, which has had an effect on food price. It should not be eligible to count toward EU renewable transport targets for national governments. On contrary, a recent study said the alternative algae based biofuel is neither environmentally nor commercially sustainable due to biochemistry inefficiency. Economically viewpoint, this EU proclaimed policy on oil based transport will trigger the Southeast Asia, the domination of global palm oil supplier where the product is a key of economy crop and will cause trade implications between both side.

Keywords: Palm Oil, European Union, Sustainable


Determination of Total Phenol and Antioxidant Capacity in Dragon FruitMehmet Zafer Doğu, Şule Hilal Attar, Ebru KafkasDepartment of Horticulture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey

Chemically phenols can be described as aromatic compounds to which one or more hydroxyl groups are attached to the aromatic ring. The interest in polyphenolic antioxidants has increased significantly in recent years due to its role in the elimination of free radicals in various human diseases.Although antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects are known, clinical studies are still lacking.There are many factors may affect on polyphenol content of fruits such as variety, cultivation, region, weather conditions, ripeness, harvesting time, storage time etc. Pitahaya, also known as dragon fruit, is rich in phenol and antioxidant compounds. For this purpose in this study, it was aimed to determine the total phenol and antioxidant capacity in red and white dragon fruit varieties grown in Turkey. There are many spectrophotometric methods for the quantification of total phenol and antioxidant capacity of dragon fruits, also. In this study, total phenol content (TPC) of dragon fruit was detected using spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method using gallic acid as standard. Fruit antioxidant activity is also important due to scavenge highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) damaging cell compartments. In this study, total antioxidant capacity of dragon fruit cultivars were compared using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl) method which is more selective compared to ABTS technique.

Keywords: Dragon Fruit, Total Phenol, Antioxidant


Total Phenol, Antioxidant Capacity and Health Benefits of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra)Mehmet Zafer Doğu, İpek Değirmenci, Ebru KafkasDepartment of Horticulture, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey

Elderberry (Sambucus Nigra) is a species of caprifoliaceae which is a small tree with a length of 4-10 m. In our country also known as black elderberry and sambucus and it is healthy. Elderberry, which is of high importance for human health, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties so it protects the cells from damage caused by free radicals.Helps improve the immune system and increases resistance to diseases caused by viruses, parasites and bacteria.It has too much beneficial effect to treatment of many diseases.For this reason in this study it was aimed to determine the total phenol and antioxidant capacity in elderberry fruit. There are many spectrophotometric methods for the quantification of total phenol and antioxidant capacity of elderberry, also. In this study, total phenol content (TPC) of elderberry was detected using spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method using gallic acid as

standard. Fruit antioxidant activity is also important due to scavenge highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) damaging cell compartments. In this study, total antioxidant capacity of elderberry fruits were determine using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl) method which is more selective compared to ABTS technique.

Keywords: Elderberry, Sambucus nigra, Total Phenol, Antioxidant Capacity,

[Abstract:0253] [Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme]

Physiological and Growth responses of Cubana kordes roses to Cd stress and plant growing parametersHaya Khalid Abusalih, Ayşen AkayDEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION, SELCUK UNIVERSITY, KONYA, TURKEY

Cadmium is a non-essential metal, but because it is potential toxicity to human being, and the relative mobility in the soil-plant system it has attention at many studies. Widespread distribution and high mobility of cadmium make it a potential contaminant at many natural environments. Phytoremediation is an in situ, cost-effective potential strategy for cleanup of sites contaminated with trace metals. Selection of plant variety is an important factor for successful field phytoremediation. This study was carried out in order to follow the development of Cubana kordes rose, which is an ornamental plant used in environmental regulation studies, at Cd polluted environment. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out. Cadmium submitted to five concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg Cd/kg) and applied on Cubana kordes roses at greenhouse condition. In addition, different amounts of leonardite ( 0%, 3%, 6%) were applied to the plant growing medium. The plant height, number of shoots and chlorophyll content exhibited no considerable adverse effect indicating the plants’ tolerance towards heavy metals during trial.

Keywords: Bioavailability, cadmium toxicity, Cubana kordes, heavy metals, rose,uptake.


Growth Responses of Pepita Kordes Roses to Ni Stress and Ni Accumulation Characteristics

Haya Khalid Abusalih, Ayşen AkayDEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION, SELCUK UNIVERSITY, KONYA, TURKEY

Nowadays one of the most environmental pollution reason is contamination of heavy metals. As a known, the concentration of heavy metals increase due to some factors; like industrial activities, traffic emissions and domestic waste. Most of the heavy metals are come from petrol, diesel oil and there emitted by vehicle exhaust. Soil and water contaminated with heavy metals are one of the most serious causes of people, plant, and animal health problems; like affects the liver, kidneys, and the nervous system. In this study, we take eight samples for pepita kordes roses and there soils from the middle refuges of the highway in Konya city. These samples were taken from 4 km distance in that way with 500 m intervals. Then these plants were divided to flower, steam, and leaves and do the requisite analysis for plant and soil. The result of the analysis showed that Ni concentration in leaves is between 0.76-2.13 mg/kg, in flowers 1.65-3.39 mg/kg, and in steams 0.50-2.15 mg/kg. The available Ni concentration in soil is between 0.318-0.449 mg/kg. These values are below the limit values for soil and plant.

Keywords: Contaminated soil, heavy metals, ornamental plant, phytoremediation.


Identification of female of Heteronychia (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) species based on vaginal plate morphologyGamze PekbeyDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

Heteronychia Brauerand Bergenstamm 1889 is the largest subgenus of the most-diverse genus SarcophagaMeigen 1826 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), represented by 118 valid species mainly with Palaearctic distribution worldwide and 29 species have hitherto been recorded in Turkey. This subgenus is widely known as the natural parasitoids or predators of terrestrial snails. The adults of the both sex possess rather uniform external morphological characters like three striped thorax and checkerboard patterned abdomen as in the most members of the Sarcophaginae. Thus, genital examinations of the specimens offer crucial advantages to the taxonomists for the exact identifications of the species. In the Heteronychia females, the terminal structures are characterised by the presence of undivided first genital tergite (TG1) and well sclerotized vaginal plate with the absence of signum and the second genital tergit (TG2). If the vagina is being more or less sclerotized just before the epiproct it is called as “vaginal plate” of which also occurs in some females of Sarcophaga. But especially for Heteronychia, vaginal plate seems to be the most various and unique sclerite of the terminalia for female identification. This study aims to focus the variety and morphology of the vaginal plate and its significance in the identification of the Heteronychia females at species level.

Keywords: identification, {Heteronychia}, vaginal plate, morphology


Antifungal effect of boric acid against Penicillium expansum, the casual agent of blue mold of appleElif Yıldırım1, Kübra Karatoprak1, Muharrem Türkkan2, İsmail Erper11Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey2Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey

Penicillium expansum, which causes blue mold disease, is one of the most important postharvest pathogens of pome fruits and is a necrotrophic fungus that requires wounds to infect the fruit. In this study, the efficacy of boric acid against P. expansum was evaluated under both in vitro and in vivoconditions. In in vitro, increased boric acid concentrations (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0%, v/v) strongly reduced mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation of P. expansum. Boric acid completely inhibited the spore germination and germ tube elongation of the fungus at 0.125% concentration, but completely inhibited the mycelial growth at a higher concentration (0.25%). In addition, the EC50, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of the salt were defined as 0.09 %, 0.25 % and >1%, respectively. In in vivo treatments, 3% boric acid exhibited both protective (98.80%) and curative (95.71%) activity against P. expansum, significantly reducing the severity of blue mold in comparison to pathogen‐inoculated controls (P<0.05). These results indicate that boric acid can be used as alternative to synthetic fungicides for control of blue mold disease caused by P. expansumin apples.

Keywords: Apple, postharvest, blue mold, boric acid, alternative control.


Analysis and Identification of Limitation in Small Ruminant Farming System at the Eastern Mediterranean Region of TurkeyDehouegnon Jerry Agossou, Nazan KolumanDepartment of Animal Science, Çukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey

Sheep and goats make a substantial contribution to household livelihoods' notably those living in rural area. Small ruminants contribute to the reduction food insecurity which is a very important issue in impoverished local communities, as well. This study was undertaken to investigate and identify the challenges restricting to sustainable development of sheep and goat production in East Mediterranean region of Turkey. Questionnaires were administered to 54 farmers located in province of Adana and Mersin. Questionnaire was designed to collect data related to the socio demographic information of farmers, management characteristics, major problems encountered by stakeholders. The results indicated that 98.1% of animal keepers declared as male while only 1.9 % is female. In fact it has been known that, women responsible of small ruminant production vast majority of area. The majority of farmers (53.7%) had completed primary school. Most part of animals were local native breeds, that of adapt to harsh production and environmental conditions. Small ruminants were kept in multipurpose farms i.e. animals were reared for two or more products (e.g. meat, milk, manure and wool). Results showed that, 25% of farmers moved to the high lands during summer. Vaginal sponges were used to hormonal control of estrus of ewes in 18.5% of farms. Most ewes (87.3%) gave birth once per year and twinning rate is quite low. Small ruminants keepers interviewed indicated that the high cost of concentrate feed, the lack of water, limited pasture and of land dedicated to agricultural activities due to prolonged drought season and increasing urbanization were the main constraints.

Keywords: Sheep, Goats, Farming System, Mediterranean, Social Aspects


Effect of Different Salt Concentrations on Germination and Seedling Development of Two Different Species of Black cuminOsman Gedik1, Ömer Süha Uslu1, Mehtap Vural2, Furkan Akgül11Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaras Sutçu Imam University, Turkey2Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Niğde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of NaCI₂on black cumin’s germination and seedling growth were investigated. Nigella sativa and Nigella damascena seeds were collected as genetic material and different NaCI₂ concentrations (0, 250, 750, 2250, 5000 and 10000 ppm) were used. Experiment was designed as completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University. Seeds were allowed to grow for 14 days in growth chamber (20°C) and development process was measured such as germination rate, seed length, root length, plumule length, fresh and dry seed weight and seed vigour index. Mean differences were found to be statistically significant for all measurements with different salt concentrations and also mean difference for cultivars was statistically significant. Among all the salt concentrations levels best growth was reported at 750 ppm for both cultivars. Above 750 ppm with the increasing of salt concentration negatively influenced the different parameters considered in this study. The highest germination rate and vigour index were found N. sativa and N. damascena as 93.33% and 89.33%, 1004 and 1119 at 750 ppm respectively.

Keywords: germination, Nigella, salt concentration, vigor index


Assessment of Yield and Quality Traits of Black cumin Populations from Göksun, Kahramanmaraş RegionOsman Gedik1, Ömer Süha Uslu1, Mehtap Vural2, Furkan Akgül11Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaras Sutçu Imam University, Turkey2Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Niğde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the yield and quality properties of three different black cumin populations cultivated in Göksun ecologic conditions. The populations of Nigella sativa obtained from Urfa, Antep and Denizli provinces and were used as sowing materials. The study was conducted at Göksun region in the winter season and established according to randomized plot factorial experiment design with 3 replications. Laboratory measurements were done in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Laboratory, Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University. Saturated fatty acid compositions were measured in Center for University and Industry Collaboration (ÜSKİM) laboratory. Agronomic traits were measured such as plant height, number of branches in plant, seed number in capsule, 1000 seed weight and seed yield. The difference between the means was statistically significant. Among all the populations the samples that were collected from Antep exhibited highest saturated fatty acid rate with 35.65%. The palmitic acid (12.35%) from fatty acid components was higher in Antep population whereas linoleic acid (55.16%) and oleic acid (28.78%) was higher in Urfa population.

Keywords: Black seed, fatty acid, Nigella, yield, yield component


The Evaluation of the Agricultural Mechanization Level of Samsun Province and Districts Between 2007-2017 YearsKübra Meriç Kalın, Mehmet Arif BeyhanDepartment of Agricultural Machinery and Technology Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye

This study was carried out by using TÜİK data to determine the changes in the agricultural mechanization level of Samsun province and its districts between 2007-2017.In determination of the agricultural mechanization level of Samsun province and districts; the criteria such astractor power per cultivated land unit (kW/ha), tractor number per 1000 ha cultivated land unit (tractor/1000ha) and cultivated land per tractor number (ha/tractor) has been identified. The highest level of mechanization among the districts was Bafra and Çarşamba, and the district with the lowest level of mechanization was Canik.

Keywords: Agricultural Mechanization, Mechanization Level, Samsun


The Results of Scientific Studies in Turkey on Composition of Minerals in the Walnut KernelErcan Yıldız1, Ahmet Sümbül21Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational High School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri, Sivas, Turkey

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important fruit species for Turkey in terms of economic value, and commonly consumed as part of the Mediterranean diet since ancient times. Due to its positive effects on nutrient content and human health, its importance is increasing nowadays. The scientific studies have been revealing that it has rich nutrient content to positively affecting human body. The beneficial effects of walnut consumption for prevention, management and treatment of diseases related to diet are proven and well-documented, and include protection from cardiovascular disease and diabetes, reduction of adiposity and low grade systemic inflammation and the improvement of blood lipid profil. Therefore, many studies have been made on minerals of walnut up to now. The aim of this article was to evaluate the results of scientific studies about composition of minerals in the different walnut cultivars and genotypes.

Keywords: Walnut, Minerals, Human Health, Scientific Studies


Evaluation of the effects of animal production on water consumption and pollution in Bursa RegionErcan ŞimşekDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

In parallel with the increase in the world population, people's need for food increases rapidly. In order to meet this requirement, intensive agricultural production has become a necessity. Agriculture is the largest consumer of world water resources. Animal production affects 70 percent of all agricultural areas and 30 percent of the earth's surface. Animal breeding is one of the first three sectors contributing to the most serious environmental problems from local to global, including water quality deterioration. Animal production, which is densely made in small areas today, leads to rapid consumption of resources and significant pollution.

Bursa has an important position animals being with 235 thousand cattle and 525 thousand sheep breeding in Turkey. In this study, the amount of water required by animal production depending on the number of animals indicated was tried to be determined and the factors that cause possible water pollution depending on production and the extent of water pollution were evaluated. Especially during the summer period, the need for water increased and in the winter there was a big increase in surface water and groundwater pollution in combination with precipitation. It can be said that the waste of animals grazing in the pasture and manure used in the land are important causes of surface pollution. In spite of the water pressure created by industrial production in the region, it can be said that animal production can cause significant problems.

Keywords: Animal Production, Water Consumption, Water Pollution, Bursa


The Status of Water Resources in Somalia and Solving of Irrigation Problems in Comparing with TurkeyHassan Abdalla Sabtow, Fatih Mehmet Kızıloğlu, Üstün ŞahinAtatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü

Somali uses for agricultural, municipal and industrial purposes by using both surface and groundwater resources. Surface waters are the most dominating water resources in the country. The significant portion of water resources in the country comes from these waters as there are important river basins contributing to it. Due to technically, economic and social reasons the country does not benefit its water resources sufficiently. The aim of this study suggested the strategies to improve the current water resources in Somalia considering the water management strategies in Turkey large irrigation networks.

Keywords: Somalia water resources, Water management, Irrigation


The Effects of Forage Crop Supports on Forage Crops Production and Sustainability in Agri ProvinceMücahit Paksoy1, Mehmet Yıldız21Department of Agricultural Economics, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey2Tutak Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry, Agri, Turkey

In 2017, 50,308,971 tons of forage crops were produced from 15,061,094 hectares in Turkey. Agri province took 1.5% share from Turkey with 757,327 tons of forage crops production. Agri province remains below the average of Turkey in forage yield with 5,800 kg/hectare common vetch, 6,910 kg /hectare Hungarian vetch, 10,200 kg/decare alfalfa, 7,360 kg/hectare sainfoin yield, but above the average of Turkey with 49,090 kg/decare silage corn yield. Total agricultural area in Agri province is 354,417 hectares, of which 23,16% are forage crops. According to the years in the province, the average fodder crop sown area changed between 80,000-82,000 hectares. Since livestock is a vital source of income, forage crops increase their importance in the region. In this context, technical and economical field researches are needed for forage crops. In this study, it is aimed to determine the importance of fodder crop production in Agri province, to assess the effect of government subsidies on the production and sustainability of forage crops.

Keywords: Agri, forage crops, subsidies, sustainability


Applications of licensed warehousing system in the agricultural sector of TurkeyMücahit Paksoy1, Adeviye Çelik21Department of Agricultural Economics, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey2Tmo-Tobb Licensed Warehousing Inc., Mucur, Kirsehir, Turkey

The Law No. 5300 on Agricultural Products Licensed Warehousing was published in the Official Gazette on 17/02/2005 and come into force. With the law, it was aimed to determine the standards of primary and processed agricultural products which are suitable for storage and standardisation, to store these products in warehouses of licensed warehouse enterprises under safe and healthy conditions and to carry out the trade of these products through a receipt issued by these enterprises. According to this law, 6 regulations and 6 communiqués have been issued so far.With licensed warehousing system; - Preventing price decreases caused by the accumulation of agricultural products in harvesting periods and balancing the market,- Small farmers and product owners, especially those who are in a lack of financing, should provide loans and aid from banks through product receipts received in exchange for the products they give to licensed warehouses,- Making the trade of agricultural products through the products, which are accepted by everyone, to promote quality production, to establish a safe market,- Registration of agricultural products trade,- Trade of agricultural products utilising product receipts or electronic product stocks without the need of showing and delivering physical goods and samples,-Transition to the futures and options markets of farm products through a standardised product and licensed warehouse system,- Creation of new business areas in terms of product storage, banking and insurance sector was targeted.As of early 2019, there are 153 licensed ware houses in Turkey. Sixty-four of them are authorised and working actively. 86 warehouses are under construction. Seventy warehouses signed a protocol with Turkish Grain Board. The total installed capacity of the licensed warehouses is 13,076,620 tons, of which 3,343,327 tons are authorised. In this study, the establishment and operation of the licensed warehousing system will be explained and examples of the applications in the agricultural sector will be given.

Keywords: Agricultural products, licensed warehouse, product receipt, Turkey


The Effects of Foliar Nutrient Applications on Fruit Yield and Qualıty of Kosui Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nak.) CultivarSevgi Öyke1, Ercan Yıldız2, Ahmet Sümbül31Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey3Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational High School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri, Sivas, Turkey

The pears are one of the species that is cultivated and best loved in many countries around the world. The pears are grown in all regions of Turkey. Especially in the arid and semi-arid regions and calcareous soils, micro element deficiency is very common. In this study, the effects of foliar micro element fertilizer applied different frequency on fruit yield and quality characteristics of Kosui pear

(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cultivar were investigated in Uşak conditions. According to the results of the study, foliar nutrient application did not cause any significant differences on fruit yield. Especially 3 times applications were increased fruit weight by 53%. The total soluble solids (TSS) rised from 12.1% to 14.4% with the increased foliar application, but the fruit flesh hardness were significantly reduced. The application of foliar fertilizer yielded dark-colored fruits.

Keywords: Pear, micro element, fertilizer, yield, fruit quality


The Attitudes And Behavior Of Women On Food Waste A Case Of TokatHayriye Sibel Gülse Bal1, Esra Kaplan2, Hanımkız Durdu31Gaziosmanpasa Unıversity2Agriculture Faculty3Departmen of Agriculture Economy4Tokat5Turkey

Foods produced for human consumption may lose their quantity and quality in the process from the field to the table. This is defined as food waste and food loss. Approximately one third of the food produced every year in the world, in other words 1.3 billion tons is lost or wasted. At various stages of consumption, the rate of loss or wasted food is 30% for cereals, 40-50% for fruit and vegetables, 20% for oilseeds, 35% for meat and milk and fish products.According to the United Nations October 16 2017 World Population Forecast Report, the population of 7.6 billion in the world is expected to reach 8.6 billion in 2030, to 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. In the near term, there will be 1 billion population increases in the world in 2030. In this case by an increase in food production or reduction in food wastage and food will be provided for an increasing population.In developing countries, 40% of losses occur in post-harvest and processing levels and in industrialized countries more than 40% of losses occur in retail and consumer levels. On the basis of rates, more food loss or waste is seen in retail and consumer levels. It is stated that food wastage at the consumer level generally occurs within the house.The aim of the study is to determine the sensitivity and behavior of consumers about food waste in Tokat. The study was carried out at household level and female consumers in households because women played a more active role in domestic food. The number of samples was determined as 270 by using proportional sampling method of 163 197 households in Central District in Tokat. The surveys were conducted face-to-face with the women of the families.Food wastage by a segment of society in Turkey is a delicate issue in terms of religious and moral considerations. However, consumers do not care about this issue in terms of home economy, but are not very interested in the environmental, economic and social impacts at national and global levels and do not behave accordingly. The most important debates of the new century were the cold war, the change of power balances, economic crisis, poverty and hunger. Reducing food waste has many positive environmental and socio-economic contributions. In Turkey public awareness and transformation into behavior towards waste prevention for take measures of incentive or coercive, that is important for the economic strength of the country.

Keywords: Female, Food Waste, Consumer, Domestic Economy


Application Of Land Consolidation And Evaluation Of Expected Effects By Producers A Case Study Of Artova District Of Tokat ProvinceHayriye Sibel Gülse Bal1, Hanımkız Durdu2, Gülcan Kazan31Gaziosmanpasa Unıversity2Agriculture Faculty3Departmen of Agriculture Economy4Tokat5Turkey

While population and food needs are increasing rapidly, it is not possible to increase agricultural areas to meet this need at the same speed. For this reason, in order to obtain more products and income from existing lands, it is necessary to choose more accurate and appropriate methods and evaluate the lands in a way that provides the highest economic and technical benefit. Land consolidation is one of the important tools needed to correct these agricultural problems.In general, land consolidation is defined as the transfer of dispersed and small agricultural lands to optimum operating size by various methods. Land consolidation projects have many benefits, such as access to parcels, efficient use of Water Resources, consolidation of parcels, reducing the costs of irrigation and drainage projects. Unfortunately, despite the initiation of land consolidation efforts in Turkey in 1961, it was not successful enough.The aim of this study is to measure and evaluate the knowledge, confidence, expectation and attitudes and behaviors of local farmers regarding land consolidation practices in some villages of Artova District of Tokat province. The consolidation study in Artova District of Tokat Province was carried out. In the village of İğdir, Taşpınar and Aşağıgüçlü, 175 producers registered in ÇKS were identified. The sample volume from this population was determined as 62 producers using the proportional sampling method. The surveys were conducted in the form of face-to-face interviews.

Keywords: Land Consolidation, Producer, Population


Determination of Herbage Yield and Feed Values of Some Triticale CultivarsMahmut Kaplan1, Kağan Kökten2, Selim Özdemir21University of Erciyes, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Kayseri, Turkey2University of Bingol, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Bingol, Turkey

The study was conducted to determine green and herbage yield and chemical composition of triticale cultivars. Ten different cultivars of triticale (Melez, Ümran Hanım, Mehmet Bey, Ayşe Hanım, Mikham 2002, Alper Bey, Presto, Tacettin Bey, Tatlıcak 97 and Karma) were used as plant material in the study. Experiment was carried out in randomized block design with 3 replications during the growing seasons of 2015-2016 under Elazığ conditions. The experimental plots were harvested at flowering stage of the plants. Green herbage yield, dry herbage yield, crude protein yield and chemical composition were investigated in triticale cultivars. Cultivars had a significant (P≤0.01) effect on yield and chemical composition.Results revealed that green herbage yield of the triticale cultivars between 1782 kg/da and 3324 kg/da, dry herbage yield 642 kg/da and 1264 kg/da, crude protein yield 34.82 kg/da and 139.32 kg/da, crude protein content between 5.43% and 11.39%, crude ash content between 4.37% and 5.62%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content between 33.37% and 42.74%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content between 14.36% and 18.88%, digestibility of dry matter (DDM) between 74.19% and 77.71%, dry matter intake (DMI) between 3.30% and 3.36%, relative feed value (RFV) between 189.65 and 202.69, depending on the cultivars. It was concluded that all triticale cultivars could be used as a quality for animal feeding. Presto cultivar was found to be prominent with crude protein yield and Ümran Hanım cultivar was found to be prominent with relative feed value.

Keywords: Triticale cultivars, hay yield, crude protein yield, feed value, relative feed value


Determination of Responses of Some Maize Cultivars (Zea mays L.) to Salt and Drought Stress at the Early PeriodBerk Benlioğlu, Nilüfer KoçakDepartment of Field Crops, Agriculture Faculty, Ankara University

This study aimed to determine the responses of four maize (Zea mays L.) varieties grown in Turkey (Dekalb-5741, Fito, Pioneer 0573 and Royal) to drought and salinity stresses applied in early stage at various severities. In the study that used pure water as the control group, 4 doses of NaCl (3 g/l, 6 g/l, 9 g/l and 12 g/l), which is the most commonly found salt form in the soil, were used, and 4 doses of high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), which is not toxic for plant tissues, were used for drought stress In line with the ISTA rules, germination power, root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight parameters of the varieties were determined on the 12th day of the experiment. The variance analysis performed with the obtained data revealed that both the difference between the varieties and doses in the parameters

examined under salinity and drought stress at different severities and the variety x dose interaction were statistically significant. Dekalb-5741 and Pioneer 0573 has been determined as the varieties with more tolerance to drought and salinity stress. In the experiments, maize varieties were observed to exhibit higher tolerance to salinity stress than their tolerance to drought stress.

Keywords: Zea mays, maize, germination, drought, salinity


Effects of Foliar Application of Organic Fertilizer "Disper Alghum" And Growth Regulator "CPPU" on Vegetative Growth, Flowering and Fruit SetNoor Fouad Al ZuhairiErciyes University

A factorial experiment within randomized complete block design (RCBD)during the growing season 2016-2017 was carried to investigate the influence of foliar application organic fertilizer "DisperAlghum" and growth regulator KT-30 on vegetative growth, flowering, fruit set on two years old "Anna" apple transplant, the transplants was sprayed with organic fertilizer "DisperAlghum" (D) at three levels (0, 3, 5 g.L-1), and growth regulator KT-30 (K) at four levels (0, 5, 10, 20 mg.L-1),the foliar application of organic fertilizer D5 (5 g.L-1) gave significantly higher values of the length branches vegetative of115.7 cm, leaf area of 6.383 cm2, leaves number of 11230 leave.transplant-1, total leaves area of 726 Dcm2, main stem diameter of 19.99 Mm, leaves dry weight of 46.67 %, percentage of inflorescences to vegetative buds of 7.74 %, percentage of fruit set of88.24 %, while there are non-significant value in branches number for all levels. The foliar application of growth regulator K20 (20 mg.L-1) gave significantly higher values of the length branches vegetative of117.8 cm, branches number of 168.4 branch.plant-1, leaf area 5.852 cm2, leaves number of 9067 leaves.transplant-1, total leaves area of 568 Dcm2, leaves dry weight of 48.65 %, percentage of inflorescences to vegetative buds of 7.40 %, percentage of fruit set of 88.45%, whileK10 (10 mg.L-1) significantly Increase the main stem diameter of20.84 Mm. The interaction treatment D5K20significant increased leaf area, leaves number; total leaves area, percentage of inflorescences to vegetative buds.

Keywords: Deciduous fruit, organic fertilizer, growth regulator, plant hormones, appl tree.


Possibilities of Utilizing Endosperm Culture in Plant BreedingBerk Benlioğlu, Nilüfer Koçak, Uğur ÖzkanDepartmen of Field Crops, Ankara University, Ankara, TURKEY

In addition to being an essential step for the successful implementation of biotechnological methods, the field of tissue culture is also useful in plant breeding programs as it helps shorten the breeding time, and ensure intra- and inter-species variation. Endosperm is a tissue formed by double fertilization with a chromosome number of 3n that provides the embryo with nutrients. In plant breeding works, doubling the plants chromosome numbers is the most commonly used methods. In the production of triploid and polyploid plants, endosperm culture shortens the time compared to conventional methods, as well as enhancing the plant quality and yield. At the same time, plant gene pools can be expanded by increasing the genetic diversity with endosperm culture. The study explores the advantages and potential usability of, and the elementary and current studies on endosperm culture, and presents the methods used.

Keywords: Plant breeding, endosperm culture, polyploidy, triploid plant, chromosome number


Body Weight Estimation by Different Body Measurements of Calves Using Artificial Neural NetworksHatice Hızlı1, Çigdem Takma21Department of Animal Science, East Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Adana,Turkey2Department of Biometry and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Animal Science, Ege University,

The aim of this study was to estimate the body weights at 12 months of age according to different body measurements by using artificial neural network (ANN) model at Holstein male calves that born at "Development Of Anatolian Friesian Cattle Type Project" was in the of Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute. For this purpose, total of 495 measurement for male calves were used and 396 data analyzed as training set and 99 data analyzed as test sets with artificial neural networks. In this research body weight at 12th month of age taken as output variable, age of dam, body weight, body length, chest girth, front ankle circumference and rump height measurements were used as input variables in the neural network. In the network estimation, the number of hidden layers was taken 1 and the number of hidden nodes in the hidden layer is three. In addition, convergence criterion was 1.10-6, numbers of iteration were maximum 50, and the algorithm was terminated with 10 epoch for each run. As a result of the analysis, R2 value was calculated as 0.969 for the training set and 0.997 for the test set, respectively. Accordingly, it was concluded that the artificial neural network model could be used in the 12-month body weight estimation of calves.

Keywords: Artificial neural network (ANN), Body measurement, Multi-layer network


Biotic Stress Conditions and Reactions in RiceHasan Akay1, İsmail Sezer2, Elif Öztürk21Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Bafra Meslek Yüksekokulu, Bafra, Samsun2Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Atakum, Samsun

In this review, biotic stress factors affecting the growth, development, yield and quality of rice will be examined. Rice is the second most commonly produced plant, after wheat in the world. One-third of the world's population is nourished with rice. In Turkey, rice ranks 4th in terms of production and 5th in terms of cultivation area. The average consumption is 7-8 kg per person in our country. Turkey ranks 59th in terms of cultivation area, 44th in terms of production and 3rd in terms of yield of rice among 121 countries producing rice. Biotic stress causes significant physiological and metabolic changes that adversely affect growth, development, quality and quantity of plant as well as the plant can lose some parts eventually death of plant can occur. Stress in plants is classified as biotic and abiotic. Also, abiotic stress adversely affects and slows down normal growth and development as well as the physiological process in plants. In this present review, Biotic stress has great negative effects in terms of the yield and quality with poor struggling with plant diseases and weed management. In this case, the importance of cultivation technique system becomes prominent. Because of abiotic stress, rice doesn't show its genetic potential in terms of grain yield and plant view that affects consumer demand negatively. As a result of biotic stress, the quality of rice decreases in half shares.

Keywords: Stress, Biotic, Rice, Yield, Disease, Weed


The Condition Of Apple Production Sector In Karaman From The Perspective Of Production, Yield And Foreign TradeEnder Kaya1, Aykut Örs21Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karaman, Turkey

2Agriculture and Rural Development Institute Konya Provincial Coordination Unit, Konya, Turkey

The world apple production is about 83 million tons and with 3 million tons Turkey is the third country in World apple production after China and the United States. In this study, sectoral analysis of apple production activity in Karaman which is the second in Turkey’s apple production, was done. In the study, firstly, apple production amount and area, number of fructiferous trees, yield value and foreign trade datas in the World and in Turkey were presented. Then the same datas in Karaman were presented. The main material of the study was datas taken from FAO and TSI. By evaluating these datas, the development of the apple production sector in Karaman over time and its current situation were revealed. In addition, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and possible threats of the apple production sector were demonstrated by SWOT analysis. According to research results, %16.42 of the total apple production in Turkey was produced in Karaman. Between the years 1980-2017, while apple cultivation areas has increased on a regular basis in Turkey, the amount of production has also increased although the production amount showed fluctuations. In Karaman, while the cultivation areas did not change much in time, the amount of production increased in a fluctuating manner. This is due to the increase of yield over the years with modern cultivation techniques. However, apple yield per fruit-bearing tree in Karaman is 52.74 kg and it is below 54.37 kg which is the average in Turkey. With the results of SWOT analysis, it was aimed to contribute to the development of the apple production activity in Karaman.

Keywords: Apple production, SWOT analysis, Karaman


“The LEADER Approach” As A Rural Development Strategy; The EU And Turkey PracticesEnder Kaya1, Aykut Örs21Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karaman, Turkey2Agriculture and Rural Development Institute Konya Provincial Coordination Unit, Konya, Turkey

The LEADER approach is a local development method, which allows local actors to develop an area by using its endogenous development potential. The implementation of the LEADER approach in the EU and Turkey are carried out under the IPA program in the current situation. In Turkey, the LEADER approach is among the measures covered in the IPARD II Program. The main material of the study was IPARD I program, IPARD II program and official websites of the EC and Ministry. In the study, firstly, key features and implementing methods of LEADER approach were explained and then practices of EU and Turkey were explained. Turkey is very new in applying the LEADER approach as yet compared to the EU’s 30 years of the LEADER approach experience. While the EU is applying the fifth generation of the LEADER approach, Turkey is still not accredited in the LEADER approach measure. 2888 local action groups (LAGs) were supported in the EU by the program that is implemented between 2014-2020, while 25 LAGs were established in Turkey. Total public aid value of the LEADER approach measure is €26,700,000 and with an EU contribution rate of %90, EU contribution value is €24,030,000 in Turkey.

Keywords: Rural development, the LEADER approach, IPARD program

[Abstract:0066] BBo3 [Bahçe Bitkileri]

Effect of the branch age on the ratio of flowers on sweet cherry and the changing of the effect depending on the rootstock and training systemErdal Ağlar1, Kenan Yıldız21Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational School, Sivas-Turkey2Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Tokat-Turkey

The study was carried out between 2010 and 2013 in Susehri, a district of Sivas, Turkey. As a plant material in the study, the trees, which beleong to 0900 Ziraat cultivar grafted on Gisela 5, Gisela 6, MaxMa 14 and SL 64 rootstocks and trained to Spanish bush, Steep leader or Vogel central leader systems, were used. The number of flowers according to branch age was determined by counting flowers in one, two and three aged branches of the trees belong to combination of each rootstock x training system. The tree canopy was divided to three parts as base, middle and upper, and the number of flowers according to the part of the canopy was determined by counting the flowers in these sections. In the study, it was observed that flowers were concentrated in a old branches, and there was a negative correllation between branch age and number of flowers and that the number of flowers decreased as the age increased. It was recorded that the differences between the rootstocks in terms of values in the number of flowers was significant. It has been determined that dwarf rootstocks have higher values in terms of the number of the flowers on one and two aged branches compared to vigorous rootstocks. The effect of the rootstock in the number of flowers on three old branches was not significant. While the effect of training systems on number of flowers according to branch age was not significant, the rootstock x training system interaction had a significant effect on these values.

Keywords: Prunus avium, spanish bush, vogel central leader, step leader, gisela rootstocks.


Spanish Bush Training System in Sweet Cherry

Erdal Ağlar1, Burhan Öztürk21Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri Timur Karabal Vocational School, Sivas-Turkey2Ordu University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Ordu-Turkey

Turkey, producing 21,3 % (480.748 tons) of world’s total sweet cherry outcome, is number one country in world sweet cherry production. The fact that requirements of modern cultivation are not met properly leads to problems such as low yield per acre and low quality in produced fruit in Turkey. Modern sweet cherry orchards are established employing dense planting, appropriate training systems and dwarf rootstocks to limit the vegetative growth of the grafted variety to maximize yield per unit area. However, these dwarf rootstocks are not preferred by farmers in Turkey due to factors such as early deaths, lacking of fruit at the desired level and quality in the dwarf rootstocks and they prefer the MaxMa 14 and SL 64 rootstocks. These rootstocks usualy create high trees, which grow vigorous and have narrow angle branches. The fruit yield and quality of such trees are low, and the labor cost of harvesting is high. Therefore, in sweet cherry, pruning and training system appled is greatly sinificant. In recent years, the desire for high yield and efficient harvest have led to the development of many different training systems such as Spanish Bush (SB), Kym Green Bush (KGB), Steep Leader (SL), Super Slender Axe (SSA), Tall Spindle Axe (TSA), Upright Fruiting Offshoots (UFO), ve Vogel Central Leader (VCL). In this study, the Spanish Bush training system, which are suitable for the traditional pruning habits of the growers in our country and which can be used with vigorous rootstocks, and its application stages were discussed.

Keywords: Prunus avium, training system, pruning


Effects of Some Herbal Preparations on Fruit Cracking in SweetcherrySerra Hepaksoy, Atiye Gizem GözençEge University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, İzmir, Turkey

In most sweet cherry producing areas of the world, rain near harvest causes fruit cracking and a reduction in marketable fruit. Cracking of sweet cherries is the greatest challenge to the cherry growers all over the world. Therefore, there is great interest in the effective management of crop to avoid rain-induced sweet cherry cracking.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of some applications on cherry fruit cracking. Field trials were carried out in commercial 0900 Ziraat sweet cherry orchard in Kemalpaşa/İzmir, Turkey. Greenstim, Raingard and carnouba which are Herbal preparations were applied to fruits during developing stage. All applications reduced fruit cracking ratio and some preparations were increased fruit quality.

Keywords: Sweetcherry, cracking, İzmir, fruit quality

[Abstract:0076] BKo1 [Bitki Koruma]

The research of the allelopathic effect of the Indigo againts the Broomrape that is a trouble in the Red LentilSamet Gümüşel1, Doğan Işık2, Gökhan Boyno31Department of Plant Protection, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University,Kahramanmaraş,Turkey2Department of Plant Protection, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey3Department of Plant Protection, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey

This study, which was conducted to determine the allelopathic effect of Isatis tinctoria against the monster weed, was carried out in the laboratories of Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Plant Protection. Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. and O.crenata Forsk. (Monster herb species) seeds with Lens culinaris Medic. (Red lentil) seeds and Isatis tinctoria (indigo) ) dried aboveground plant components were used. Indigo particles 5, 10, 20gr in the form of 3 doses of Broomrape species (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. And O.crenata Forsk.) Was applied against and plastic cups were cultivated as a culture plant lentils. The experiment was carried out in the air conditioning room at 23 ± 1 ° C with 5 replications.

As a result of this study, Isatis tinctoria (indigo) Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. and O.crenata Forsk. (All types of monster weed) have not been observed any allelopathic effect.

Keywords: ALLELOPATHI,BROOMRAPE,INDIGO


Determination of Fungal Diseases Causing Root Rot in Kiwifruit Orchards in Ordu ProvinceMuharrem Türkkan1, Nusret Şahin21Ordu University, Agriculture Faculty, Plant Protection Department, 52200 Ordu, Turkey2Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordu Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, 52200 Ordu, Turkey

This study was carried out in order to define fungal diseases that cause root rot in kiwifruit orchards in Ordu province, and to determine their pathogenicity. For this purpose, a total of 123 kiwifruit orchards in Altınordu, Perşembe, Gülyalı, Fatsa, Ünye, İkizce, Ulubey, Kabadüz and Çaybaşı districts, where contain approximately 97% of commercial kiwifruit cultivation of Ordu province, were investigated in 2013-2014. As a result of the study, a total of 214 fungal isolates were obtained from the diseased plants in the kiwifruit orchards. It was determined that %37.38 (80) of the isolates belong to Fusarium oxysporum, 10.75% (23) to F. solani, 16.82% (36) to Fusarium sp., 7.94% (17) to Rhizoctonia sp., 3.74% (8) to R. solani, 5.61% (12) to Pythium sp., 3.74% (8) to Macrophomina phaseolina, 2.80% (6) to Cylindrocarpon sp., 1.4% (3) to Verticillium dahliae, 2.34% (5) to Acremonium sp., 2.34% (5) to Clonostachys sp., 1.87% (4) to Rhizopus stolonifer and 3.27% (7) to Trichoderma sp. In the pathogenicity tests carried out using approximately 13% of the isolates on kiwifruit seedlings, it was found that the virulence of the isolates ranged between 0.67 to 5.0. Of the isolates used in this test, Cyb-1, İkz-3 and İkz-4 (F. solani); AO-11 and AO-12 (R. solani); and Cyb-4 and Üny-7 (Pythium sp.) were the most virulent isolates. The difference between the virulence of AO-4 (Clonostachys sp.), Ulu-11 (Rhizopus stolonifer) and Prs-15 (Trichoderma sp.) isolates, and that of the above-mentioned isolates was statistically significant (P<0.05). In addition, all isolates of F. solani, R. solani, Pythium sp., M. phaseolina and Cylindrocarpon sp. and some isolates of F. oxysporum (Gül 1 and Ulu-4), Fusarium sp. (Gül-2) and Rhizoctonia sp. (AO-11 and Gül-8) significantly reduced root length, and root fresh and dry weights compared to control plants (P<0.05).

Keywords: Kiwifruit, agents of fungal root rot, pathogenicity


Comparison of the performance of pheromone and funnel traps against Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)Kibar Ak, Mansur Uluca, Öznur AydınBlack Sea Agricultural Research Institude, Samsun, Turkey

Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is an important invasive pest that causes problems in agricultural areas. In addition, they cause problems by invading houses to find an environment they can take shelter in over the winter. This pest originated in Asia, was first detected in Turkey in 2017 and infected Georgia's Adjara autonomous region of the Eastern Black Sea Region through Batumi the same year. Adults and nymphs damage many cultivated plants including fruits and vegetables. In this study, we compared the capturing performance of an sticky pheromone trap (Pherecon Treece BSMB (Treece) used in the USA with a prototype funnel trap designed in the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute against the adults of H. halys between 3 September - 26 October 2018. The study was conducted in Kemalpaşa, Hopa, Borçka and Arhavi districts of Artvin in the Eastern Black Sea Region. According to the results obtained, the prototype funnel trap was found to capture 23 times more adults than the pheromone trap licensed in USA that is mostly used for monitoring purposes. It has also been found to be more practical and appropriate because this prototype does not have the trap sticky character property. It has been observed that the funnel trap will be more suitable and can be widely used by manufacturers if the pheromone sold with pheromone traps is provided independently of the trap.

Keywords: Halyomorpha halys, East Black Sea, Pheromone Trap, Funnel Trap

[Abstract:0027] BMo2 [Biyosistem Mühendisliği]

The effect of moisture levels and pulverization implement on soil tillage appearance and some soil physical propertiesAbdulrazzak Abdullatif Jasim, Salam Fawaz SaadoonDepartment of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad,Baghdad, Iraq

The experiment was conducted at the fields of Agriculture College-University of Baghdad Al- Jadiriyah in 2015 in sandy loam soil in order to evaluate the effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implement on tillage appearance and Some the soil physical. New Holland tractor was used in this study. Two levels of soil moisture included 18-20% and 14-16% and pulverization implements included: disc harrow, Spring Spike tooth harrow and rotary harrow were used. Soil surface roughness, number of clods with diameter larger than 5 cm, disturbed soil volume, and soil total porosity were measured. Split plot design under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used. The results were showed that Rotary harrow and second moisture level superior in obtained best soil surface roughness, less number of clods > 5cm/m2 which was 7.56 clod/m2, while Spring Spike tooth Harrow and the first moisture level superior in record highest disturbed soil volume which was 761.56 m3/ hr and soil porosity which was 55.78 %. Using locally manufactured ultrasonic device for measuring soil surface roughness was done successfully in this experiment with high performance efficiency.

Keywords: Soil surface roughness, number of clods, disturbed soil volume, soil total porosity, soil moisture, pulverization.

Figure 5: The effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on total soil porosity

Figure (5) showed the effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on Total porosity of the soil. first moisture level got higher rate of total soil porosity 53.59%. Spring spike tooth harrow treatments got higher rate of total soil porosity 54.44%. The interaction between spring spike tooth harrow and the first moisture level got higher rate of total soil porosity 55.78%.

Fig. 1 Ultrasonic device for measuring soil surface roughness

Soil surface roughness was measured by using the locally made Ultrasonic device which manufactured, designed and assembled in the workshop of the College of Agriculture, Figure (1). Component of Ultrasonic device: Ultrasonic device consists of the fallowing parts: 1- supportive device 2- electrical control unit 3- frame 4- power distribution complex 5- pulley Leader 6- slide emitting and receiving of Ultrasound 7- handles 8- middle of the frame opening 9- conveyor belt 10 battery 11- pulley seat 12- operation key 13- supportive pulleys 14-limit switch 15- ruler flat 16 - base load slide emitting and received 17- chair sliding rectangle 18- motor.

Table (1) showed some soil physical and chemical characteristics

soil pH

soil Ecds.m-1

soil permeability

soil porosity%

soil true density

soil bulk density, mgm/m3

soil moisture,%

soil texture

soil particlessand %

soil particlessilt %

soil particlesclay %

7.79 2.4 3.12 44 2.65 1.4 18-20 sandy

loam 65.6 16 18.4Table 1 showed soil physical and chemical characteristics

Figure 2: The effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on soil surface roughness, A- First soil moisture level B- Second soil moisture level

Figure (2) showed the effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on soil surface roughness. Second moisture level was the superior in getting best soil surface roughness. Rotary harrow as the superior in getting less soil surface roughness. The interaction between rotary harrow and second moisture level was the superior in getting less soil surface roughness.

Figure 3: The effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on number of clods with diameter larger than 5cm

Figure (3) showed the effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on number of clods with diameter larger than 5cm. There was no significant effect between moisture levels on number of clods with diameter larger than 5cm. Rotary harrow as the superior in getting less number of clods with diameter larger than 5cm 8.61 cold / m2. The interaction between rotary harrow and second moisture level was the superior in getting less number of clods with diameter larger than 5cm 7.56 cold / m2.

Figure 4: The effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on disturbed soil volume

Figure (4) showed the effect of soil moisture level and pulverization implements on disturbed soil volume (m3/hr). There was no significant effect between moisture levels on disturbed soil volume. Spring spike tooth harrow treatments got higher rate of disturbed soil volume752.94 m3 / h. The interaction between spring spike tooth harrow and the first moisture level got higher disturbed soil volume761.56 m3 / h.

[Abstract:0097] TBo1 [Tarla Bitkileri]

Improving maize quality: a brief overview on effect of genetic, environment and management on grain compositionMaryam Rahimi Jahangirlou1, Gholam Abbas Akbari1, Iraj Allahdadi1, Saeed Soufizadeh21Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran2Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Over the past 50 year, global crop yields have steadily increased between 0.5 and 2% per year due to genetic and crop management progress. In return, quality characteristics have levelled off or even decreased for some of crop plants. Cereals and oilseeds are the most important staple foods for human beings and livestock and maize (Zea mays L.) is the second most widely grown crop in the world that its demand is increasing due to its high usage to produce food, feed, fiber, and fuel. Traditional criteria for selecting maize hybrids have been based primarily on agronomic factors, including grain production, disease resistance, drought tolerance and storage characteristics and little emphasis has been placed on the nutritional value of maize for food and feed. The genetic (G) improvement of maize has played a key role in the development of genotypes with high technological and nutritional values. Specialty maize hybrids are the result of selection for improved chemical composition of the grain compared to standard hybrids. But research results show that agronomic practices (M) and environmental conditions (E) have effects on grain composition and quality beside genetic. Therefore, the objective of this study is investigation the effects of G, E and M on formation of maize grain quality and starch, protein and oil composition.

Keywords: Maize, Quality, Genetic, Environment, Management


Effects of Salinity on Germination, Protein and Proline Ratios in Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) CultivarsNurdoğan Topal1, İbrahim Bulduk2, Sinem Tuğçe Cin1, Yılmaz Filiz11Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey2Uşak Healt College School, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey

Global climate change makes itself felt in each day. As a highly likely the drought, which is the result of this change, will increase its violence in the future. Salinity with drought will become an important problem in our country as well as in the World. Species and varieties that adapt to changing conditions will be more important in future projection of country agriculture. This study was carried out under the conditions of Greenhouse (Pots) of Uşak University Faculty of Agriculture

and Natural Sciences. The experiment was established according to randomized plot design. Tehere was used four chickpeas genotypes, five salt saturated water dosages and four replication. In the experiment, germination (Emergence Speed) at 7th day, germination at 14th (Emergence vigor) and germination rates at 21st day were examined. As a result of study, while there was very significant difference of 14. and 21. day germination rate between the varieties it was significant (p <0,05) for 7 days. Among the salt doses, there were significant differences (p <0.01) in all germination parameters. While there was no significant difference between varieties in terms of protein ratios, there was a significant difference between salt doses (p <0.01). While there was no difference between the varieties of the proline ratios, the differences between the salt doses were significant (p <0.01). SPSS23 package program was used for statistical analysis of study data. This study constitutes part of the study supported by the Tübitak 2209A support program.

Keywords: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, Salt Stress, Protein Ratio, Proline Ratio


Suitability of Chicory for Forage Productionİlknur Ayan1, Elif Öztürk1, Gülcan Kaymak1, Mehmet Can1, Zeki Acar1, Hanife Mut21Field Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey2Field Crop Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey

Researchers and farmers have paid more attention to chicory (Cichorium inthybus L.) recently, because of its palatability, high yield, nutritive value, digestibility, kept greenery throughout the summer period, deep and strong root system and drought resistant ability. In addition, it has some positive effects on animal health. Chicory is very common in natural areas of Turkey. This study was conducted according to randomized block design with three replicates for two years during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons in Samsun conditions. In the study, chicory (C), orchardgrass (OG) and red clover (RC) were grown as solely and binary mixture in rain fed conditions. Binary mixtures were 80% C + 20% OG, 60% C +40% OG, 40% C + 60% OG, 20% C + 80% OG, 80% C + 20% RC, 60% C + 40% RC, 40% C + 60% RC, 20% C + 80% RC. Harvests were made when chicory plants reach to budding stage (just prior to blossoming). One cut was performed (at June, 29) in 2017 and two cuts was made (May 3 and June 5) in 2018. There was no irrigation. While the highest fresh yield was obtained from 40% C + 60% RC mixture as 65.60 t ha-1 in 2017, the same values were 70.55 and 37.51 t ha-1 for 60% C +40% OG mixture at the first and second cuts, respectively in 2018. The highest hay yields were obtained from the same mixtures in 2017 and 2018 and the values are 17.71, 10.31 and 8.96 t ha-1, respectively. Compare to the first year, the share of chicory in the yield was high both the first and second cut in the second year. Average crude protein ratios were 21.17 – 14.44% in 2017 year; 21.86 – 13.21% for the first cut and 23.59 – 15.18 % for the second cut in 2018. Average ADF ratios ranged from 23.02% to 35.07% in 2017 and those were 30.19 – 23.69 % and 34.59 – 26.88% for the first and second cuts, respectively in 2018. NDF contents were 59.05 – 33.33% and 51.79 - 34.85%, 61.49 - 38.86% in 2017 and for the first and second harvest in 2018, respectively.

Keywords: Chichory, Orchardgrass, Red Clover, Mixture, Yield


A Study on the Determination of Total Chlorophyll, Chlorophyll-a, Chlorophyll-b and Total Carotene in Leaves in the Development Circuits of Candia Cotton (G. Hirsutum L.) Varieties Produced in Organic and Conventional ConditionsCevher İlhan CevheriHarran university, Technical Sciences Vocational High School, Sanliurfa, Turkey

This study was carried out according to Organic and Conventional methods by using Candia cotton varieties in Harran Plain conditions. In this study, the effects of chlorophyll and total carotene on the physiological circuits of cotton and its effect on various fiber quality properties were investigated. Physiological development of the plant; The total chlorophyll content of the leaves was determined with the help of SPAD device, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total carotene content were determined with the help of acetone solution. Total chlorophyll was determined in the study, which was at the beginning of flowering with the lowest value of 24.05 and fiber maturation period between 40.07. In the study of chlorophyll-a, during the cocoon formation period, it took values between 0.07 and 0.68 during the cocoon opening period. In the interaction of cotton production and cotton development circuits; organic cotton x cocoon formation (0.065) and organic cotton x cocoon opening (0.96) took values. Chlorophyll-b in the study examined the development of the cocoon formation circuit in the circuit between 0.20 and 1.27 in the cocoon opening period. In the study where the interaction of the development of cotton and the developmental circuits was examined, conventional cotton x took 1.69 values during the ripening period between 0.11 and organic cotton x cocoon. Total carotene was examined in the period of cocoon formation, which is the plant development period, the carotene amount (0.22) and cocoon opening (1.33) values between the values.Chlorophyll-b in the study examined the development of the cocoon formation circuit in the circuit between 0.20 and 1.27 in the cocoon opening period. In the study where the interaction of the development of cotton and the developmental circuits was examined, conventional cotton x took 1.69 values during the ripening period between 0.11 and organic cotton x cocoon. Total carotene was examined in the period of cocoon formation, which is the plant development period, the carotene amount (0.22) and cocoon opening (1.33) values between the values. In the study which examined the interaction of development of cotton and developmental pathways; the interactions between the conventional cotton x maturation period interaction (0.21) and the organic cotton x cocoon period (0.96). As a result of the study; In the physiological development of the plant, it has been observed that there is different levels of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total carotene. This is because chlorophyll is used in the production of cellulose, the building block of the fiber. It was also concluded that this amount of chlorophyll affects the rate of photosynthesis and affects the amount of starch, which is the raw material of fiber. According to the organic and conventional conditions of cotton production, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves is changed.

Keywords: Organic, Conventional, Chlorophyll, carotene

[Abstract:0105] TEo1 [Tarım Ekonomisi]

Hedonic quality attributes affecting consumers’ purchase patterns toward drinking milk: Case of TRA1 regionYavuz TopcuDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

New regulations applied for drinking milk at retail level have caused significant changes on consumers’ purchase patterns in recent years. In particular, hedonic quality attributes based on the relationships among consumers’ socioeconomic characteristics and marketing mix components as well as the sensory quality attributes providing core benefits are of great importance. This study was planned to determine, therefore, how the hedonic quality attributes of drinking milk affected their purchase patterns. Data collected from the study were obtained from 765 households consuming drinking milk in TRA1 Region. Principal Component Analysis to determine the main factors impacting on drinking milk consumption patterns, and K-means Cluster Analysis to establish homogeneous consumer segments according to their consumption frequencies were used. The result of the study indicated that drinking milk users at heavy, medium and light levels focused on feeding of raw drinking milk associated with drinking milk sources, contribution to rural development by providing market penetration via the communication mixes of the product differentiation under nutritional motivation based on hygiene and food safety of drinking milk, and ensuring brand images with health motivation incentivize related to confidence, food safety, hygiene at supply chain, respectively. Presentation to provide core benefit of unprocessed fresh raw drinking milk for the heavy users, but positioning of drinking milk with actual product image under healthy motivation satisfaction provided by heat-treated brand images at retail level for the medium and light users could significantly increase their consumption satisfaction.

Keywords: Cluster analysis, Drinking milk, Hedonic quality, Principal Component Analysis, TRA1 Region


Factors Affecting Sustainability of Local SeedsCennet Oğuz, Hatice KutluSelçuk University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Economics, Konya, Turkey.

The aim of the study is to determine the factors that affect the sustainability of biodiversity for agriculture sustainability in Konya and the determination of the types of local seeds, utilization

status, conservation, conservation and sustainability. Rural areas are important for the realization of agricultural production and sustainability of resources. The data were obtained by questionnaires from 68 families using 20 seeds produced by local seeds in the "Uncategorized single-step simple random probability sampling based on population ratios" method. It was also aimed at revealing the consumption status of local products and revealing the consciousness levels of the consumers in this subject by means of questionnaire survey. In the survey, characteristics such as population and labor force assets, age, gender, education status of the examined enterprises are calculated. 69% of the villages in the study area are mountainous and 31% are plains. In the research area, 49 local varieties were identified and logistic regression analysis was used for the analysis of the factors affecting the sustainability of the production with local seed for producers. As a result, factors affecting the sustainability of local seeds; awareness, marketing and price, gene resource and organic agriculture. These factors were found to be statistically important at 1% level.

Keywords: Konya Province, Sustainability, Local Seed


Consumers’ drinking milk preference profile with the region of origin and market shares: Case of TRA1 regionYavuz TopcuDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Agriculture Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

Consumption of food products with Protected Designation of Origin, Protected Geographical Indications and Traditional Specialty Guaranteed has provided a great importance due to contributing to both human healthy and the farms performing at the production and supply chain in recent years. Market penetration rate for the foods with these attributes considered as the most important quality and credence element looking for food products consumption has increased considerably in the world. In light of these developments, the main aim of the study is to design the consumers’ drinking milk consumption preference profiles and to determine their market shares based on the factors and their levels impacting on the consumption satisfaction of drinking milk with Northeastern Anatolia, Eastern Black Sea and Marmara/Aegean Region origins. For these aims, the primary data obtained from 765 households in TRA1 region (Erzurum, Erzincan and Bayburt) in 2018 were the main material of this study. Conjoint analysis was used to design the product profiles related to the relative importance of the factors and the part utilities of their levels maximizing the consumers’ total utilities on their consumption preferences towards drinking milk with the region of origin, and to determine their market shares. The results of the study indicated that while the region of origin (25% and 23%) and production technique (20% and 22%) factors attributed a great importance for heavy and medium users, production technique (23%) and the region of origin (23%) had a big effect for light users. Total utilities of all the groups, moreover, were maximized by drinking milk profiles with Eastern Black Sea origin. On the other hand, while they provided maximum utility trough profile 7, its market shares for the heavy, medium and light users were also analyzed as 26%, 24% and 21%, respectively. As result, positioning of these profiles providing maximum utility to target consumer masses, and being of the highest market shares at retailer levels could provide an increasing impact on both target consumers’ consumption satisfaction and the farms’ total revenue.

Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Conjoint Analysis, Consumption satisfaction, Drinking milk, Market share, The region of origin

[Abstract:0020] VBo5 [Veteriner Bilimleri]

Therapeutic effect of herbal plants extract in brolier chicken challenged with coccidiaFaisal AnwarDepartment of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan

Coccidiosis is a renowned parasitic disease of poultry birds caused by Eimeria species. The causative organism for ceacal coccidiosis is Eimeria tenella while intestinal form is caused by necatrix spp. of Eimeria. The outbreak of this disease is associated with high mortality, morbidity and medicinal cost, causing a huge economic loss to the poultry industry. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa and Calotropisprocera in broiler challenged with Eimeria species. To this end, a total of 360 birds were reared, divided into 6 groups, group A control (not-infected and non medicated), group B positive control (infected not medicated) group C negative control ( infected + medicated with Amprolium® @1.25g), group D infected and medicated with Azadirachta indica @ 2g, 4g and 6g, group E, infected and medicated with curcuma longa @ 4g, 8g and 12g, and group F, infected and medicated with calotropisprocera @ 4g, 6g and 8g respectively. Group B, C, D, E & F were challenged with 30,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria species per bird at 21 days and group A was given equal volume of distilled water. Parameters like feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, oocysts in feces (OPG), mortality & clinical findings were recorded. Current results revealed that the feed intake, weight gain and FCR of non-infected non-medicated group were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than that of infected non medicated groups. The broiler group C treated with Amprolium group had better feed intake and weight gain in comparison to other treated groups and the difference was statistically significant (P≤0.05). Gross lesions observed were hemorrhages, accumulation of fluid, congestion and necrotic foci on intestine. Histopathological findings of intestine revealed the sloughing of intestinal villi, infiltration of leukocytes, damage and atrophy of villi of intestine. The curcuma longa @12g/kg feed had an excellent performance in term of low mortality and oocysts counts as compared to other treatment groups.

Keywords: Broiler, Coccidiosis, Amprolium, Azadirachta Indica, Curcuma longa, Calotropis procera.


A Hybrid approach of combining factor analysis scores with MARS predictive model for regression problemsŞenol Çelik1, Meleksen Akın2, Polad Aliyev3, Sadiye Peral Eyduran4, Ecevit Eyduran31Bingöl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Bingöl, Turkey2Iğdır University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Iğdır, Turkey3Iğdır University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Iğdır, Turkey4ğdır University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science, Iğdır, Turkey

This study deals with a hybrid approach of combining factor analysis scores with multivariate adaptive regression splines for regression problems. As an extension of classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm, MARS is an influential machine learning algorithm that describe the relationship between a dependent variable and a set of independent variables. The earth package provides analysts an opportunity of occurring MARS solution in R software. Due to the fact that there is a need of understanding the package, more exhaustive information on its related calculations were given in the current study. Factor analysis is one of the most popular multivariate statistical techniques that help to reduce the dimension of the handled variables. Suitability of the independent variables to factor analysis were determined on the basis of KMO and Bartlett’s Sphericity tests. To derive latent-uncorrelated variables, raw independent variables were exposed to factor analysis and the derived new latent variables were implemented as new independent variables in order to predict a continuous variable in the predictive model of MARS, also known as a modified recursive separating approach. Model evaluation criteria i.e. Pearson’s correlation coefficient in the response variable between actual and predicted values (r), coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj.R2), Akaike information criterion (AIC), the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean error (ME), mean absolute deviation (MAD), standard deviation ratio (SDratio), global relative approximation error (RAE), coefficient of variation (CV%), mean absolute percentage error, (MAPE) and performance index (PI)) were computed for revealing predictive performance of the hybrid approach of the factor analysis-MARS through R free software. In conclusion, joint use of factor analysis scores and MARS machine learning algorithm may be a good preference for the high predictive accuracy in the regression problems.

Keywords: MARS, Factor analysis, Machine learning, Regression, Recursive partitioning


A R script file improved for calculating goodness of fit criteria of CART and CHAID decision tree algorithms in IBM SPSS software

Sadiye Peral Eyduran1, Şenol Çelik2, Meleksen Akın3, Polad Aliyev4, Ecevit Eyduran41Iğdır University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticultural Science, Iğdır, Turkey2Bingöl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Bingöl, Turkey3Iğdır University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Iğdır, Turkey4Iğdır University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Iğdır, Turkey

There are challenges for calculating goodness of fit (GOF) criteria measuring predictive performances of Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) and Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (Exhaustive CHAID) decision tree algorithms, which are specified for nominal, ordinal and continuous variables in IBM SPSS Software. It is time-consuming to calculate GOF criteria of the mentioned algorithms by hand. Herewith, the present study was conducted to solve the problem encountered in estimating GOF criteria of the algorithms handled. Due to these reasons, the R script file was constructed for computing GOF criteria of the decision tree algorithms in the prediction of a continuous dependent variable. The constructed R script file was explained step-by-step for readers and analysts. GOF criteria included in the present study were Pearson’s correlation coefficient in the response variable between actual and predicted values (r), coefficient of determination (R2), adjusted coefficient of determination (Adj.R2), Akaike information criterion (AIC), the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean error (ME), mean absolute deviation (MAD), standard deviation ratio (SDratio), global relative approximation error (RAE), coefficient of variation (CV%), mean absolute percentage error, (MAPE) and performance index (PI), respectively. Minimum numbers of experimental units in parent and child nodes for the tested algorithms were described as 4:2 with the objective to achieve the desirable predictive accuracy-minimum error variance. Decision tree depths were taken as 3 for the CHAID and Exhaustive CHAID, and 5 for CART by default. After the best final decision tree diagrams were achieved for these algorithms in the IBM SPSS software, the predicted values of the dependent variable for all experimental units in the evaluated data set were computed for the algorithms, and then the observed values and predicted values derived by all the algorithms were copied to a notepad file where point was used as decimal. The data set was defined as “d=read.table(“C:/filename.txt”, header=T)” in the R script file. Number of significant predictors (k) was entered manually into the R script file. As a result, it is hoped that this new R script file constructed to calculate GOF criteria used for measuring predictive performances of the tree-based algorithms will be a noteworthy reference for analysts having a difficulty for estimating GOF criteria.

Keywords: CART, CHAID, Data mining, Regression trees, Model evaluation statistics


Effect of adding coriander (coriandrum sativum) powder to the diet in the Rumen bacterial count and some blood parameters in Awassi EwesEnas R. Abass, Yasseen A. Almaamory, Firas A. MahmoodDepartment of Animal Production, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences,Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq

This experiment was carried out at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad to investigate the effect of Coriandrum sativum seeds powder on Rumen bacterial count and some blood parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC), Hemoglobin (HB), Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) determination in Awassi ewes. Sixteen Awassi ewes aged 3-4 months and weighed 17-20kg were used in the experiment. Ewes were randomly separated into four groups where each group consisted of four ewes fed in the group feeding system. Two ration of concentration from 30% to roughage 70% and 70% concentration to 30% roughage with or without supplemented coriander 6 g/head/day were used for the analysis. Results showed that non-significant effects in all blood parameters that measured in this study and the Rumen bacterial count was not affected by adding the coriander powder to the concentration diet.

Keywords: blood parameters, coriander, Rumen bacterial count, Awassi Ewes


Trigonometric Modelling of the Monthly Changes in Chicken Meat Production in TurkeyŞenol Çelik, Turgay Şengül, Ahmet Yusuf ŞengülBingöl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Bingöl, Turkey

This study aimed to model the changes in chicken meat production in Turkey by using a trigonometric curve. For this purpose, the monthly chicken meat production amounts for the period between January 2011 and December 2018 were used. According to the results, the changes in production had increasing trends in some months, while they had decreasing trends in others. This change continued periodically. The seasonal effect on chicken meat production was noticeable. In order to express this effect more clearly, regression analysis was conducted by fitting a sinusoidal curve as Y_t=a_0+b_o t+b_1 sinθ+b_2 cosθ+ε. As a result of the analysis, a model was obtained as Y_t=131659.798+522.469t+2361.446sinθ-10686.66cosθ+ε. As the coefficient of the parameter in the model sinθ was statistically insignificant, it was removed from the model and another regression analysis was conducted. The new model turned out to be Y_t=131938.282+516.727t-10680.915cosθ+ε. So, a “Half range Fourier series” was formed. The coefficient of determination or the model (R2) was found as 0.673, and the Adj. R2 was 0.666. No autocorrelation and multi-connection problems were found in the model. It was seen that the model that was applied in the study was suitable, and future production estimations were made. The monthly chicken meat production amounts for the period of January 2019 to December 2019 were projected in the following order: 172.768, 177.237, 183.094, 188.951, 193.420, 195.325, 194.454, 191.018, 186.195, 181.371, 177.936 and 177.064 tons.Consequently, both for the examined and projected periods, there was an increase in chicken meat production from January to June, while there was a decrease from July to December.

Keywords: Chicken meat, meat production, regression, sinusoidal curve


Investigating the Factors That Affect Chicken Consumption in Turkey by Different Regression MethodsAhmet Yusuf Şengül, Şenol Çelik, Turgay ŞengülBingöl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Bingöl, Turkey

This study investigated the effects of chicken meat production amounts (x1), per capita national income (x2) and beef prices (x3) on chicken consumption (y). The study used the data that covered the period of 2000-2018 (TÜİK, 2018). The study used per capita chicken consumption (y) as the dependent variable, while the other variables (x1, x2 and x3) were the independent variables. For this purpose, a robust regression model was applied. In this model, the M, S and MM estimators were comparatively examined. According to the results that were obtained, the respective R2 values of these were 0.821, 0.879 and 0.819, while their respective Adj. R2 values were 0.786, 0.854 and 0.782. The most suitable model in the robust regression model was the S estimator. Accordingly, all parameters in the model were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01). The model was obtained as y = 3.313 + 0.0001 x1 + 0.0004 x2 + 0.1977 x3 + e. According to this model, when there is an increase in the annual chicken meat production by 10,000 kg, per capita chicken consumption increases by 1 kg. When the per capita income in the country increases by 10,000 dollars, per capita chicken consumption increases by 4 kg, while it increases by 0.2 kg with an increase of 1 lira in the kg price of beef.As a result, it was determined that per capita chicken consumption is significantly affected by chicken meat consumption, per capita national income and beef prices.

Keywords: Chicken meat, Robust regression, meat production, national income, beef.


Effects of Development and Wiew of Some Nitrogenous and Organomineral Fertilizer on Perennial Grass (Lolium perenne L.)Uğur Özkan, Cafer Sırrı Sevi ̇may, Berk BenlioğluDepartmen of Field Crops, Ankara University, Ankara, TURKEY

This research was established in randomized complete block with split split plot design on three replications in the year 2011-2012 at Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Research Farm. Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties Bizet-1, Kokomo and Esquire were sowed in main plots, 0, 2.5, 5 g/m2 nitrogen fertilizer doses and 4 g/m2 two different organomineral fertilizers were used in sub-plots. According to the result obtained from research, Kokomo germinated earliest in terms of ground cover speed and covered 75% of the soil ground. Varieties and fertilization doses did not effect the ground cover rate. It was understood that when the fertilization doses increased, the leaf colour darkened. Fertilizer applications to perennial ryegrass varieties were statistically significant in terms of sibling number. The most beautiful view occurred in spring time in the plots that had given 2.5 g/m2/month nitrogen. According to the result obtained from research, with increasing doses of nitrogen and organomineral fertilizer doses, “Kokomo” showed a better development than other cultivars.

Keywords: Grass plants, perennial grass, fertilizing, organomineral.

[Abstract:0113] [Su Ürünleri]

Temporal variation of some digestive enzyme activities of Black Sea trout (Salmo labrax)Osman Tolga Özel1, Selin Ertürk Gürkan21Central Fisheries Research Institute, Trabzon2Onsekiz Mart University,Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Biyology, Çanakkale

The study was carried out at fifth-generation Black Sea trout (Salmo labrax) in freshwater Recirculating Aquaculture Systems at Central Fisheries Research Institute, Trabzon-Turkey. The fish were manually fed 3 % of live weight for 120 days with diets containing 46.20 % protein and 14.97 % lipid. At the end of the trial, the gastrointestinal (stomach, intestine and pyloric caeca) tissue from the fish were taken 45 min, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h and 72 h after feeding. The tissues were put into 70% ethanol, and were saved at -20°C until analyzed. Each sample were weighed and homogenized with 1:10 tissue/cold pure water and 1.5% potassium chloride (KCl) solution. Following the spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of each enzyme evaluated in the study, the amount of protein in the homogenate was determined, and the measurement of trypsin, pepsin, α-amylase and lipase enzyme activities were measurement. Water temperature was measured three times a day (14.97±1.01°C). The fish, had starting weight of 3.52±0.01g, were reached 63.74±8.40g at the end of the trial. Moreover, weight gain, spesific growth rate and feed conversion rate were found as 1710.02±237.79 %, 2.11±0.06 % and 1.09±0.06, respectively. The results suggested that activity of digestive enzymes of Black Sea trout changed according to time. The highest enzyme (trypsin, pepsin, α-amylase and lipase enzymes) activity was obtained at 45 minute after feeding. This situation tended to decrease as time progressed gradually. While trypsin enzyme activity showed tend to slowly decrease, pepsin, α-amylase and lipase enzyme activities decreased speedy. The highest enzyme activity was obtained in trypsin enzyme (from 45.24±0.79 U mg-1protein to 10.45±2.36 U mg-1protein). This was followed pepsin (from 30.42±15.45 U mg-1protein to 2.33±1.13 U mg-1protein) and amylase (from 30.40±10.40 U mg-1protein to 0.09±0.01 U mg-1protein) enzymes. The lowest enzyme activity was obtained in lipase (from 0.11±0.03 U mg-1protein to 0.01±0.01 U mg-1protein) enzyme. To better understand the activity of digestive enzymes of Black Sea trout, stomach, pyloric caeca, and anterior, middle and posterior intestines

should be separately investigated by supported with nutrition studies at the different ages and weights, and in the different environmental conditions.

Keywords: stomach, intestine, pyloric caeca, enzyme, time


A New Pedometer Design for Monitoring the Movement of Dairy CattleMehmet Metin Özgüven1, Sefa Tarhan21Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Department of Biosystems Engineering, 60150 Tokat-TURKEY2Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Department of Mechatronics Engineering, 60150 Tokat-TURKEY

The main factors affecting the profitability of dairy cattle breeding are semination performance. The most important factor on the effect of semination performance is the correctly determining oestrus. If the oestrus could not be determined in time causes delay to insemination, decline of pregnancy rates and the birth interval prolongation. Animals in oestrus are more active than others. This mobility can be measured by a testing device called "pedometer". Developed pedometer with this project was designed to taking into account the activity of movement of animals to determine oestrus. In this study, high sensitivity, low power consumption, digital accelerometer was used to provide the opportunity for the three – axis measurement. The pedometer with an acceleration sensor can be used to count separately the number of steps and mounting performed by an cow since acceleration values were different for its walking and mounting activities. RF communications method was used to transfer data the computer. For the successful transfer of mobility data in the short time period (i.e. once every two hours), the mobility data cordlessly sent to computer while the animals walk freely without visiting a milking parlour.

Keywords: Pedometer, herd management system, oestrus, animal health, automation, RF

[Abstract:0163] [Veteriner Bilimleri]

The Effects of Soybean Meal, Wheat Gluten and Corn Gluten in Serum on Lipid Profile in Male Rats

Recep Gümüş1, Nazlı Ercan2, Halit İmi ̇k31Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey3Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of dietary soybean meal, wheat gluten and corn gluten of rats on serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In this study, a total of 24 male rats were used which were 20 days old aged. In the study, groups were designed in 3 groups; control group which used of soybean meal as a protein source in diet, corn group which used of corn gluten as a protein source in diet and wheat group which used of wheat gluten as a protein source in diet as respectively. Blood samples were taken from the animals at the end of the experiment and analyses were performed. In this study, the levels of serum cholesterol and HDL were decreased significantly in the corn group (P<0,05). Furthermore, the levels of serum triglycerides and VLDL were significantly increased in the wheat group, while the level of serum LDL was found similarly in all groups. As a conclusion, it is thought that the dietary corn and wheat gluten may affect the lipid profile of the male rats.

Keywords: Corn, gluten, lipid profile, rat, wheat.


Effects of Melatonin Implants on Reproductive Performance of Tahirova Sheep and Turkish Saanen GoatsCemil Tölü, Nazif Yazgan, Hande Işıl Akbağ, İsmail Yaman Yurtman, Türker SavaşUniversity of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science

This study investigated the effect of melatonin implants on the reproductive performance of Tahirova dairy ewes and Turkish Saanen dairy goats before the breeding season. Seventy six sheep and 54 goats (including 6 rams and 4 bucks) were used in the research. In half the animals, 18 mg melatonin implants were applied, 1 to females and 3 to males. 15 days after implantation, animals were fed with grain barley for 60 days; females in the milking unit and males in groups (530 g/sheep, 430 g/goats, 660 g/rams and 560 g/bucks). 36 days after the melatonin implant, the rams and bucks were introduced for a period of 45 minutes both in the morning and evening. After 8-12 hours, estrus was observed in the females being mated. Each group of females was matched with an equal number of non-implanted and implanted male animals. The breeding rate, pregnancy rate and birth rate in sheep were 100%. The return rate was 11.7% in the melatonin group and 8.6% in the control group (P=0.6470). While the rate of breeding was 100% in the goats, the rate of pregnancy and birth rate was 96% in both groups implanted with or without melatonin. The return rate in goats was 25.0% in the melatonin group and 8.0% in the control group (P=0.0498). In sheep, the duration of ewes from ram introduction to first estrus and conception was 18.9±1.81 days and 23.9±1.32 days (P=0.0513), 18.7±1.64 days and 28.6±3.11 days (P=0.0219) in the

melatonin and control groups, respectively. From ram introduction to lambing, the duration of ewes was 162.5±1.98 days and 171.4±2.66 days in the melatonin and control groups, respectively (P=0.0159). Litter size, in regard to birth, total birth weight and birth weight per lamb in the melatonin group was 1.70±0.08, 7.42±0.42 kg and 4.55±0.09 kg, respectively, whereas it was 1.62±0.10, 7.88±0.45 kg, and 4.85±0.08 kg, in the control group, respectively. The birth weight of lambs significantly differed by group (P=0.0006). In goats, the duration from buck introduction to first estrus, duration of conception, and duration of kidding in the melatonin group was 25.9±1.58 days, 24.9±0.98 days, and 33.2±3.99 days, respectively. In the control group, it was 28.0±3.48 days, 180.8 ±2.08 days and 178.4±0.94 days, respectively (P>0.05). Litter size, total birth weight and birth weight per kid in the melatonin group were 1.55±0.11, 6.27±0.43 kg and 3.90±0.11 kg, and 1.43±0.11, 5.66±0.39 kg and 4.14±0.12 kg in the control group, respectively (P>0.05). The application of melatonin in lactating Tahirova sheep obtained shorter periods of breeding and a shorter duration of pregnancy. In goats, melatonin significantly increased the return rate in terms of other properties, but they were determined to be close to groups. It was observed that the application of melatonin increased the yield of the offspring in sheep and goats. However, it might be said that the application of melatonin gave better results for reproduction in Tahirova sheep than Turkish Saanen goats.Note: This work was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, The Scientific Research Coordination Unit, Project number FBA-2018-2601.

Keywords: Breeding rate, Pregnancy rate, Return rate, Offspring yield, Birth weight.


Tick Infestations and Hematological Changes in Turkish Saanen Goats and Tahirova SheepCemil Tölü1, Murat Kurtuldu1, Türker Savaş2, Onur Gülaçar2, Uğur Sağır2, Baver Coşkun2, Cemil Tölü21Lapseki Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry2University of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science

In this study, infestation in Turkish Saanen goats and Tahirova sheep concerning the hematological characteristics of tick species was investigated. The study was carried out with 40 Turkish Saanen goats and 40 Tahirova sheep. The study was conducted between June and March in Çanakkale (Turkey). Ticks on the body of the animals were counted at 21 day-intervals in several zones (ear, head, breast, leg, body). The ticks were collected individually after counting the animals in 10 control groups of each animal species. The species of the collected ticks were identified when the plastic tubes were brought to the laboratory. Hematological parameters were determined in blood samples from Vena jugularis after counting the ticks in 30 animals of each species. It was found that while tick infestation was 2.5% in goats, tick infestation ranged from 2.5% to 20.0% in sheep. Tick infestation was higher in summer and autumn, but lower in winter. Only the Rhipicephalus bursa tick species was identified in both animal species. In the goats, the ticks gathered in the ear while in the sheep they gathered in the vulva, tail, breast and around the breast. The tick infestation had no significant effect on hematological values in the goats and sheep. Hematological parameters changed significantly according to age and the measurement dates in the goats and sheep (P≤0.05). Chemicals significantly affected only the basophil values from hematological characteristics in the goats and sheep (P≤0.05). Higher basophil values were determined in the

group treated with chemicals than the group with no chemical struggle in the goats and sheep (P≤0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that there was no significant tick infestation in the Turkish Saanen goat and Tahirova sheep and there was infestation of only one tick species (Rhipicephalus bursa). It can be said that there is no need for chemical treatment because of the lack of tick infestation, but the increase of basophil values in the chemically-treated groups should be studied in more detail in goats and sheep.Note: This work was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University The Scientific Research Coordination Unit, Project number FBD-2017-1335.

Keywords: Age, Rhipicephalus bursa, season, antiparasitic, basophil


Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soilsNimet Şenkaya, Osman SönmezDepartment of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Erciyes University, Kayseri,Turkey

Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils

Nimet Şenkaya, Osman SönmezDepartment of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Erciyes University, Kayseri,Turkey

Heavy metals are metals that have significant effects on human life, either through direct pitting or through a nutrient cycle. Not only on humans, it also harms all living things in the food chain and causes our lands to become unfit. Heavy metals mainly show toxic effects on organisms depending on the amount and species of life.Many countries face the problem of soil pollution, and they seek solutions by utilizing technology to remove this pollution from the land (Baldantoni et al., 2016). According to the Records, there are more than 10 million contaminated regions globally of which more than 50% are polluted by heavy metals (He et al., 2015).The consumption of food products polluted by Heavy Metals is very dangerous in terms of human health and can lead to severe problems that may result in death. Heavy metals cause a partial or complete loss of our resources that are suitable for agriculture on earth. Certain methods are applied in the removal or neutralizing of Heavy metals from the soil. These methods can be divided into 2 to clean the soil within the region (in-situ) or outside the region (ex-situ). These reclamation works are physical renewal, chemical renewal and biological renewal. In this paper, these remediation techniques will be discussed.

Keywords: heavy metals, Soil remediation, Remediation techniques, Phytoremediation, human health.


Effect of 6-benzylaminopurine on in vitro microtuberization of potato cultivarsFatma Mutlu, Satı Uzun, Hamdi ÖzaktanErciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops Kayseri, TURKEY,

Present study was conducted to determine the effect of genotype and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration on microtuberization. For this purpose, single stem node cuttings of Agata, Electra, Melody, Jelly, Christel, Madeleine cultivars of were cultured on MS media supplemented with 6% sucrose+0.8% agar and 1, 2 or 4 mg/l BAP under 16 photoperiod at 22±2 °C temperature and 3000 Lux light intensity. As a result of the research, significant variations in the micro tuber formation rate, average micro tuber weight and micro tuber diameter was observed depending on the species and BAP concentrations. The highest micro tuber formation rate (with 64.8 %), micro tuber weight (with 195.02 mg/tuber) and micro tuber diameter (with 4.01 mm/tuber) was obtained from Electra cultivar.

Keywords: micro tuber, single node, potato cultivars


The Vivaldi effect to Cobb broilers on growing rate and corticosterone levelsKayhan Özkan1, Cem Konuk21Duzce University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Duzce, Turkey2Şenpiliç Gıda San. Tic. A.Ş., İstanbul, Turkey

The aim of this study, to evaluate Vivaldi music effect to growing rate and corticosterone level one day before from slaughter on 42 days old Cobb broiler. Vivaldi music (60-70dB) were played to Cobb broilers for 42 days with 4 hour period per a day. There are 50.000 broilers in 2 flocks consisting of a control (n= 25.000) and one experimental group (n=25.000). At the end of each week, randomly selected broilers of 200 was checked by weight. One day before to slaughter, 30 broilers selected from control group and 70 broilers from experimental group were taken 5-6 ml blood samples. Corticosterone levels were measured in these blood samples by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. At the 42nd day, the final weight between the control group and the experimental group and the level of corticosterone in the blood were compared. The both of group's results was statistically compared by the T test. The results were considered to be significant when P value lower than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was the result of statistical analysis. On the other hand, we found that experiment group's weight significant higher than control group statically. At the end of the 42nd day, the feed conversion rate of the group listening to vivaldi music decreased significantly compared to the control group. As a result of study, we observed that experiment group's corticosterone levels lover than control group statically. This study shows that stress factors can be eliminated by listening to music and can be applied long term in poultry

production.

Keywords: Corticosterone, growing rate, Vivaldi effect

Keywords: Corticosterone, growing rate, Vivaldi effect


Evaluation of Blood Glucose Values With myopathy of Anterior Latissimus Dorsi muscle On BroilersKayhan Özkan1, Cem Konuk21Duzce University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Duzce, Turkey2Şenpiliç Gıda San. Tic. A.Ş., İstanbul, Turkey

Myopathy disease have a significant economic role on poultry industries. The aim of this study to investigate interaction between blood glucose level and myopathy of Anterior Latissimus Dorsi muscles of broilers 42 days old, Cobb 500 broiler chickens total capasity 500.000, in pair of Marmara region. Antibiotic administiration free 10 broiler flocks visited which appear walking disability with lameness semptoms by Bristol gate skore(BGS). 20 Broiler have clinic symptom of lameness selected at each flock and saperated to box place reach under tunnel ventilation condition on ad libitium way. We took blood sample of animals for evaluation glucose levels belonging groups lameness (n=200) at farm with BG strip machine 1.4-2.5µl doses whole blood obtain from wing ven each. All animals sent processing plant of slaughterhouse for determining anterior latissimus dorsi muscles. Results were evaluate statistically t test. The results were considered to be significant when P value lower than 0.05 (p < 0.05). According to the study broilers which have myopathy, blood glucose levels higher then standard values.

Keywords: Broiler, Blood glucose level, latissimus dorsi muscle, myopathy


The Effects of Mycorrhiza Application on Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Plant in Soilless Culture

Hakan BaşakDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mycorrhizal vaccination applied on seedling period on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants in cocopeat substrate. The experiment was planned with 3 treatment groups (0, 100 and 200 spores plant⁻¹) each including four replicates in randomized block design. Each replicate included 3 plants. The plants were grown in cocopeat slabs in the greenhouse, which had gothic type and timed automation system. The plants were irrigated with modified solution from Hoagland nutrient solution prepared for cucumber plant during the trial. Mycorrhiza application increased plant height, stem diameter, fruit firmness, fruit juice pH and EC values significantly compared to control. Mycorrhiza treatment did not affect the chlorophyll a value in leaf tissues and plant fresh weight. However, in leaf tissues of plants subjected to mycorrhiza; chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid amounts were significantly lower than control ones. The highest yield was determined in 200 spores plant⁻¹ mycorrhiza application with 10.71 kg plant⁻¹. The yields were determined in control and 100 spores plant⁻¹ mycorrhiza applications as 7.98 and 7.94 kg plant⁻¹ respectively. To conclude, 200 spores plant⁻¹ mycorrhiza application significantly enhanced growth with affecting morphological parameters and yield, except the leaf pigment values, suggesting that mycorrhiza can be applied in soilless culture production system.

Keywords: Mycorrhiza, soilless culture, cocopeat, cucumber


The Effects of Different Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Soilless AgricultureHakan BaşakDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different planting methods on yield and development of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated with cocopeat substrate in soilless culture. The trial was conducted between 29.04.2017 - 26.10.2017 in gothic type greenhouse, which had non-heated and timed automation system. In the study, four different planting methods (1. Planting plants directly to cocopeat slabs (U1), 2. Planting as a single plant on rockwool cubes placed on cocopeat slabs of plants (U2), 3. Planting as double plant on rockwool cubes placed on cocopeat slabs of plants (U3), 4. Planting single plant and creating two stems on it in the rockwool cubes placed on the cocopeat slabs (U4)). Trial was planned with 4 treatment groups (U1,U2, U3 and U4) each including 4 replicates in randomized block design. Each replicate included 3 plants. The parameters plant height, biomass weight, stems diameter, yield, fruit TSS and leaf chlorophyll contents were determined. Different planting methods were statistically significant on the other parameters, except plant height. The highest plant biomass value was determined in U4 treatment with 3984.3 g and the thickest stem diameter was determined in U1 treatment. The chlorophyll content in leaves and TSS value in fruits were higher in U1 and U2 treatment groups than those of U3 and U4 treatments. The highest yield per plant was obtained in U3 treatment groups with 6943.9 g, while the lowest yield was determined in U4 treatment group with 3775.8 g. To conclude, it was determined that rockwool cubes placed on cocoopeat slabs tended to increase plant

biomass, yield, TSS and chlorophyll content without statistical significance, however U3 treatment solely increased plant yield significantly.

Keywords: Soilless culture, planting methods, tomato, substrate


Ultrasound Treatments for Detachment of Biofilm in Food IndustryEmel Ünal TurhanOsmaniye Korkut Ata University, Kadirli Applied Sciences School, Food Technology Department

Colonization of pathogen and spoilage microorganisms on food products, food processing equipment and areas etc. can result in biofilm formation. Biofilm structure protects microorganisms against adverse conditions and disinfectants and ensure more resistance than their planktonic form. On this sense, removal of biofilms on surfaces of processing equipment and foods is a major challenge in food industry. Recently, ultrasound, one of the physical inactivation methods, was reported with its antiadhesive potential and attracts attention as a nonchemical and environmentally friendly technology. This novel technique provides microbial inhibition without destroying the dietary and sensorial characteristics of food products. The inhibitory mechanism of ultrasound includes mechanical effects and sonochemical reactions produced by acoustic cavitation. Ultrasound effectiveness on biofilm detachment is dependent on ultrasound frequency and intensity, the bacterial species involved, the material used for ultrasound diffusion, the presence of cavitation effects. In general sonication alone is not very effective on microbial inactivation and thus ultrasound technology is combined with other inactivation methods for the purpose of decontamination. This review highlighted the importance of ultrasound applications in food industry with regard to antiadhesion or detachment of biofilms on biotic or abiotic surfaces.

Keywords: Ultrasound, biofilm, adhesion, antiadhesion, food industry


Insecticidal and behavioral effects of different lavender varieties against Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Mustafa Alkan1, Merve Güzel21Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey2Directorate of Trakya Agricultural Reseach Institute, Edirne, Turkey

Stored grains are often subjected to quality and quantity losses of varying magnitude during the storage. Grain deterioration which caused by several biotic and abiotic factors can be occurred in various ways, such as germination, clumping, self-heating, burning, baking quality, color and many others. In this study, the insecticidal and behavioral effects of three different lavender varieties (Hemus, Raya, Yubileina) which are produced commercially against Granary Weevil (Sitophilus granarius (Col: Curculionidae)), were tested under laboratory conditions. In addition, the essential oil contents of three different lavender varieties were determined by using GC-MS. Fumigant activity trials were carried out in 10ml volumetric rubber capped glass bottles and LC50, LC90 values were calculated at the end of 24 hours. In addition, contact activity tests were carried out for the purpose of the application of essential oil in the dorsal part of the abdomen of the Granary weevil and the activities of the essential oils at the end of 24 hours were determined. Finally, repellent activity experiments were conducted. At the end of the study, LC50 values of Hemus, Raya and Yubileina varieties were calculated as 0.094 µl/ml, 0.091 µl/ml and 0.079 µl/ml, respectively. LC90 values for these oils were calculated as 0.157 µl/ml, 0.139 µl/ml and 0.118 µl/ml, respectively. In the contact activity tests, all of the tested oils had similar effects and no treatment showed significant activity after 24 hours. Repellent activity tests showed significant repellent activity due to the application dose of all oils, which were not significantly different in activity between oils, as in other activity tests. These results indicated that plant essential oils have a singinificant potential in the control of Sitophilus granarius.

Keywords: Essential oil, fumigant activity, repellent activity, GC-MS, Stored product pest


Change of flowering and harvest dates of cherry varieties with air temperatureHasan Cumhur SarısuFruit Research Institute, Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey

Sweet cherry is a valuable fruit species that can generate high prices in both export and domestic market. The growing of this species includes the dates of flowering and harvesting for the management of natural risks and quality within important periods. It was examined interactions between full bloom and harvest dates of 23 different sweet cherry varieties and their orchard air temperatures in 2006-2011. For this purpose; full bloom and harvest dates of varieties were recorded. In addition; air temperature values of the trial orchard were measured. Based on the beginning of the year (1 January), the date of flowering and harvest was determined the day of the year. Based on the same starting point, average daily temperature was determined. The average and total temperatures recorded in the period until flowering and harvest dates of the varieties on the basis of years. Temperatures and date changes were subjected to regression analysis. The average change between the flowering dates and average of the mean daily temperatures (4.5-6.5 degrees C) is a 4-day phenological difference with a degree temperature changing. Similar correlation was found between harvest time and temperature. The time of harvest changed in average 8 days with a degree changing in the average temperature (between 8-11 degrees).

Parallel to climate changes, the effect of temperatures on floral and harvest time changes will also affect the management of natural risks and quality. It is of great value to make feasibility studies by evaluating the climatic conditions in the growing for many years.

Keywords: Prunus avium, phenology, cultivar


Use of Artificial Intelligence in Agricultureİsmail Terzi, Mehmet Metin Özgüven, Ziya AltaşDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey

The technical processes emerged in line with the technological advances contribute to the economical, sustainable and productive industry, which are the goals of plant and animal production. Artificial intelligence techniques have become an important tool in facilitating agricultural operations and in bringing alternative solutions to the problems that need to be solved or improved. Thanks to the developed algorithms and software, numerous studies have been carried out by researchers on plant production planning, classification of plants, yield estimation, detection of plant disease, pests and weeds, determination of route in agriculture robots, determination of appropriate environmental conditions in the greenhouse, enterprise decision making, irrigation management, determination of product rotation, selection of optimum fertilizer and instrument in agricultural production, determination of animal diseases, preparation of appropriate feed rations, determination of animal behavior. In this study, especially considering the recent developments, artificial inteligence applications which are applied successfully in animal production as well as crop production were described.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, agriculture, technology, sustainability


Use of Modeling and Simulation in Agricultureİsmail Terzi, Mehmet Metin ÖzgüvenDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey

The rapid development of science and technology brings with it the difficulty and complexity of learning. Learning and keeping up with new scientific and technological developments that have emerged day by day has become a must for development. Modeling and simulation are applications that make these systems simpler to facilitate the learning of complex systems that have an important place in human life. These applications allow the estimation of experiments and results a system that are difficult to obtain in a computer environment. Modeling and simulation in the field of agriculture offers easier research opportunities to producers in terms of time and space, in precision agricultural applications, in herbal / animal production and in agricultural technology in general. In this study, a general information about modeling and simulation applications are given, how it affects agricultural activities, how to contribute to agricultural production, and academic studies in agriculture by these methods are included.

Keywords: Modeling, Simulation, Agricultural production


Turkey's Importance in World Hazelnut CultivationDerya Demir1, Akide Özcan2, Şakir Burak Bükücü1, Mehmet Sütyemez11Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Kahramanmaraş / Türkiye2Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Afşin Meslek Yüksekokulu, Kahramanmaraş / Türkiye

Hazelnut is a species of fruit that is consumed because of the important nutrients it contains. In this study, the amount of hazelnut production, adequacy level, world trade and competition power of Turkey were examined. In 2017, 1.006.178 tons of hazelnuts were produced in the world. Turkey met a large 70% of this production with 675,000 tons. Italy (131.281 tons), Azerbaijan (43.000 tons), USA (29.030 tons) and China (27.044 tons) are other important hazelnut producers. Turkey’s hazelnut adequacy level was 993,2% in 2007 and 413,1% in 2016. Hazelnut export quantity was 133.755 tons according to the data of 2016 and the import quantity was 1,590 tons in Turkey. In the same year, the world’s total export quantity was reported as 220.388 tons. The world’s most important importer countries are Germany, Italy, and Canada. Turkey met 60% of world exports with this quantity. For this reason, Turkey is the country that directs the global economy in hazelnut world trade. This situation also shows the importance of hazelnut in terms of our country’s economy. In this research, the competition power of hazelnut in Turkey between 2009-2018 was calculated and it was determined that it has an important advantage in these periods.As a result, Turkey is an important country in terms of production, adequacy level and export potential of hazelnut. It is obvious that Turkey is leading to the world hazelnut market and will continue this mission in many years.

Keywords: hazelnut, production, adequacy level, world trade, competition power


Determination of Grain Quality Parameters of Selected Wheat Varieties and Landrace Derived Pure Lines Collected from Various Provinces of TurkeyMevlüt Akçura1, Seydi Aydoğan2, Aysun Göçmen Akçacık2, Onur Hocaoğlu11Department of Field Crops, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey2Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, Turkey

Bread wheat landraces are considered among important gene sources for quality breeding programs. This study aims to compare thousand kernel weight (TKW), crude protein ratio, dry gluten ratio, grain hardness (PSI) and zeleny sedimentation results of 20 bread wheat pure lines selected from landraces to 5 selected varieties, in order to determine future candidates for quality breeding programs. Field experiments were conducted in the consequent 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 growing seasons in Çanakkale (Turkey), according to randomized complete block design with three replications. ANOVA results indicated significant difference among genotypes, means were compared with Duncan’s test. Additionally, genotype x growing season interaction were significant for all parameters due to varying precipitation regimes of both years. Our findings suggested that bread wheat varieties had higher TKW compared to landrace pure lines when pure lines had higher crude protein ratio, dry gluten ratio, sedimentation value with softer grains. Landraces were concluded as being important variation sources and could be valuable for quality breeding programs. Research has been funded by TUBITAK, under project no: 111O255.

Keywords: Landrace, Bread Wheat, Quality Breeding, crude protein, zeleny sedimentation, Çanakkale


Micro element contents of durum wheat landrace pure lines and varieties in Çanakkale conditionsOnur Hocaoğlu1, Mevlüt Akçura1, Mahmut Kaplan21Department of Field Crops, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey2Department of Field Crops, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Durum wheat is one of the major staple foods in our country: therefore its microelement contents have great impact on our nutrition. This research aims to compare 54 durum wheat genotypes (25

landrace derived pure lines and 29 varieties) by their B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S and Zn contents. Field trials are designed according to randomized complete block desing with four replications and were conducted in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons. Results of one-way anova analysis suggested that the differences between durum landraces and varieties are found statistically significant for their microelement contents, thousand kernel weights (TKW) and percentages of yellowberry kernels (PYK) (p<0.01). According to our findings, durum varieties generally had higher contents of Mg, P and S with higher TKW when durum landrace pure lines had higher B, Fe and Zn contents; indicating that certain durum landrace pure lines such as Genotypes 7, 8 and 14 were promising candidates for biofortification.Correlation analysis results showed that P contents were significantly and positively associated with K contents of landraces and Cu contents of varieties. In addition to the notable variance observed in their microelement contents, PYK of durum wheat genotypes varied between %2,75 and % 9 among landrace pure lines and %3,25 and %16,75 among varieties. Obtained PYK were lower than %25, which is the upper limit for durum wheat to be considerable for pasta production. In general, our findings provided positive indications about the future of durum wheat cultivation in Çanakkale conditions.

Authors thank COMU BAP commission for their financial support under the project no: FBA-2018-2608.

Keywords: Durum wheat, micro element, Çanakkale, biofortification, anova


Spider biodiversity in some field crops of Mardin and Sanliurfa provincesÇetin MutluHARRAN UNİVERSİTY AGRICULTURE FACULTY

Spider diversity is an important pillar of biological control in agriculture, which has attracted the ecologists’ attention globally. Despite the economic and ecological importance of spider diversity in agriculture, limited works are available in Turkey regarding spider diversity. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the spider species’ diversity in Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces of southeastern Anatolia region in Turkey during 2014-2015. Exploratory surveys were conducted in different cereals, legume and vegetable crops grown in both provinces to record the spider species’ diversity. The spider samples were collected with the help of sweep net and insect suction machine (i.e., D-VAC). The collected samples were brought to laboratory, killed, put into 96% alcohol, labeled and identified. As a result, total 21 species belonging to 17 genera and 6 families were identified. The highest spider diversity was found in vegetable crops (13 species) whereas the lowest spider diversity was recorded in legume crops (3 species). The spider species recorded in cereal and legume crops were Hypsosinga albovittata (Westring, 1851) (Araneidae), Linyphia triangularis (Clerck, 1757) (Linyphiidae), Philodromus sp., Thanatus sp. (Philodromidae), Runcinia grammica (C.L.Koch, 1837), Synema globosum (Fabricius, 1775), Synema sp., Thomisus cf. onustus Walckenaer, 1805, Xysticus bufo (Dufour, 1820), Xysticus acerbus Thorell, 1872 (Thomisidae). Similarly, the spider species identified from vegetable crops were Neoscana sp. (Araneidae), Zora sp. (Ctenidae), Thanatus sp., Philodromus lividus Simon, 1875, Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer, 1802) (Philodromidae), Evarcha sp., Heliophanus mordax (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872), Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1802), Phlegra sp., Aelurillus sp. (Salticidae), Heriaeus hirtus (Latreille, 1819) Ozyptila praticola (C.L.Koch, 1837) Thomisus cf. onustus Walckenaer, 1805 (Thomisidae). The current study improves the knowledge on spider diversity of Turkey.

Keywords: Spider fauna, Araneae, Cereal, Vegetables, Şanlıurfa, Mardin


Determination of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Chitosan Based Nanocomposite Films Prepared with Borax and Boron NitrideNükhet Nilüfer Zorba, Burcu KayaÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Engineering Fac Food Engineering Dept,17020 Çanakkale

In this study, chitosan-borax, chitosan-boron nitride films were prepared by adding borax and boron nitride in two different concentrations (1, 3 % w/w) to the chitosan polymer. In the prepared films, physical properties such as film thickness, apparent density, humidity (%) and water solubility (%) were determined. The antibacterial effect of the films against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 51812, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 EDL 937 and the antifungal effect of the films against the strains of Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria arborescens, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium digitatum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was determined by application of disk diffusion method. Chitosan film without an antimicrobial agent was used as a control in the analysis.As a result, the increase in the concentration of antimicrobial agent in the film contented to a decrease in film solubility. While the effect of chitosan-borax films on gram positive and gram negatives did not change, the antibacterial activity of chitosan-boron nitride films was higher in gram-positive bacteria than gram negatives. When the two formulations were compared, the highest antimicrobial effect on Gram Positive bacteria were seen in the chitosan-boron nitride films, however, Films had a similar effect on Gram Negatives. When the antifungal and antibacterial activity of the films were compared, the antifungal effect was found to be higher for both films.*This study is supported by the Scientific Research Coordination Unit of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University with the project FYL-2018-1373

Keywords: Chitosan, Nanocomposite, Borax, Boron nitride, Antibacterial, Antifungal


Efficacy of different trap types in population monitoring of tomato pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]Abdurrahman Azlı, Çetin MutluHARRAN UNİVERSİTY AGRICULTURE FACULTY

Tomato moth [Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)] is regarded as a dangerous pest for tomato production in Turkey. The current study was conducted to determine the efficacy of different trap types in monitoring the population of the pest in Şanlıurfa province, Turkey during 2014-2015. Three different trap types (delta, water pheromone trap and ferolite) were established in three different fields, which are around tomato-cultivated areas in the Harran plain of the province. The traps were established during the month of May and monitoring was continued until January. The pest population was monitored weekly during the whole monitoring period. The highest average number of adults caught in Ferolite traps were 278 adult/week, whereas delta traps caught the lowest number of the adults (60 adults/week). The water pheromone traps also caught similar number of adults (79 adults/week) to delta traps. The highest population density was observed during the month of September, whereas the population density was lowest during the months of July and August. Overall, ferolite trap type exhibited higher efficacy in trapping and monitoring the adults compared to the rest of the trap types included in the study. Hence, ferolite traps can be effectively used to monitor the population dynamics of tomato moth under field as well as greenhouse conditions.

Keywords: Tomato moth, population monitoring, Ferolite, delta, water pheromone trap


Evaluation of some quality parameters of gluten-free cookies produced with different legume floursHacer Levent1, Saliha Yeşil2, Emre Adıgüzel11Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü2Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı

In celiac disease, which manifests itself as an intolerance caused by the consumption of wheat, barley, rye and oat products, the main factor is the subcomponent gliadin in the gluten protein. People with celiac disease can only maintain their health with gluten-free diet. However, gluten-free diet is quite difficult in its application. In recent years, the development of gluten-free products rich in energy and nutrients has become widespread. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical (color, diameter, thickness, and spread value) and sensory properties (appearance, taste, texture, and overall acceptibility) of gluten-free cookies with different legume flours.In cookie formulation, faba bean flour (FBF), lentil flour (LF), and chickpea flour (CF) were used on the basis of 20% replacement of gluten-free mixture (rice flour and corn starch 1:1). Some physical

and sensory properties of the gluten-free cookies with legume flour were compared with the control sample with no added legume flour. Color evaluation (L*, a*, b*) was performed with a tristimulus colorimeter, Minolta CR-400. Also, a digital caliper was used for diameter and thickness measurements. For sensory properties, the samples were evaluated by 15 semi-trained panelists with 9-points hedonic scale in terms of appearance, taste, texture and overall acceptibility. The data were analysed by using statistical software JMP 5.0.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA). The means which were statistically different from each other were compared using Student’s t comparison test at a 5% confidence interval. The control sample had the highest brightness value (78.37), while the use of faba bean, lentil and chickpea flour reduced the brightness value of cookies (p<0.05). Gluten-free cookies with lentil flour had the lowest brightness value. In terms of redness value, the samples were sorted as CF (7.97), FBF (7.53), LF (6.48), and control sample (2.08) respectively. The mean yellowness value of FBF samples was higher than that of control samples, on the other hand CF samples had the highest yellownes values (p<0.05). CF and control samples had the highest mean diameter (66.13 and 66.79 repectively) and spread value (8.48 and 8.63 respectively) (p<0.05). All cookie samples with legume flour had higher thickness value than control sample. According to the sensory evaluation, the mean appearance, taste, texture and overall acceptibility scores of CF samples were close to that of control samples. In addition, the use of faba bean flour decreased appearance and taste scores, while the use of lentil flour only decreased appearance scores.Considering the results of physical and sensory evaluation, it is thought that chickpea flour can be used successfully in gluten-free cookie formulation.

Keywords: Gluten-free cookie, legume flour, chickpea flour, faba bean flour, lentil flour


Evaluation of some quality characteristics of couscous samples prepared with partial replacement of quinoa flourHacer Levent1, Saliha Yeşil2, Emre Adıgüzel11Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi2Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), is from Chenopodiaceae, is a dicotyledonous and annual plant. Because of being gluten-free, it can be used in gluten-free diets. Quinoa, a very good protein source-including 8-22% protein, is also rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Minerals such as calcium, magnesium and iron are often insufficient in gluten-free diets. Quinoa, which is rich in these minerals, is a good source for nutrient deficiency. Quinoa is also an important source for E and B vitamins (especially folic acid) and bioactive components. United Nations drew attention to nutritional value of quinoa by announcing the year 2013 as quinoa year. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate some quality characteristics of couscous enriched with different rate of quinoa flour.Within the scope of the study, wheat flour used in couscous formulation was replaced with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of quinoa flour. The quality characteristics (color, weight and volume increase, sensory characteristics) of all samples were evaluated. Color evaluation (L*, a*, b*) was performed with a tristimulus colorimeter, Minolta CR-400. For determination of the changes in volume, weight and cooking losses, 10 g of samples were cooked for 18 min in 300 mL of distilled water. After draining and waiting for 2 min for the remaining water was removed, uncooked and cooked samples were put into a graduated cylinder with specific amount of water, the increase in volume

was determined. Volume increase was calculated as the percentage difference in uncooked and cooked couscous volume divided by the volume of uncooked couscous. The weight increase was determined as the percentage difference in weight of uncooked and cooked couscous divided by the weight of uncooked couscous. Cooking water was dried to constant weight and cooking loss, the weight of total solids expressed as a percentage, was determined. For sensory properties, the samples were evaluated by 15 semi-trained panelists with 9-points hedonic scale in terms of appearance, taste, hardness, stickiness, and overall acceptibility. The data were analysed by using statistical software JMP 5.0.1. The brightness values of the couscous samples (L *) were found to be between 86.74 and 81.44, and the control sample had the highest brightness value (86.74). Also, the use of quinoa (10-40%) increased the redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and SI values in couscous samples. In the couscous samples, weight gain and volume increase values varied between 93.06-150.25 and 112.50-175.00 respectively, and the more quinoa percentages caused the more increased the cooking losses. The highest cooking loss value (12,28%) was observed in the sample with 40% of quinoa flour. The use of quinoa flour resulted in a positive increase in the stickiness scores of the couscous samples, while the use of more than 20% quinoa flour resulted in decrease in appearance and hardness scores. The panelists gave the lowest points to the samples with 40% of quinoa.It was concluded that quinoa flour can be used up to 20% without any negative effects on the sensory properties of couscous formulation.

Keywords: Quinoa, couscous, nutrient enrichment


Fish Consumption Status of Adults in Kayseri ProvienceArda Borlu1, Neslihan Öner21Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University,2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University

BACKGROUND: Although it is well known that consumption of adequate fish in the diet reduces the risk of chronic diseases the amount of fish consumption in Turkey is under the world average. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fish consumption status and related factors of adults in Kayseri province. METHODS: The universe of this descriptive, cross-sectional study consists of 977240 people (2011 mid-year population) aged 18 years and over, living in Kayseri province. The number of subjects to be sampled was calculated as at least 615 with acceptation of 50% fish consumption, 0.05 deviation and 95% confidence level. There were 44 Family Health Centers (FHC) in Kayseri Provincial Center. We selected a street or a road as a starting point by cluster sampling method from each FHC region. It was planned to reach 15 individuals from each FHC and 630 participants were reached. Data were gathered by a questionnaire form with face-to-face interviews between October and November 2012. Participants were asked to answer the questions about their fish consumption by considering their consumption in the last month. Dependent variables were the participants’ situations of fish consumption and adequate fish consumption and the independent variables were the individuals’ age, gender, and occupation situations of marriage, education and having any chronic disease. Adequate fish consumption was evaluated as at least 300 grams per week. Data were evaluated on computer, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and chi-square test was used for evaluating data. p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean age of the research group was 36.1 ± 13.04 years, 31.3% were male, 68.3%

were married and 36.3% had chronic diseases. Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes were the most common chronic diseases. The fish consumption rate of the participants was 86.8%. The most common reason for rejecting fish consumption was; “not liking its taste” (86.8%). The most consumed fishes were anchovy (69.0%), trout (9.0%) and salmon (4.0%). The median of the weekly fish consumption of the participants was 125 grams (min:0, max:750) and 4.8% of them consumed adequate fish and 44.1% of the participants stated that they consumed fish at least once a week. Women's consumption of adequate fish was higher. The most preferred methods for cooking fish were frying (43.1%), baking (36.4%) and grilling (11.0%). Only 18.2% of the participants stated that they consumed frozen fish. CONCLUSIONS: Although the fish consumption rate of adults living in the city center of Kayseri was high, the amount they consumed was below the recommended level. Educational studies and information activities emphasizing the positive impacts of adequate fish consumption on health should be conducted in the community. High rate of female participants was a limitation of the study.

Keywords: Adults, Fish consumption, Optimal nutrition


Structural characteristics of young farmers in Manisa, Uşak, KütahyaZübeyde Albayram Doğan, Faruk Metinoğlu, İlkay Özdemir, Hacı Ali AdsanInternational Agricultural Research and Training Center, Department of Agricultural Economics, Menemen, İzmir / Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics and demographic structure of young farmers who prefer to remain in agricultural production. Manisa, Uşak and Kütahya provinces were chosen as a survey area for the study where agricultural employment is concentrated between the ages of 18-40 within the scope of Sub-Integrated Project of “Determination of the parameters that could be criteria for young farmer support and young people's tendency to stay in agriculture”. A survey was conducted with 180 farmers. The data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the enterprises were analyzed with various descriptive statistics. According to the results of the study, When the social insurance status of young farmers is examined, it is seen that 59.4% of them do not have social insurance. For young farmers, it is quite important to be able to connect to the internet in the countryside. 98.3% of the farmers stated that they will continue to do farming and the primary reason of inhabit to the ruralside is that they provide livelihoods there. However, according to the responds given by the young farmers about whether they would like to migrate from the village to the city, it was observed that 24.4% of them tended to migrate from the village to the urbanside.

Keywords: young farmer, characteristics, remain in agriculture, migration


The Effects of Different Protein Sources Dietary Supplementations on Some Minerals, Lipid and Protein Profiles in Serum for Female RatsRecep Gümüş1, Nazlı Ercan2, Halit İmi ̇k31Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.3Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.

This study was carry out to determine the impact of different protein sources dietary supplementations on some minerals, lipid and protein profiles in serum for female rats. As a material of this study 96 twenty-day-old female rats were formed as three groups which were control group (Soybean meal), wheat gluten and corn gluten groups. The fattening period continued 45 days and the study was terminated when the animals reached 65 days of age. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken from 8 animals randomly selected from each group and levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, total protein, albumin and globulin were analysed via autoanalyzer. As a result of, it was determined that the level of total protein was increased significantly in the soybean meal group (P<0.05). In other parameters were not statistically different between groups (P>0.05). It was detected that the effect of soybean meal, corn and wheat gluten on the levels of other parameters except the total protein level in the serum was similar. As a conclusion, it has no negative effect of using gluten instead of soybean meal in ration. These results are very important for higher rate of use of wheat and corn gluten in ration. Thus, dependence on the soybean which is inadequate in production in our country and a large portion of which is imported will decrease and alternative sources of protein can be formed.

Keywords: Mineral, blood parameters, protein profile, female rat


Determination of zinc and iron fertilizer requirement of siyez wheat (T. monococcum) grown in calcareous soilFırat Uzun1, Ayşen Akay21Fırat UZUN Department of Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey,2Ayşen AKAY Department of Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk

University, Konya, Turkey,

Siyez wheat is one of the important gene sources in our country which is cultivated in a narrow area around Kastamonu and Sinop. In countries such as Italy, Germany and Spain, it is known as einkorn and are cultivated on unproductive mountainous areas which soil fertility decreases with time. Being the raw material of the essential nutrients in the human diet, wheat cultivation in Turkey and the World in a whole compared to other agricultural products is of particular importance. Micronutrient deficiencies, and the deficiencies of zinc and iron which are the subject of this study, have a great impact on human health. The main reason for this is that people greatly consume a very small amount of micronutrient cereal-based foods. This study is aimed to increase the concentration of Zn and Fe in siyez wheat grains and investigated how to be able to cultivate it at other city of Turkey besides Kastamonu. In this study, determination of Siyez wheat (T. monococcum) cultivation in calcareous soil conditions in Konya, and the requirement of phosphorous fertilization as well as iron and zinc fertilization were investigated. In the experiment, 2 different phosphorus doses (0 and 4 kg P2O5 / da), 4 different Zn doses (0, 1, 2, 4 kg Zn / da) and 4 different Fe doses (0, 1, 2, 4 kg Fe / da) were applied to the siyez wheat sown in pots of greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted between November 2017 and July 2018 according to the factorial design of randomized plots in greenhouses of the Faculty of Agriculture at Selçuk University. Phenological characteristics of the siyez wheat were determined in the experiment. According to the results, the average plant height, spike number, spike length, biomass yield and grain yield were determined as 82.67-102.44 cm, 21.33-29.00 pieces / pot, 2.90-4.03 cm, 18.42-25.08 g / pot and 4.55-6.47 g / pot respectively. Applications of Fe, Zn and P, and the interaction Fe * Zn * P were found to be statistically significant at p <0.01. As a result of the experiment, it was determined that siyez wheat could be grown easily in unproductive areas under calcareous soil conditions in Konya.

Keywords: Iron, Lime soil, phosphorus, Siyez wheat, Zinc.


Determination of Yield, Yield Components and Some Agricultural Characteristics of Winter Oat (Avena sativa L.) Genotypes in Eskişehir ConditionsAli Cevat SönmezEskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü

There is a need for new cultivars of oat which has high yield and resistant to winter for meeting demand livestock and food sector In the Central Anatolia and Transitional Zones. The aim of this study is to develop winter oat varieties which will meet this need of the region. Field trial was carried out in Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute Central Campus on rainfed conditions in the 2017-2018 growing season in Eskişehir. The trial was conducted randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The trial has consisted of 24 oat genotypes with 7 registrated cultivars (Checota, Kahraman, Kırklar, Faikbey, Yeniçeri, Seydişehir ve Sebat) are used as control and 17 lines. The parameters of grain yield (GY), days of mature (DM), plant height (PH), thousand-grain weight (TGW), panicle number per m² (PNM), grain number per panicle-1 (GNP),

grain weight per panicle-1 (GWP) and panicle lenght (PL) were investigated. Result of the variance analysis, it was seen that the differences between genotypes were significant (p < 0.01) for all parameters examined. In this study, GY was obtained between 1.37 to 3.80 tons ha-1 and the lines 14, 16, 18, 23 and 24 were prominent. The DM was determined 169 to 187 days. The PH was measured between 86.0 to 118.7 cm and the genotypes 1, 4, 6, 21 had highest PH values in the research. The TGW was obtained between 23.5 to 37.6 g and the genotypes 4, 8 and 21 were found prominent. The highest PNM value was obtained from genotypes 3, 8, 14 and 23 and were between 88 to 498 panicle m-2. The GNP was found 24.4 to 66.1 piece and the genotypes 5, 10, 16 and 21 were prominent. The GWP was found 0.60 to 2.08 g and the genotypes 10, 11, 16 and 21 were promising. The PL was measured 14.6 to 23.9 cm and the genotypes 1, 10, 11, and 21 were prominent. When all parameters and genotypes are evaluated together, the lines 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 23, 24 were selected to multi location yield trials.

Keywords: Winter oat breeding, grain yield, yield components


Determination of Grain Yield and Quality Characteristics of Some Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes in Eskişehir ConditionsAli Cevat Sönmez, Soner Yüksel, Savaş Belen, Yılmaz Yıldırım, Mustafa Çakmak, Yaşar Karaduman, Arzu Akın, Oğuz ÖnderEskişehir Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü

Barley breeding program has been conducted in the Transitional Zone Agriculture Research Institute (TZARI) for long years. The priorities of the program are to develop adaptable cultivars to Central Anatolia and Transitional Zones of Turkey with high grain yield, meet the animal feeding needs and malt industry quality needs. The objective of this study was to evaluate grain yield and some quality parameters of barley genotypes in yield trial. The field trials were planted with three replicates in Triple Lattice Design under two rainfed environmental conditions in TZARI Sultanönü and Hamidiye Campus in 2016-2017 crop season. The trials have consisted of 64 barley genotypes with 6 cultivars (Ince, Larende, Burakbey, Ünver, Erginel, and Sabribey) as control and 58 lines. The parameters of grain yield (GY), thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain size (GS), protein content (PC), starch content (SC), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were investigated. In the result of variance analysis, significant differences were found in terms of GY, TGW, GS, and PC among genotypes in Eskişehir Sultanönü location. In Sultanönü location average value of GY was 6.05 tons ha-1, TGW was 49.6 g, GS was 86.1%, PC was 12.37%, SC was 56.6%, ADF was 6.56% and NDF was 31.3%. In Hamidiye location average value of GY was 3.96 tons ha-1, TGW was 50.1 g, GS was 84.0%, PC was 11.95%, SC was 58.19%, ADF was 6.77% and NDF was 31.9%. According to results from two locations, it was found that the lines 37, 56, 62 and 63 are prominent for GY; the lines 56, 60, 61 and 63 are remarked for TGW and GSH; the lines 9, 11, 28 and 58 are remarked for PC; the lines 26, 46, 62 and 63 are promising for SC; 24, 35, 41 and 57 are prominent for ADF; 28, 37, 47 and 64 are prominent for NDF. As a result of this study the lines 14, 19, 21, 26, 30, 33, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 62 and 63 were selected to multi locations yield trial.

Keywords: Barley breeding, yield, protein ratio, starch ratio, thousand grain weight


Paraprobiotics: non-viable microbial food supplementsZülal KesmenErciyes University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey

Paraprobiotics are defined as non-viable microbial cells or crude microbial cell extracts, which have positive effects on consumers’ health. Paraprobiotics are produced from probiotic microorganisms that are killed by various inactivation methods including heat treatment, high pressure, irradiation, sonication and pulsed electric field. Health-benefits of paraprobiotics are similar to those of probiotics. Paraprobiotics can promote immunomodulatory activity, protect the host against infections, reduce the inflammatory response, improve the intestinal microbiota, preserve the intestinal barrier and prevent bacterial translocation, suppress the symptoms of lactose intolerance and irritable bowel syndrome, and reduce the cholesterol level. Health-beneficial effects of paraprobiotics are attributed to cell components of dead microorganisms such as the cell wall, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan. However, further studies are needed to completely understand the action mechanisms of paraprobiotics. Compared to viable counterparts, paraprobiotics offer considerable advantages since they are more stable and safer. Therefore, paraprobiotics can be used in a wide range of food products without the challenges about survival obligation during food processing and shelf-life. In conclusion, there is an increasing interest for paraprobiotics and they are considered as promising supplements that will be used in not only foods but also feed, aquaculture products and pharmaceutics.

Keywords: paraprobiotics, dead probiotics, inactivation methods, health benefits


Determination of Adaptation and Quality Characteristics of Some Blackberry Varieties in Pazar District of Rize ProvinceMustafa Akbulut, Nalan BakoğluDepartment of Horticulture Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Pazar/Rize, TURKEY

The research was conducted between 2014-2015 at the Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Blackberry Experimental Unit and Pomology Laboratory. In 2014, Bursa 3, Bartin, Ness, Jumbo, Navaho, Waldo In 2015, Ness, Jumbo, Navaho, Waldo varieties were used. The pomological characteristics of the 6 blackberry varieties (Bursa 3, Jumbo, Navaho, Waldo and Ness) grown in Pazar / Rize conditions; Fruit weight, titratable acidity and soluble dry matter were compared. As a result, the cultivation of blackberry varieties in trial conditions is advisable for the region.

Keywords: Adaptation, Blackberry, Rize


Effects of Sowing Time on Herbage Yield and Quality of LupineKağan Kökten1, Mahmut Kaplan2, Halit Tutar11Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey2Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different sowing times on herbage yield and quality of lupine. Experiments were conducted for two years in 2014-2015 with four different sowing dates (1 April, 15 April, 1 May and 15 May) in randomized blocks design with three replications. Effects of sowing date on herbage yield and quality of lupine were found to be highly significant (P<0.01). While the years did not have significant effects on green and dry herbage yields, effects of years on plant height were found to be significant (P<0.05), and the effects on chemical composition were found to be highly significant (P<0.01).The greatest plant height, crude protein yield, green herbage yield, dry herbage yield and crude ash contents were observed in the first sowing date and the lowest values of the same parameters were observed in the fourth sowing date. The greatest crude protein content was observed in the fourth sowing date and the lowest value was seen in the first sowing date. The greatest ADF and NDF ratios were seen in the third sowing date and the lowest values were observed in the fourth sowing date. The greatest digestible dry matter, dry matter intake and relative feed value were observed in the fourth sowing date and the lowest values were seen in the third sowing date. Considering the yield and quality values, the first sowing was considered as the best sowing date for lupine.

Keywords: Lupine, quality, relative feed value, sowing time, yield


Determination of Seed Yield and Straw Quality of Some Triticale VarietiesKağan Kökten1, Mahmut Kaplan2, Selim Özdemir11Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bingol, Bingol, Turkey2Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey

The research was carried out in randomized block design with three replications during the 2016-2017 growing season under Elazıg conditions. 10 triticale varieties were used in the experiment. Triticale samples were determined in the period of physiological yield and yields were determined. Chemical analyzes were performed on the straws. Biological yield, harvest index, seed yield, straw yield, thousand grain weight, crude protein ratio, crude protein yield, crude ash ratio, ADF (Acid detergent fiber), NDF (Nörtal detergent fiber), DMD (Dry matter digestibility), DMI (Dry matter intake) and NYD (relative feed value) properties were examined in this research. The results of variance analyses showed that there were statistically significant differences among some characters (biological yield, harvest index, seed yield, straw yield, thousand grain weight, crude protein ratio, crude protein yield, crude ash ratio, NDF and dry matter intake (P≤0.01)).According to the research results; Biological yield ranged between 795.67 and 1392.00 kg/da, harvest index between 21.70 and 36.36%, seed yield between 262.27 and 491.80 kg/da, straw yield between 531.80 and 987.00 kg/da and a thousand grain weight between 31.57 and 42.80 g. On the other hand, the crude protein ratio of the straw obtained after the harvest ranged between 2.22 and 2.94%, crude protein yield between 14.02 and 27.79 kg/da, crude ash ratio between 6.01 and 8.38%, ADF ratio between 50.22 and 53.23%, NDF ratio between 75.42 and 79.03%, DMD ratio between 47.44 and 49.78%, DMI ratio between 1.52 and 1.59% and NYD value between 56.80 and 61.06. According to the research findings; Umran Hanım, Ayşe Hanım and Alper Bey varieties, which have high values in terms of seed yield, can be cultivated. On the other hand, in terms of the quality of the obtained straw, it is recommended that the varieties of Alper Bey and Karma, which have high protein ratio and efficiency, with high SKM, KMT and NYD, and the Mehmet Bey and Ayşe Hanım varieties with low ADF and NDF ratios are recommended.

Keywords: ADF, NDF, seed yield, straw yield, Triticale


Ameliortion of Saline-Sodic Soils with Waste MaterialsMehmet Altun, Abdoul Nasser Aboubacar Dan Badaou, Üstün Şahin, Selda Örs CırıkAtatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü 25240 Erzurum

Soil salinity and sodicity are one of the major causes of the land degradation in the arid and semiarid regions of the world. Low rainfall and high evapotranspiration in these regions promote the upward movement of salts in the soil solution which adversely affect soil’s physical, chemical and biological properties. Thus, resource-use efficiency has a crucial role in agriculture as the shortage of water, nutrients, and land threaten the sustainability of the sector, especially in the arid and semi-arid Mediterranean regions. Salinity represents an increasing threat to agriculture around

the world; agricultural production needs to meet the food requirements of the growing world population. Saline and sodic soils have numerous economic impacts on agriculture and other correlated industries. There has been a considerable amount of research that has resulted in the development of methods to reclaim saline and sodic soil with pyrite, sulfuric acid, and gypsum. However, due to their limited availability and economic considerations, applying such practices has been limited at a large-scale basis. Thus, research is being performed to use low-priced materials to have more feasible methods for amelioration of large infertile areas. It is therefore for practical, economic and sustainable development reasons that many researchers have turned to organic matter obtained from solid waste, recognized for its high capacity to improve the physico-chemical and biological properties of soils. In this study, the literature review related to the subjects studied so far has been evaluated and practical suggestions have been developed.

Keywords: Saline-sodic soil, Waste material, Soil ameliortion, Organic matter


Regulation Of Ascorbic Acid In Agricultural Plants Under Different Environmental ConditionsMuhammad Nisar Ali1, Sedat Serçe1, Nicholas Smirnoff21Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey2Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, United Kingdom.

Ascorbic acid is an effective antioxidant and plays an important role in stress prevention mechanisms. Recently, many studies have focused on understanding mechanisms underlying regulation of ascorbic acid in plants. In current study, changes were observed in ascorbate content of plants in different light and environmental conditions. Leaf sections were floated on different media in petri dishes. Petri dishes were incubated in ‘High Light’, ‘Low Light’ and ‘Dark’. Light treatment was given with fluorescent tubes. The leaves and fruit tissues were extracted in suitable extractants and the mixture was homogenized and centrifuged. Supernatant was transferred to various analytical instruments for analysis. Data showed that the ascorbate content in the tissues changes gradually with the change in light intensity. Ascorbate was recorded at the lowest level when leaf tissue was incubated in the dark. This suggests the possibility of the role of light in the regulation of ascorbate in plants. The effects of the variable light intensity on the ascorbate content are very obvious and the results argue the role of ascorbate in photosynthesis. However this regulation will become clearer as the further research at the genetic level continues.

Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Pisum, Fragaria, environmental stress, photosynthesis


Nigerian Agricultural Sector: Production Statistics, Challenges and Future DirectionsSANI İBRAHİM Ibrahi ̇ m , Mehmet Emin ÇaliskanNigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde Turkey

This study focused on the agricultural production in Nigeria, challenges and future directions of Agricultural production in the country. Movement was made to list the factors affecting agricultural production. İt showed that the overall agricultural production has about 52% of Nigeria’s GDP.This study recommended the need to ımprove modern farmıng system through the introduction of improved technology in agricultural production, reduction of climate change, increase of agricultural investment to attract foreign investment.

Keywords: Agricultural Sector, GDP, Nigeria, Production


Increasing Awareness on Poultry and Egg Consumption in Pre-school StudentsFatma Yenilmez1, Emine Uruk2, Nazan Koluman3, Şule Erden Özcan4, Mikail Baylan3, Kadriye Kurşun3, Harun Kutay31The University of Cukurova, Vocational School of Tufanbeyli, Adana, Turkey2Adana Directorates of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Adana, Turkey3The University of Cukurova, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Adana, Turkey.4The University of Cukurova, Education Faculty, Department of Primary Education, Adana, Turkey

The egg, presented by nature into its package, is a unique and excellent food. Because of high nutritional and digestibility value, low calorie value and promoting substances for growth it is an important food for in growth children’s diet. Because it is healthy and a balanced nutrition, it is necessary to tell the children that egg is an indispensable protein source, to emphasize the importance of consumption. The aim of this project is acquiring and fostering the intended egg consumption habit.Target audience was a total of 50 pre-school students (two schools) within the age group of 5-6 years, consisting of children whose socio-economic and educational levels are low in Adana province. In this context, it was aimed to develop awareness about the importance of eggs in terms of nutrition, health, growth and brain development in the work carried out, to raise curiosity by bringing chickens and eggs together with children, to stimulate interest in children through field trips, observations and examinations of stages from the farm to the table, to stimulate the meaning by animating them with dramas, to transfer them to the children through interactive applications, so as to make the children love egg and to give them consumption habits. In line with the aim of the project; poultry farms were visited belonging to university and private

firm who are producing in different poultry production systems. With this visit, the children were informed about the chicken and egg, and offered physical contact so that the children have fun and learned. Experiments were done in the laboratory and classrooms, was reinforced with information obtained through different teaching methods such as drama and games, and creativity aspects was improved with painting and different activities so that the presentation of the egg and the awareness was improved. The pre-test and last-test applications were determined whether the project has been achieved for the specified purpose. The result of the current project, pre-school students participating in the project was improved their knowledge and awareness of about chicken and eggs, in addition improved egg consumption habits.AcknowledgementThis study was supported by the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). Project Number: 118B342.

Keywords: Egg, Pre-school Kids, Laying hen, Feeding, consumption


The Effect of Different Inter and Intra Row Spacing on Yield and Yield Components Of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Kırşehir Ecological Conditionsİsmail DemirKırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different inter and intra row spacing on yield and yield parameters of safflower in the experimental area of Ahi Evran University in 2017. Experiment design was in a split plot of randomized complete blocks with three replications and Balcı variety was used as seed material. The treatments consisted of two inter row spaces (15 and 30 cm) as the main plots and four intra row spaces (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) as the subplots. According to the results, inter and intra row spaces change has significant effects on day of rosette stage, flowering date, day of maturity, plant height, number of side branches, number of tables, thousand seeds weight, seed yield and crude oil rate. The number of side branches, and tables, thousand seeds weight, seed yield per plant and crude oil rate were decreased with both inter row and intra row spacings narrowed. The highest yield was determined from 15*10 and 30*5 cm inter and intra row space as 1773.8 kg ha-1 and 1704.2 kg ha-1 respectively.

Keywords: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), yield, oil content, row space


Injuries caused by animal contact in farms and prevention waysSerap Göncü, Nazan KolumanÇukurova Üniversitesi

The systematic work carried out in order to protect from the health hazards caused by various reasons at the workplaces during the execution of the works is called occupational health and safety In accordance with the Law No. 6331 on Occupational Health and Safety, the obligation to perform a risk assessment of all workplaces has started as of January 1, 2012. In this respect, dairy cattle farms have a high risk factor. The hardware and technological infrastructure of the enterprises, ergonomic conditions in terms of employee and animal management, the skill level of the personnel, the job description and organization of the works, the routine controls, the operating environment conditions are linked with the production stages. 98% of occupational accidents and occupational diseases can be prevented considering that awareness is a very important sateg of the prevention. The number of people employed by economic activity decreased by 71 thousand people in the agricultural sector, 60 thousand in the industrial sector, 3 thousand in the construction sector and 49 thousand people in the service sector. 1.444.000 enterprises (284.000 beef, 1.160.000 breeder) are present in our country. 72.5% of the cattle breeders were 10 head and six (27% of the number of animals), 10-49% of them were 25% (47% of the number of animals), and 2.5% of the number of animals (50%). 26 of them have the number of animals (Anonymous, 2018). People tend to move away from agriculture, in particular from livestock. In the last 40 years, the rural population has fallen below 20% from 40% and the rural population is getting older. This situation constitutes a significant risk in terms of production increase and sustainability in livestock sector. According to accident reports, agricultural machinery, tractors (18%) and animals (17%) often cause accidents. The sum of hand tools and power tools causes accidents as much as other machines (14%). In this study, a survey study was conducted in order to determine the risk factors of animal contact-related injury in animal husbandry enterprise employees.

Keywords: Injuries, animal contact, farms, prevention


Using Animal Behavior Charatersitics and Appropriate Equipment for Better Fattening PerformancesSerap Göncü, Nazan KolumanÇukurova Üniversitesi

The last twenty years, many important developments have occurred in Turkey beef production, big scales, market, housing, nutrition, and weight given to health protection measures have been many technological advances in this area. It is now being tried to be done in a small number of large and

specialized farms operated according to production entrepreneurship criteria. However, yields per animal have not been achieved. Failure to achieve the desired feed performance in imported culture breeds and hybrids may be considered as indicators of administrative and maintenance problems. Animal feed, weighing, control and managemental problems are experienced in large fattening enterprises. Ignoring issues such as human animal contact in large-scale fattening enterprises and animal equipment used in the management of animals, which are not in accordance with animal behavior characteristics, increase the losses. The cattle senses characteristics effect tehir reflex and natural behaviors. Cattle can seriously injure or kill people. Being careless or in the wrong place at the wrong time can be costly. Livestock are a major cause of farm accidents. Nearly half of all cattle handling injuries involve gates and other physical barriers that handlers were pushed into or had pushed into themTherefore, appropriate management and aproach prevent losses. Thus, with the approach to animal nature and the use of tool equipment, better cattle performance, fattening and profitability can be achieved. Therefore, in this study, the approaches and the measures to be taken during the observation of intensive fattening enterprises will be discussed for aspect of profitabiliy.

Keywords: Fattening, Behavior, Equipment, Losses, Profitability


The effects of microencapsulated carvacrol+thymol supplementation to diet with low energy and protein content on growth performance and serum some biochemistry parameters of broilersŞenay Sarica, Samet Okuyan, Tugay AyasanTokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science

The study investigated the effects of microencapsulated carvacrol+thymol supplementation to diet with low metabolisable energy and protein on performance and serum some biochemistry parameters of broilers. A total of 672 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven treatments with 4 replicates of 24 chicks each. The experimental diets included: PC: a positive control diet with normal metabolisable energy and protein; NC2.5: the diet reduced the metabolisable energy and protein at the level of 2.5 %; NC5.0: the diet reduced the metabolisable energy and protein at the level of 5.0 %; NC2.5+50NEXT; NC2.5+100NEXT; NC5.0+50NEXT and NC5.0+100NEXT diets were prepared by supplementation of microencapsulated carvacrol+thymol (Next Enhance) at the levels of 50 and 100 g/ton to the NC2.5 and NC5.0 diets, respectively. The results demonstrated that the PC diet increased final body weight (P<0.05) and body weight gain (P<0.05) and improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.001) of broilers from 0 to 6 weeks compared to the other diets. The broilers fed the NC2.5+50NEXT diet consumed higher feed than the other diets (P<0.01). The NC2.5+50NEXT diet reduced serum glucose, triglyceride and uric acid levels of broilers. Morever, serum albumin level of broiler was decreased by the PC diet (P<0.01).

Keywords: Broiler, energy, protein, microencapsulated carvacrol+thymol, performance, serum

biochemistry


Determination of some quantitative and efficiency parameters of the hibiscus plant (Malva sylvestris) grown under different water limitation conditionsAlper Güngör1, Harun Özer2, Mehmet Sait Kiremit1, Hakan Arslan11Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Structures and Irrigation Department, Samsun TURKEY2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Horticulture Department, Samsun, TURKEY

Drought is the most important factor restricting plant development in areas where precipitation or irrigation water remains insufficient. The decrease in the soil moisture depends upon the severity and duration of the drought. Long-term drought causes Plant death. Plant development is also restricted and yield decreases as a result of the short-term effect of the drought.In this study, the effect on the yield and quality of Hibiscus plants grown under different water deficit conditions were examined. 5 different irrigation water levels (S1 = 25%, S2 = 50%, S3 = 75%, S4 = 100% and S5 = 118%) were applied. For this study, plant yield, number of leaves, body diameter, soil weight, soil dry weight, root dry weight, dry weight of leaves and dry weight of the plant were examined.Result of the study indicated that except for the leaf dry weight, S1 has the lowest value for all the parameters examined. Other parameters except the number of leave and stem diameter were at the highest values at S5. For the statistical analysis, yield was divided into 3 different groups. There was no statistically significant difference between S4 and S5 treatments.The highest yield was obtained for S5. S4, S3, S2 and S1 subjects were decreased by 1.5%, 19.2%, 21.9% and 48.8% respectively. In conclusion, drought significantly limited plant development and yield.

Keywords: Water deficit, Drought, Leaching fractions, Yield, Hibiscus


Water Use of Melatonin Applied Eggplant Seedlings Under Drought StressMehmet Altun1, Ertan Yıldırım2, Selda Örs1, Üstün Şahin1, Melek Ekinci21Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü

2Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü

Drought stress is one of the most common environmental stress factor responsible to yield loss in several crops worldwide. Successful crop management under drought depends on better agricultural management and understanding of water productivity. Increasing water productivity without causing severe yield reduction has been found successful under limited water supply conditions. Therefore, improving methods and strategies to cope with deleterious effects of drought stress has received considerable attention recently. In this context, an eggplant seedling experiment conducted in the greenhouse with the application of six different doses of melatonin (0, 5, 25, 50, 100, 150 μM) to investigate response of plants under drought conditions (100 and 60% of water to reach the field capacity). Plant fresh and dry weight were used to determine water use efficiency of the eggplant. We found that water use efficiency decreased by roughly 22% with drought as compared to control. And foliar application of melatonin improved the water use efficiency of the eggplant at the concentrations of 25 and 50 μM. The result of this experiment indicates that using melatonin as an ameliorative amendment under drought conditions improved the eggplant drought tolerance.

Keywords: Abiotic sress, Yield, Melatonin, Water deficit


Agro-Morphological Characterisation of Some Local Confectionary Sunflower PopulationsLevent Yazici1, Güngör Yılmaz2, Sezai Gökalp1, Rahime Karataş1, Özge Koyutürk1, Mustafa Acar3, Gülhan Atagün31Directorate of Middle Black Sea Transition Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Tokat,Turkey2Department of Fıeld Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat,Turkey3Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun,Turkey

Turkey is a very rich country in terms of plant diversity. The conservation of genetic diversity in plant genetic resources of the cultivated species is extremely important for the sustainability of crop production. In Turkey, when examined climate and soil characteristics, in terms of confectionary sunflower production where has a huge potential.

The aim of this study; characterization is done by examining the frequency values of agro-morphological features of the some local confectionary sunflower populations collected from different regions, from the characters specified in the UPOV definition list, in Tokat-Kazova conditions of Turkey.In the reserach, forty local population of confectionary sunflower were used and two registered varieties were used as standard. The experiment was conducted according to the lattice trial plan in 2016 on the land belonging to the Directorate of Middle Black Sea Transition Zone Agricultural Research Institute.In this study, leaf size, leaf color, leaf blistering, leaf serration, leaf shape, leaf auricules, leaf wings, leaf angle of lowest lateral veins, leaf height of the tip of the blade compared to insertion of petiole,

stem hairiness, disk flower shape, disk flower color, branching status, branching style, head attitude, head shape, grain shape, grain color, grain streaking status and self-fertilization characteristics were observed. According to the research results; In the evaluations made, high variations were determined in terms of agro-morphological features in confectionary sunflower. populations. These definitions will be useful to researchers in the future.

Keywords: Confectionary Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., local population, morphological features, frequency values,


The Use of Acidified Milk in CalvesVadullah ErenDepartment of Plant and Animal Production, Çine Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey

It is one of the oldest occupations and livelihoods of people, by using animals to domesticate them. By developing the means of production, the man who manufactures the animals has both sought the technique and is in search of technique to increase their productivity. This is still the case today. Because animal husbandry is the source of indispensable nutrients, essential amino acids. Animal husbandry will continue to be necessary in line with the need for animal products for the increasing population. Nowadays, developing technology and increasing scientific researches allow the growers to reach their goals more easily as well as making more profit. In particular, reducing workload and labor force, and in the meantime to increase the chances of survival of newborn babies by making a healthy feeding is very important for the profitability of the enterprise. Cattle breeders aim to get at least one calf per year from cows and grow healthy. This target is much more important for a breeding business. It is reported that loss of calves is 5% even in developed countries and some of these losses are caused by diseases caused by E. coli-induced diarrhea. Considering that this rate is even higher in developing countries, reducing diarrhea and diarrheal diseases remains important. In many countries and enterprises, calves are fed with milk called acidified milk, in order to protect the young from less troubled nutrition and nutrition-related diseases. In this study, the possible use of acidified milk in calf feeding and possible benefits will be explained.

Keywords: Acidified milk, calf, diarrhea, disease


The Effect of Sodium Irrigation Waters on Some Soil and Irrigation Characteristics

Sedat Tok, Kadir Ersin TemizelAgricultural Structure and Irrigation Department, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey

One of the most important factors in the formation of sodium soils is the sodium level in irrigation waters. Thus, sodium accumulation in agricultural areas changes many physico-chemical properties of soils such as pH, changeable sodium percentage (ESP), soil electrical conductivity (ECe), hydraulic conductivity of soil (Ks), and the amount of usable irrigation water (AWC). In this study, the salinity values were similar, but the sodium adsorption values were different 5 irrigation water (Control Application, SAR5, SAR15,SAR30 and SAR40) used. As parameters, the percentage of exchangeable sodium in the soil for different layers (ESP), irrigation water amounts (IW), soil salinity (ECe), soil pH value, drainage water salinity (ECdw) and drainage water pH values were measured. Cabbage was used as plant and 5 replicates were designed from each pot. Significant differences were observed in each parameter statistically. When we look at the soil ESP values, the first and second layer were statistically different groups for all applications. The highest ESP value was set to 9.39 in the second layer of the SAR40 application, while the lowest value was determined to be 2.42 in the first layer of the control application. As a result, the increase in SAR values in irrigation waters caused significant changes in both soil and irrigation water characteristics.

Keywords: Sodium, Soil alkalinity, ESP, SAR.


Searching for Commercial Scale Latex Producing New PlantsMarwan Adnan Al Janabi, Ömer Edip Kuzugüdenli ̇Erciyes University, School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Kayseri, Turkey

Plants develop various means to protect themselves. A release of specially formulated dense liquid, called latex, against potential harms of wounds, insects or infections is a good example to those means. Mankind has been using these latexes for numerous reasons varying from as chewing gum and food additives to protective coverage and components of composites. Rubber is a strategic material used by space, aviation, military and protection to vehicle and textile industries. This commonly used material is obtained by a chemical modification of the latex produced from rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). The locations to produce natural rubber are limited since these trees require hot and humid environments for productive growth. Consequently, the limitations on the production are affecting the availability and price of natural rubber. There are many plants generating liquids for similar purposes in almost all kinds of environmental conditions. This presentation covers a literature survey and the findings of a preliminary experimental study to explore the potential for latex producing annual and perennial plants for the Middle Belt climate zones like that of Turkey.

Keywords: Rubber, rubber production, latex, latex producing plants.


Forage Yield and Nutritive Value of Hungarian Vetch Mixtures with Triticale İn Different Seeding RatesNuman Kiliçalp1, Mahir Özkurt2, Yaşar Karadağ2, Hatice Hızlı31Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversity, 60240 Taşlıçiftlik/ Tokat, Turkey2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences of Muş Alparslan Üniversity Complex 49250 / Muş3Agricultural Research Institute of East Mediterranean, Adana, Turkey

The aim of the study was to investigate the forage yield, quality and rumen degradability characteristics of Hungarian vetch(Vicia pannonica Crantz.) mixtures with triticale (XTriticosecale Wittmack) in different seeding rates(HV100%, 75HV:25T, 50HV:50T, 25HV:75T and T100%). The research plant material was carried out in the experimental lands of Gaziosmanpaşa University Agricultural Application and Research Center during the 2015-2016 vegetation period. Field experiment was designed as Randomized Block Design with three replicates. Besides, three rumen cannulated Karayaka ram (3 year old) were used to determine dry matter degradablity characteristics of pure and mixture forage by using in situ method as randomized design. Forage samples were incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 96 h. in to the rumen. The results that green forage and dry matter yield were not different between the groups, whereas the highest crude protein concentration(13.12%) was determined in the pure sown Hungarian vech(P<0.01). In addition, the maximum crude protein yield(83.24 kg/da) was obtained from 75:25HVT group. The difference among the groups in terms of protein yield was statistically significant(P<0.05). Also, The 50:50H:VT group was found to have the highest effective dry matter degradability(ED2, ED5 and ED8) in the other experimental groups according to different transition rates(k=0.02, k=0.05 and k=0.08) from rumen(P<0.05). Additionally, net energy lactation (NEL), relative feed value (RFV) was determined that there was no difference among the experimental groups. As a result, in the case of mixed planting of Hungarian vetch and triticale, it is thought that more digestible dry matter yield and crude protein yield can be obtained than pure planting.

Keywords: Hungarian vetch, in situ, nutritive value, seeding ratio, triticale,yield


Effects of Lentil-By Product and Lentil Straw on Fattening Performance and Some

Carcass Characteristics in Male Awassi LambsNuman KiliçalpDepartment of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversity, 60240 Taşlıçiftlik/ Tokat, Turkey

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of lentil straw and lentil-by product on in vivo dry matter digestibility, fattening performance and some carcass characteristics in Awassi male lambs in Diyarbakir International Training and Research Center. In vivo digestion method was used in order to determine digestibility of some nutrients of the rations groups. Weaned at the age of 90 days, 22.48±05 kg live weight, 24 lambs divided into 6 experimental groups. The digestibility experiment was carried out for a total of 25 days including 15 days of eating practice and 10 days of fertilizer collection period. In addition, to determine the effect of lentil straw on fattening performance, 77 lambs were distributed to 7 groups. The experiment was carried out for 60 days to determine the fattening performance of the lambs. Although lentil by product increased the digestibility of crude protein, it did not affect the digestibility of other nutrients. Also lentil-by product increased dry matter and digestible organic matter intake significantly(P<0.05). Replacing wheat straw with lentil straw did not affect feed intake and feed conversion, but increased daily gain in fattening lambs(P<0.05). The ration containing lentil-by product increased daily gain, cold carcass weight, dressing percentage and rate of bone within tail carcass(P<0.05). However lentil-by product in diet did not alter feed intake. On the other hand, the ration containing 30 % lentil-by product reduced feed conversion and subcutaneous fat in the carcass. As a result, when the lentil-by product was used at 20-25% in the Awassi lambs concentrate feeds, the daily live weight gain increased and the feed consumption and feed utilization did not adversely affect.

Keywords: carcas, digestibility, fattening performance, in vivo, lamb, lentil by product


Relationship Between Deficit Irrigation and Tuber Yield in PotatoesMustafa Akkamış, Sevgi ÇalışkanNigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Ayhan Şahenk Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Department of Plant Production and Technologies,Merkez, Nigde, Turkey

Water is the most important compounds in an active plant and constitutes more than 80% of the growing tissue. Because it is essential for most plant functions, the amount of water applied during irrigation, the time and method of water application, the quality of the irrigation water, and prevailing micro-meteorological conditions are important in plant health and yield. The development time of potato plants is 120 - 150 days according to the climatic conditions. In order to achieve high efficiency, water consumption should be between 450 and 700 mm. The potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) is very sensitive to water stress and the total available soil water should not be depleted by more than 30–50% to optimize yields. The soil should be maintained at a relatively high moisture content. Irrigation at 40% of field capacity (Fc) is adequate for seed grade tubers, while “processing/table” crops benefit from irrigation at 65% Fc. At all stages of growth,

water stress reduces photosynthetic efficiency, but the drought during the periods of tuber initiation and bulking has the most drastic effect on the yield. Limited soil water availability at different stages of growth results in earlier crop maturity, decreases plant growth, tuber yield, the number of tuber per plant, and tuber size and quality. Irrigation requirements differ with locations, soil types, and cultural practices. Under the condition of limited water supply, higher benefits may be achieved by adopting suitable irrigation and planting techniques. Due to the reduction of water resources and the use of water in different areas other than irrigation, water saving in agriculture has become mandatory. Therefore, optimum use of irrigation water is required. The water requirement of the plant is not fully supply with deficit irrigation and the soil moisture away from the root zone is allowed. Plants are exposed to some water constraints by knowing that the yield will decrease. The purpose of the deficit irrigation is to reduce the amount of irrigation water or the number of irrigations and to examine and increase the water use efficiency of the plant. In this study, the literatures covering the effects of deficit irrigation on potato plants were investigated.

Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, deficit irrigation, soil water, yield


Usability of Satellite Based Positioning Systems in Precision Irrigation ApplicationsMustafa Akkamış, Sevgi ÇalışkanNiğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Ayhan Şahenk Tarım Bilimleri ve Teknolojileri Fakültesi Bitkisel Üretim ve Teknolojileri Bölümü, Merkez, Niğde, 51240, Türkiye

Precision Agriculture Technologies (PF) is a technology that aims to prevent the application of new technologies to the analysis of the variability in agricultural area by not applying the desired amount of agricultural inputs to the place where it is needed. Although widely used in many areas of agriculture, precision irrigation, which is part of this technology is not yet known that at the inception level. Therefore, there are no favorable conditions for research, development, implementation and adaptation of these technologies. The advancement and use of agriculture by technological developments is only possible with precision agricultural technologies. Satellite based positioning systems (GNSS) are one of the most important of these technologies. The satellite based positioning systems is used in many processes in the agricultural field. Mapping of soil properties and yield, determination of land boundaries, variable-level application control, such systems and the location data of the land are converted into maps and these maps are used during the application. These systems consist of space, control and user units. The space unit has satellites turning around the earth and receiving continuous signals to the world. The control unit is the ground stations controlling the system. Receptors receiving signals from satellites form the user unit. Location, velocity and time information can be received every hour of the day all over the world with this system, Precision irrigation is the simultaneous irrigation to improve the use of water resources and make them economical by controlling the water demand of the plant according to the soil moisture and plant growth periods. According to the traditional irrigation methods, water with different proportions is applied to the areas where variability occurs in the sensitive irrigation and the water cost is reduced. Sensitive irrigation can be used and applied in all irrigation systems and is used more and more for irrigation applications. The aim of the PF is to apply the desired level of agricultural input to the place where it is needed by using the variability in the land in order to obtain more efficiency with less agricultural input. In this way, the cost of input decreases and the environment is protected at the same time. In this study, literatures and current developments are

examined in order to determine the usability of global positioning systems in sensitive irrigation applications.

Keywords: Precision Agriculture, İrrigation, GNSS, Positioning.


Evaluation of the yield and technological quality parameters of some bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes based on the augmented experimental designsMehmet KaramanMuş Alparslan Üniversitesi, Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi, Bitkisel Üretim ve Teknolojileri Bölümü, Muş, Türkiye

This study was conducted under rainfall conditions in experimental field of Diyarbakır during 2014-2015 growing season. Sixty wheat lines including five check cultivars were used as genetic material. This experiment was conducted under Augmented Experimental Design consisting of three blocks of which every block has twenty five plots. The purpose of the study is to determine genotypes with high yield, large adaptation ability and high quality. According to result of analysis of variance, significant differences was determined for thousand grain weight(TGW) and test weight (TW) at the level of 1%. Grain yields of genotypes ranged from 497.3-1020.8 kg da-1, thousand grain weight (TGW) 28.0-44.3g, protein 8.2-14.8%, test weight (TW) 79.0-86.3 kg hl-1 and zeleny sedimentation 16.0-41.0 ml. In the study, G8 and G12 in terms of thousand grain weight, G17 and G34 in test weight and G6 and G41 lines in grain yield were prominent. It was determined that the G6, G8, G12, G17, G34 and G41 lines were promising lines. In addition, it has been concluded that these lines should be tried again in advanced stages and under different environmental conditions.

Keywords: Augmented, Bread wheat, grain yield


Leaf nutrient element contents of some wine grape varieties grown under the ecological conditions of Hatay-Belen

Özge Demirkeser, Önder KamiloğluHatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü, Hatay

In this study, nutrient content of leaf in Syrah, Merlot, Sangiovese, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Sauvignon Blanc wine grape varieties were investigated in ecological conditions of Belen province of Hatay for 2 consecutive years (2016-2017). In the samples taken during veraison period of two years, average macronutrient contents range were found 1.01-1.28% (N), 0.11-0.51% (P), 0.71-0.91% (K), 2.89-3.37% (Ca), 0.54-0.69% (Mg) and contents of the micronutrients: 117.1 -134.3 ppm (Fe), 85.3-183.8 ppm (Mn), 27.3-30.0 ppm (Zn) and 13.9-18.7 ppm (Cu). In the study area, some physical and chemical properties of the soil are examined and determined loamy in 0-30 cm, clay-loamy in 30-60 cm, nonsaline, slightly basic at both depths,amount of useful potassium was sufficient, the total amount of calcium and magnesium was high and the organic matter was poor.

Keywords: Leaf blade, nutrients, soil, wine grapes


Plum Population in Rize (Turkey)Mustafa Akbulut, Keziban Yazıcı, Nalan Bakoğlu, Burcu GöksuDepartment of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey

Rize is in Eastern Black Sea area and tea is major cultivated plant in the region. In this province, except for tea, fruit species such as apples, pears, mandarins, cherries, hazelnuts and walnuts also was grown. Many plums are grown in different ecological zones in the region. Consists of water-resistant plum tree was also ensures continued presence in the region. Plum varietes showed differences regarding to maturation time and fruit characteristics. This study was carried out in Rize Province to investigate local plum varieties. Selected eight local plum varieties were examined for pomological characteristics during 2015-2016 and differences were revealed.

Keywords: Plum, Population, Rize, Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey


A research on table grape cultivation in Niğde province

Atilla Kaplan1, Ramazan Dilbaz2, Ahmet Erhan Özdemir2, Özge Demirkeser21Alma Ata Teknik Tarım, Niğde2Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 31034 Alahan / Hatay

TThis study was carried out in a vineyard consisted of grape varieties grafted on 1103 P rootstock covered with net and planted 2.5x3.0 m distance in the province of Niğde. In the study, some of the performances and practices were examined from the establishment until harvest. Although it varies according to years, it was determined that blooming period started in june and lasted for 10 to 12 days. While it changes according to the varieties, the maturity period was between the last week of August and the third week of September. The yield was found to be 25,58-810,69 kg/decare and the yield per vine was 0,15-4,90 kg. The shortest period of from blooming to maturity was 65-70 days in Early Gold variety, 70-75 days in Centennial Seedless and Superior Seedless varieties and the longest with 95-100 days in Red Globe, Black Pearl and Corrin Seedless varieties.

Keywords: Cultivation, harvest, rootstock, table grape, yield


The effects of melatonin applications on some vegetative growth characteristics of strawberry seedling in lime stress conditionsGülden BalcıDepartment of Horticulture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

The effects of melatonin applications on some vegetative growth characteristics of strawberry seedling in lime stress conditionsThe aim of this study was determined the effects of different doses of melatonin (MEL) (0, 5, 10 µM) grown in lime medium of on some vegetative growth characteristics in strawberry seedlings.The experiment was carried out in the pots filled 1: 1 ratio of peat perlite mixture and 1% lime added with frigo seedlings belonging to Albion s strawberry variety. In order to investigate the effects of MEL application against lime stress, exogenous MEL has applied to the root area of seedlings 2 times and the seedlings removed at the end of the experiment. SPAD and anthocyanin measurements made in strawberry seedlings. Leaf area, body diameter, leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight determined in the removed seedlings. In control and calcareous medium, maximum leaf area (111.10 and 92.40 cm2 / plant respectively) was determined in 5 µM MEL application. When the SPAD value of the leaves examined, it observed that it was the highest result of 10 µM in control and calcareous environments (45.40 and 42.09 SPAD respectively). The highest anthocyanin content in control (10.33 ACI) and calcareous medium (8.75 ACI) determined in 10 µM MEL applied plants. When the other criteria examined, it was determined that 5 µM MEL application causes positive increases. We believe that MEL application can be used to reduce lime stress conditions in strawberry cultivation by supporting vegetative growth in lime stress conditions.

Keywords: Strawberry, melatonin, vegetative growht, lime stress


The effect of melatonin applications on the some fruit properties of pepper in lime conditionsGökçen YakupoğluDepartment of Horticulture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of different doses of melatonin (MEL) applications (0, 5µM) on certain biochemical characteristics of the pepper fruit in the calcareous environment. Pepper seedlings of ‘Miray’ (Biotek) were purchased from seedling production company. Plants were grown peat perlite at the rate of 1:1in the pots with the lime-added mixture at the rate of 0%, 1%, 4%. In the fruits at different development stages (immature, green and red mature), the content of TSS, % acidity, vitamin C, total phenolic content, and carotenoid levels determined. Among the examined criteria highest TSS, titratable acid and carotenoid levels determined in the stage red mature. In general, amounts of vitamin C were found to be higher in the small fruit and red mature stages. Mostly, Melatonin applications have decreased the amount of vitamin C. As a result, MEL applications found to decrease the amounts of vitamin C and total phenolics while increasing the amount of carotenoid, titratable acid and TSS in the stages of fruit being evaluated.

Keywords: Melatonin, pepper, TSS, Vitamin C, karotenoid, phenolic compound


Validation of QuEChERS method for the analyses of acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride residues in cucumbersHayriye Çatak1, Osman Tiryaki21Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Plant Protection Department, Çanakkale, Turkey2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department,

Çanakkale, Turkey

This study was undertaken to validate the “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe” (QuEChERS) method using cucumber matrix spiked at 0.1*maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0*MRL and 10*MRL levels of the three (acetamiprid, cholorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride) pesticides. For the extraction and cleanup, QuEChERS 2007.1 version was followed, then the samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS for chromatographic analyses. For the quantification represenative (apple) matrix matched calibration (MC) was used to compansate matrix effect. Estimated method detection limit of three pesticides blow the EU-MRLs. The recovery ranges were 65.43%-116.67% (mean 87.66% ), 66.4%-106.42% (mean 84.14%), 75%-123% (mean 111.178) for acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride, respectively. The overall recovery of the method was 93.33% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 19.7% (n= 63). These figures are within the recovery limits (60-140%) and the values specified for the repeatability (RSD ≤ 20%). The calibration curves of three pesticides were linear (R≥0.999) at the range of 2.5-50 pg/µl. Some other parameters of the method validation, such as recovery, chromatographic repeatability, precision, accuracy and linearity were found to be within the required ranges. All the required method validation criteria were met in this study. QuEChERS method was found suitable for the analyses of acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos and formetanate hydrochloride residues in cucumber under our laboratory conditions.

PS: This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Department of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University (the project number: FYL-2019-2840), with the title of Master Thesis project “Çanakkale’de Cuma Pazarından farklı Zamanlarda Alınan Hıyar Örneklerinde Bazı Pestisit Kalıntılarının Belirlenmesi”.

Keywords: Cucumber, method validation, pesticide residue, representative matrix


Determination of the performance of disc type silage machinesMustafa Ahmed Al Sammarraie, Osman ÖzbekSelcuk University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machineries and Tecnologies Engineering, Konya

This study was carried out to determine the average fuel consumption (l/da), power consumption (kW), field energy consumption (kW/da), product energy consumption (kW/t), and silage size variation (mm). Research was carried out under field conditions in 2018 in Konya. A single-row maize silage machine was used for silage maize harvesting. The machine used during this study is a corn silage machine three different knife-counter knife opening (clearance) (1, 3 and 5 mm) is an adjustable. It is observed during the study that the average values of the machine increase when the clearance between blades are properly adjusted. Moreover, the amount of plants having sizes lesser than 20mm or 30mm gets higher when the clearance size is 1 and the power and fuel consumption amounts of the clearance size 2 is lesser than other clearance sizes. The field-product energy consumption of the machine is lower when the clearance size is 2. It is determined that the average results are more positive when the clearance size is 2 (3mm).

Keywords: Silage, silage machine, knife-counter knife opening (clearance), fuel consumption, power consumption, mincing size distribution.


Development of Hargreaves-Samani Equation Calibration Models for Van Province ConditionsSelçuk Usta1, Serpil Gençoğlan2, Cafer Gençoğlan2, Ali Beyhan Uçak31Department of Construction, Van Vocational School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey2Department of Biosystem Engineering, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey3Department of Biosystem Engineering, Siirt University, Sirt, Turkey

Plant water consumption (Evapotranspiration-ETC) can be measured directly with lysimeter and can be estimated by a number of mathematical methods developed based on plant, soil and climate characteristics. In order to determine the amount of ETc, reference plant water consumption (ETo) and plant coefficient (kc) based methods are more preferred. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) proposes FAO 56 Penman Monteith (PM) equality to estimate the amount of ETc to be used irrigation projects. With this equation, ETo can be estimated depending on the air temperature, relative humidity, extraterrestrial radiation, solar radiation, daily sunshine duration, wind speed, heat flux change in the soil and altitude parameters. As an alternative to the FAO 56 PM equation, with the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation, ETo values can only be estimated using the maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature and extraterrestrial radiation parameters. The results obtained from various calibration studies at the local level indicate shows that the consistency of the ETo values estimated by the HS equation can be increased. In this study, it is aimed to develop the HS equation calibration models which can be used in ETo estimation in Van province conditions. For this purpose, four calibration models were created depending on the average, maximum and minimum air temperature values and relative humidity values. The ETo values estimated by FAO 56 PM equality during the creation of models have been accepted as real ETo values. The ETo values estimated by the original HS equation have been corrected using calibration models. Thus, the deviation amounts of the ETo values estimated by the HS equation from the real ETo values have been reduced by 50-60 %. It is thought that the calibration models can be used in ETo estimation and will be a good alternative because they are suitable for local conditions.

Keywords: Calibration, FAO 56 Penman Monteith, Hargreaves-Samani, Reference evapotranspiration


Developing a Weighting Lysimeter Controlled by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Based Automation SystemSelçuk Usta1, Serpil Gençoğlan2, Cafer Gençoğlan2, Ali Karakoç2, Özgür Karakuş21Department of Construction, Van Vocational School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey2Department of Biosystem Engineering, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey

In this study, it is aimed to develop a weighting lysimeter which can be controlled by the programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based automation system which can be used to measure the amount of actual crop water consumption (Evapotranspiration-ETc). For this purpose, a lysimeter tank which was formed from stainless steel sheet in 3 mm thickness with a diameter of 113 cm and 130 cm height, was produced. This lysimeter tank was placed on an electronic weighbridge with an RS 232 output with 5 tons capacity, 4 load sensors and a converter card, capable of measuring 1.5x1.5 m surface dimensions with a precision of ± 200 g. To measure the amount of water (Dp), which is filtered deeply through drainage, a pluviometer was used. For this purpose, Ø 25 was given to the bottom of the tank and the drained water was transferred to the pluviometer with a pipe of the same diameter. Another pluviometer was used to measure the precipitation. Water budget equality was used to determine the amount of ETc. The electronic weighbridge and the pluviometers were controlled by a PLC based automation system with the drip irrigation system that will apply irrigation water to the crop in the lysimeter tank. After that, a work flow chart was created. Then, in the CODESYS-ST language, the ETc calculation program was written, depending on the work flow chart. It was concluded that high accuracy ETc values can be obtained by PLC controlled weighting lysimeter.

Keywords: CODESYS-ST, Drainage, Evapotranspiration, PLC, Weighting lysimeter


Development of Hybrid Energy System Assisted Industrial Type Dryer and Efficiency Improvement OpportunitiesOnur Taşkın, Nazmi İzli, Ali VardarDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey

The increasing demand for energy can be met with the use of high renewable energy resources potential in industry and agriculture. From non-fossil resources, solar and wind energies do not work effective individually. Therefore, hybrid systems are used to obtain uninterrupted energy.

Drying of agricultural products is an energy-intensive process. To overcome of drying energy cost, energy efficient dryers with using renewable energies are necessary. In this study; an alternative to conventional drying methods at the industrial level, portable, shelf and drum type dryer was manufactured. The dryer mainly contains solar panels, wind turbine, drying cabinet, heater, fan and control unit. The width, length and height dimensions are 246, 326 and 216 cm, respectively. Based on drying experiments, the efficiency of the developed dryer can be improved with the following opportunities. The use of more efficient panels with tracking system will increase energy production and utilizing from thermal power of the sun will decrease energy consumption of resistance. Both solar and wind energies production will positively be affected by proper location choose. Also, heat leakage will be prevented by insulating the drying cabinet. As a conclusion, agricultural products will be dried in energy-efficient with the improvement of the developed dryer.

Keywords: Drying, Energy consumption, Photovoltaic panels, Wind turbine


Use of Image Processing Techniques in Determination of Plant Disease and Pest Levels: The Case Study of Sugar Beet Leaf DiseaseZiya Altaş1, Mehmet Metin Özgüven1, Yusuf Yanar21Department of Biosystems Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey2Department of Plant Protection, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey

Image processing techniques have been widely used in many agricultural activities. Studies have been carried out on many subjects such as disease, pest and weed detection, determination of plant stresses, yield estimation, monitoring of product development, modeling of irrigation methods, determination of soil properties, monitoring of animal growth, determination of lameness, determination of pain points and body temperatures of animals. In this study, separation process of objects according to their color and shape is investigated in the case studies which are used in the determination of plant disease and damage levels. Then, the segmentation process for the determination of the sugar beet leaf spot disease is explained practically.

Keywords: Image Processing, Sugar Beet, Leaf Spot Disease, Plant Diseases, Plant Pests


Technological Concepts and Their DifferencesMehmet Metin ÖzgüvenTokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Department of Biosystems Engineering, 60150 Tokat-TURKEY

Today, there are many techniques and new concepts raised by the development of technology. These concepts can be used incorrectly instead of one another because of the fact that these concepts are new, too many in number, have important agricultural practices developed by different disciplines and contain technical details. The aim of this study is to explain concepts such as precision agriculture, autonomous, robot, automatic steering, automation, unmanned aerial vehicle, drone, industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, and to explain the differences between their applications that can be confused as concept.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Autonomous, Machine learning, Precision agriculture, Robot, Unmanned aerial vehicles


Use of Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) Sensors in AgricultureTahsin Uygun, Mehmet Metin Özgüven, Ziya AltaşDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey

Nowadays, by using unmanned airborne and land vehicles, multispectral, thermal, hyperspectral and lidar images can be obtained and modeling, estimation and analysis are performed with these images for remote sensing applications. Lidar determines the distance of an object or a surface by using laser beams, and can be obtained the 3 dimensional point information of the measured area in a very short time, at the desired frequency and with high accuracy. Lidar sensors, which are based on distance measurement and remote sensing methods, have been started to be used in agricultural activities and studies have been carried out on many subjects such as leaf area index, 3D plant size modeling, canopy volume determination, soil surface roughness estimation, flood modeling, tractor suspension control, prevention of agricultural machine accidents and control of autonomous agricultural vehicles. In this study, the case studies of lidar sensors for agricultural applications were investigated.

Keywords: Lidar, Agriculture, Modeling, Remote Sensing


Soil Layers’ Boron situation of Agricultural Areas close to the Sea and inland of Menemen PlainPerihan Tarı Akap, Mehmet Gündüz, Süleyman Şen, Dr. Nil KorkmazDepartment of Agricultural Irrigation and Land Reclaimation, International agricultural Research and Training center, İzmir

In terms of sustainability; physical, chemical and productivity characteristics of soils need to be determined. This research was conducted to determine of agricultural areas’ boron situation close to the sea and inland parts of Menemen Left Irrigation Bank in the Aegean Region located west of Turkey. For this purpose; two villages’ soils were investigated; one of them Tuzçullu Village, where is close the sea, and the other one is inland of Menemen Plain. In both regions, 1*1 km grids were formed in the direction of East to West and in the direction of North to South. 25 points were determined in Tuçullu Village (close to the sea), and 23 points weredetermined in Menemen (inland of Menemen Plain). The physical and chemical properties of the soils were analysed in the samples taken from 0-30, 30-60, 60-100, 100-150, 150-200 and 200-250 cm layers of the soil profile. As a result of the research, it was determined that the first four soil layers were loamy (L), last two soil layers were sandy loam (SL) in Tuzçullu Village (close to the sea) areas. In Menemen (inland), soil structure was determined as sandy loam (SL) in all soil layers. The average amount of boron in the agricultural areas close to the sea according to the soil layers, respectively, 0.43 - 0.42 - 0.61 - 0.69 - 0.48 and 0.41 mg kg - 1, and the areas inland of Menemen Basin were 0.45 - 0.41 - 0.33 - 0.30 and 0.28 mg kg - 1. The boron content of soils is within acceptable limits.

Keywords: Menemen Plain, boron, Soil Profile

[Abstract:0118] GMo3 [Gıda Bilimleri]

The Effect of Onion Skin Powder on the Physical, Chemical, Color and Sensory Properties of Beef PattiesHuriye Gözde CeylanDepartment of Food Engineering, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of onion skin powder (OSP; 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 %) on the physical, chemical, color and sensory properties of beef patties. For this purpose, four different beef patty formulations were prepared. After the patties were shaped into molds, they were cooked at 180 °C for 18 minutes. pH, moisture, fat analyses of raw and cooked samples were carried out. Cooking yield, diameter reduction, color (L, a, b) and sensory analyses were performed in cooked beef patties. The addition of OSP significantly affected the physical, chemical, color and sensory properties of beef patties. The pH and moisture values of raw and cooking samples

decreased with the use of 3.0 and 6.0 % OSP. While the addition of OSP decreased the fat content of raw samples, fat content in cooked samples increased with addition of OSP. The effect of 6.0 % OSP on the free fatty acid content of cooked samples was found to be significant. a and b values of cooked samples increased with the addition of OSP. The use of OSP positively affected the technological properties of the patties. However, the addition of OSP affected the sensory characteristics of the patties, adversely.

Keywords: beef, beef patties, onion skin


Determination of Yield and Quality Properties of Some Local Confectionary Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) PopulationsLevent Yazici1, Güngör Yi ̇lmaz2, Sezai Gökalp1, Rahime Karataş1, Özge Koyutürk1, Mustafa Acar3, Gülhan Atagün31Directorate of Middle Black Sea Transition Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Tokat,Turkey2Department of Fıeld Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University,Tokat,Turkey3Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun,Turkey

Confectionary sunflower production does not meet our needs in our country as it is in sunflower oil, it is covered by imports. Due to the use of local populations in the confectionary sunflower production, low yield is obtained from the unit area and production is not enough. It is great importance to breeding of confectionary sunflower varieties which have higher quality than the unit area and which have the desired quality characteristics according to the market demands.In this study, Turkey's collected from different regions of some local confectionary sunflower populations was conducted to determine the yield and quality properties in Tokat-Kazova conditions. In the reserach, forty local population of confectionary sunflower were used and two registered varieties were used as standard. The experiment was conducted in 2016 on the land belonging to the Directorate of Middle Black Sea Transition Zone Agricultural Research Institute. In the study, the output time, flowering time, number of days of physiological growth, plant height (cm), table diameter (cm), 1000 grain weight (g), grain size (mm), grain width (mm), seed yield (kg / da), crust ratio (%), oil content (%), free fatty acids composition (%) were determined. According to the research results; plant height from134,4 to 294,5 cm, table diameter from 17,9 to 22,4 cm, grain width from 8,1 to 10,1 mm, grain size from 21,1 to 26,2 mm, 1000 grain weight from 126,8 to 186,6 g, seed yield from 160.2 to 558.7 kg/da and oil content varied between from 24.09 to 33.56% were found in population and varieties.These definitions will be useful to researchers in the future.

Keywords: Confectionary sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., local population, yield and quality


Medicinal And Aromatic Plant Diversity of TurkeyÜnal KarıkAegean Agricultural Research Institute-İzmir/TURKEY

Turkey's having different climatic and geographical features, comprises a plurality of plant species endemic flora and the high rate is a major source of medicinal and aromatic plants. Approximately 3,000 plant taxa are endemic. One in every three plants in the florida has the potential to be considered as a medicinal and aromatic plant. Based on these data, the flora of Turkey about 4,000 plant taxa, medicinal and aromatic plants have the potential to be assessed. It is possible to say that we have a very rich source for increasing the share of fast growing medicinal and aromatic plants in the world.

In 1979, the national Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Genetic Resources Project was initiated for the conservation and sustainable use of rich genetic resources in medicinal and aromatic plants. Within the scope of this project, it is aimed to collect production materials such as seed, tuber and rhizome with the herbarium samples of the medicinal and aromatic plants found in the flora of our country. To date, 2,560 seed samples and 3,250 vegetative specimens have been collected and preserved in the National Gene Bank and land gene bank with 2.654 herbarium samples. Collected seed samples are taken from the gene bank over time and characterization and production renewal is done. As a result of these studies, studies are carried out on promising materials. As a result of the studies carried out to date, 150 types of characterization studies have been carried out, and improvement studies are underway. In the coming period, it is planned to continue the genetic resources and production renewal studies in medicinal and aromatic plants. In the conservation studies, priority is given to in-situ conservation and plant collectors are supported by educational activities.

Keywords: Medicinal and aromatic plant, genetic resources, conservation


Plant Characteristics and Uses of Paeonia arietina in Yozgat FloraCennet Yaman1, Selin Temizel21Department of Field Crops, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey2Department of Landscape Architecture, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey

Paeonia species have therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, anti-microbial and nephroprotective effects. Wound-healing properties of the roots is support its use as herbal medicine. Also, these species is the important for its use as ornamental plants due to pleasant color of flowers and flower size. In this study, plant characteristics of P. arietina belonging to the Paeoniaceae family were investigated, and these plant characteristics were compared for two different locations. One of the locations, location 1, the natural distribution area (Gelin Kayası) while the other, location 2, the cultural area. The highest plant length (72.05 cm) and diameter (77.00 cm) were observed on location 2. Number of seed and seed weight per plant was determined the highest on location 2 (97.73 number and 75.07 g, respectively) While maximum thousand grain weight was obtained from plants on location 1 with 113.42 g. The highest seed length (7.46 mm) and diameter (5.38 mm) were observed on location 1. As a result, in addition to the plant characteristics of P. arietina, usability of Paeonia spp. in landscaping, textile, food and pharmacy were discussed.

Keywords: Paeonia arietina, Yozgat, Gelin Kayası, plant characteristics, locations


The effects of agricultural policies applied in durum wheat cultivation on the farmer’s decision: The Case of Gaziantep ProvinceCelal Cevher1, Bülent Altunkaynak2, Şule Coşkun Cevher31Field Crops Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey2Department of Statistics, Gazi University Faculty of Sciences, Ankara, Turkey3Department of Biology, Gazi University Faculty of Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

In the most of the areas devoted to wheat production in our country, durum wheat production can be made. However, in our country, pasta and durum wheat industry can not be produced to meet the needs. Therefore, durum wheat is imported although it varies according to years. The majority of durum wheat cultivation areas in our country are; Southeast Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia and Passage Regions and our coastal regions. Gaziantep, which is chosen as the study area, is an important province in terms of durum wheat production and industry. Increasing the durum wheat production in the province will contribute to the development of pasta and bulgur industry, the export of pasta products, national income and employment. In this study, factors that limit the production of durum wheat and determination of farmers' problems are discussed. The sample size was determined as 240 farmers by stratified sampling from the farmer registration system. In this study, a questionnaire was applied to face-to-face interviews with farmers and the data of agricultural provincial directorates, agricultural chambers and agricultural cooperatives were used as secondary data.As a result, the increase of durum wheat cultivation areas; reduction of agricultural input prices (81.4%), profitability of durum wheat production (77.1%), gaining more profit from wheat production (65.7%), determination of bread and durum wheat prices before planting (60.3%) and prevention of deficiencies in marketing (18.5%) has been determined to make an impact. It was determined that the most important factors affecting the reduction of durum wheat cultivation areas were the profitable (61.2%) of the other plants in the production pattern and the higher net profit obtained from bread wheat (64.3%). As a result of the analysis; It was determined that there was no statistically significant (p <0.05) relationship between durum wheat production and non-agricultural income, total net income of the enterprise, land width and product prices. In the region,

it has been determined that wheat and barley cultivation areas are replaced in place of decreasing plantation areas. In addition, as a result of shifting of durum wheat production to watery areas, significant increase was observed in yield. As a result, it was determined that the gross profits obtained from other plants in durum wheat production, the low price of durum wheat and the high input prices were effective. By solving these problems at the farmers level, it has been determined that the desired level can be reached in durum wheat production.

Keywords: Agricultural policies, durum wheat, farmers decisions, Gaziantep

[Abstract:0073] TOo1 [Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme]

Effects of Organic Conditioners on Consistency Limits and ErodibilityElif Bülbül, Nutullah ÖzdemirDepartment of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Nineteen May University, Faculty of Agriculture, Samsun,Turkey

This investigation has been undertaken in order to find out the effect of incorporation various organic matter sources such as manure, wheat straw, dried-ground, vetch and compost into soil on the consistency limits and erodibility of soils. Samples of the three soil groups are treated with the organic matter sources at five different levels including the control treatment and each treatment is replicated three times in a randomized factorial blocks design. The soil samples are incubated for a period of ten weeks under this condition. Treated soil samples have been crushed by hand in the end of incubation period and sieved from 2 mm sieve. Some properties of the experimental soils can be summarized as fine to medium fine in texture, low in organic matter content, low to medium in lime content, and free of alkalinity problem. These kinds of soils which are low in structural stability are quite sensitive to erosion. Organic matter treatments increased significantly consistency limits values. Effectiveness of the organic matters varied depending on the type of the organic matter used and the great soil groups in investigated. Effectiveness of the compost was considerably lower compared to the other organic materials used.

Keywords: Organic conditioners, incubation, consistency limits, erodibility


Changes in Bulk Density of Soils Formed on Similar Conditions But Under Different Cropping Systems

Elif Bülbül, Nutullah ÖzdemirDepartment of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Nineteen May University, Faculty of Agriculture, Samsun,Turkey

The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in bulk density of soils under different crop management systems. Soil samples collected from the Agricultural Farmland province of Tokat under different plant management systems; sunflower, wheat, vegetables, fruit garden, sugar beet, meadow, pasture and alfalfa were analyzed for physical, chemical and mechanical properties and bulk density were evaluated based upon plant patterns. The results indicated that soil structural characteristics significantly changed depending on plant patterns. The best structural conditions was obtained in soils under meadow crops, but the worst structural conditions in soils under sugar beet production.

Keywords: Plant management, bulk density, soil properties


Effects of solid and liquid form sulfur on calcareous soilKadir Saltalı, Birgül Solmaz, Zekeriya KaraKahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Fac. Agr., Dept. Soil Sci. & Plant Nutr. K.Maras,Turkey

INTRODUCTION: Turkey soils, about its 60% have lime content of more than 5% and about its 80% have PH value greater than 7. It is known that soil reaction affects many chemical properties of soils. These effects are observed especially on the amount and intake of macro (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and micro (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn) plant nutrients from soil. In areas with high lime and pH value, plants are undergoing difficulties intake of nutrients from the soil. Regulators such as sulfur (S) are applied to the soil in order to increase the yield, to ensure for the balanced nutrition of the plants and to remove or alleviate the negativity of intake of the plant nutrients from soil. Sulfur is an important nutrient for plants and also reduces the lime and PH content of soils and increases the availability of phosphorus and micro nutrients from soils.MATERIALS-METHODS: The soil samples used in this study were taken from the Narlı region of Kahramanmaraş with high pH and lime content. The experiments were carried out in pots according to the trial design of randomized plots with 3 replcations, in 5 different doses (0, 50kg / da, 100kg / da, 200kg / da, 300kg / da; 0, 50L / da, 100L / da, 200L / da, 300L / da) solid and liquid elemental sulfur application was made. PH, lime and micro-element measurements were taken at 4, 6 and 8 months after the application.RESULTS: As a result of the study, significance level p <0.001 between months and application doses of liquid sulfur, significance level p <0.05 between months and application doses of solid sulfur and p <0.001 significance level between application doses were observed.Discussion and CONCLUSION: At the end of this study, it was revealed that the solid and liquid forms of sulfur decreased the soil pH and lime quantities, and thus increased the usefulness of micro nutrients.

Keywords: Liquid and solid sulfur, pH, Micro nutrients, Soil rehabilitation


The effect of gyttja applications on properties of serpentine soilsKadir Saltalı, Serdar Solak, Zekeriya KaraKahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Fac. Agr., Dept. Soil Sci. & Plant Nutr. K.Maras,Turkey

INTRODUCTION: Serpentine soils are rich in Mg content and derived from the metamorphic alteration of dunite, peridotite and pyroxenite. When we look at the general chemical content of the serpentine soils, a low concentration macro and micro nutrient element (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Zinc) content as well as Ca/Mg ratio of about 1 is a problem for plants. In many studies, Ca/Mg imbalance was found more important than macro and micro soil elements in the unproductive of these soils. However, serpentinite and serpentine soils have high concentrations of heavy (Ni, Co, Cr and Fe, etc.) metal, so they show of toxic effects. Giada appears to be an important soil improver because it contains high amounts of humic and fulvic acids, organic matter and lime. It has been stated that Gyttja application not only provides positive effects physicochemical and biological properties of soils but also adsorption of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr).MATERIALS-METHODS: The study was used giada which is a organic soil improver. In experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions, conducted randomized block pattern with three replication, 4 different doses Gyttja (0, 1, 2 and 4%, w/w) were applied to the serpentine soils. In the 2 months, 4 months, 6 months and 8 months incubation period, the experiment was completed and necessary analyzes were performed.RESULTS: The total lime content of the serpentine soil used in the experiment was 0.70%, the organic matter 2.26%, the changeable Ca 2189.1ppm, the changeable magnesium 3578.5, the Ca/Mg ratio 0.34, the changeable cobalt 0.46ppm and the changeable nickel 29.67ppm as detected. Four different (0, 1, 2, and 4, w / w) giada applications in the 8-month period, the soil with the highest lime content of 3.73%, organic matter 7.17%, changeable calcium content of 4211ppm and Ca/Mg ratio of 0.78 as detected. Also the lowest change of soils can be varied from 0.31ppm to cobalt content and the nickel content is determined as 23.62ppm.Discussion and CONCLUSION: In this study, it was found that the availability of changeable Ni and Co heavy metals decreased, organic matter, lime and changeable Ca amounts were increased in the soil applied to the Gyttja. However, an increase in the Ca/Mg ratio was achieved. Necessary studies should be performed to compensate for this Ca/Mg ratio.

Keywords: Serpentine, giada, heavy metals, Ca/Mg ratio, soil improvement


The effects of nitrogen fertilization and sowing methods in the poppy Papaver somniferum l. variates on mineral elements contents of poppy leavesZeynep Demir1, Birsen Karabük21Soil, Fertilizer and Water Resources Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey2Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Samsun, Turkey

In this study sowing methods for poppy Papaver Somniferum L. and impacts of genotype and nitrogen fertilizer dose applications on total ash, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents on poppy leaves were investigated. This study was conducted in Yalnız village of Merzifon under ecological conditions of Amasya. In this study, two sowing density (ES1: 25 plants per m2, ES2: 16 plants per m2), four hashish genotypes (Zafer Yolu, Tınaz Tepe, Ofis 3 and Local line) and four nitrogen fertilizer dose (0, 6, 12 and 18 kg da-1) were used. The experiment was planned in randomized complete block, split plots with three replications. In the main plots the sowing method, in the sub plots the nitrogen fertilizer doses and in the sub-sub-plots the genotypes took place. According to the analysis results, sowing methods x nitrogen dose x genotype significantly impacted the total ash, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents of the poppy leaves as P<0.01 and these treatment impact on N had been statistically found in P<0.05 level. At the end of the research, total values of ash on poppy leaves varied in the range from 14.27% to -21.86% with mean 19.36%, N values from 2.25% to 3.73% with mean 3.00%, P values from 0.15% to 0.35% with mean 0.23%, K values from 3.40% to 4.38% with mean 3.99%, Ca values from 0.92% to 1.45% with mean 1.09%, Mg values from 0.42% to 0.65% with mean 0.51%, Na values from 0.017% to 0.159% with mean 0.042%, Fe contents from 34.52 ppm to 55.80 ppm with mean 42.09 ppm, Mn contents from 30.11 ppm to 45.38 ppm with mean 37.09 ppm, Zn contents from 15.05 ppm to 65.47 ppm with mean 28.39 ppm, Cu contents from 5.18 ppm to 9.75 ppm with mean 7.49 ppm. The highest N, P and K values on poppy leaves was obtained from 12 kg da-1 nitrogen application of the Ofis 3 variety in the ES1. However, the lowest total ash values on poppy leaves ranges according to sowing methods, genotype and nitrogen fertilizer dose was obtained from 12 kg da-1 nitrogen application of the Ofis 3 variety in the ES1 (14.27%). Significant (P<0.01) highest correlations were designated between nitrogen values of the poppy leave samples received in the scope of the research and total ash (-0.501**), P values (0.621**) and Fe contents (0.639**) and K values (0.498**).

Keywords: Genotype, mineral elements, nitrogen doses, Papaver somniferum L., poppy, sowing methods

Keywords: Genotype, mineral elements, nitrogen doses, Papaver somniferum L., poppy, sowing methods


Effects of Biochar and Different Iron Forms on Growth of Triticale (Triticosecale wittmack)Füsun Gülser1, Siyami Karaca1, Tuğba Hasibe Gökkaya1, Bulut Sarğın1, Burak Özdemir21Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Van, Turkey2Department of Field Crops,Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Van, Turkey

In this study, effects of biochar and different iron forms applications on growth of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) were investigated. The experiment was carried out according to randomized blocks experimental design as three replications in 54 parcels. Biochar (BC) was applied in two different doses as 0-2 ton da⁻¹. Nano iron (Fen) (0-7-15 mg kg⁻¹), FeSO4.7H2O (Fei) (0-15-30 mg kg⁻¹) and FeEDDHA (Feorg) (0-15-30 mg kg⁻¹) were used as different iron forms. The experiment was ended after eight months following sowing. The following plant growth criteria were determined in harvested plants. It was determined that the biochar applications had positive effects on plant growth criteria. The highest plant growth criteria were generally determined in nano iron applications, while the highest yield criteria were generally obtained in FeEDDHA applications. The highest spike length, seconder spike number in spike and grain number in spike were determined in BC1Fen2 application as 10.97 cm, 16.67 and 32.23 respectively. The highest plant length, plant number per square meter and grain yield were found in BC1Feorg2 application as 69.30 cm, 297.00 and 291.87 kg da⁻¹, respectively. The lowest means belong referred parameters were obtained in control parcels except plant length. The lowest and highest thousand grain weight were found as 29.51 g and 25.69 g in BC0Fei2 and BC0Fen1 applications respectively.The effects of nano iron applications on plant growth were found as more effective than those of other iron forms.

Keywords: biochar, iron, soil, growth, triticale


Effect of different level of pomegranate molasses on performance, egg quality traits, serological and hematological parameters in older laying hensAamir Iqbal, Ismail Bayram, Eyüp Eren Gultepe, Cangir Uyarlar, Ümit Özçınar, Ibrahim Sadi ÇetingülDepartment of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey.

The current study was planned with the objective to explore the potential of pomegranate molasses (PM) on performance, egg quality and blood parameters in laying hens. Much focus has been given on the use of pomegranate seed to improve performance and to some extent, the quality in freshly

laid eggs but limited data are available regarding the impact of pomegranate molasses on performance, egg quality and blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 240 Babcock white laying hens (52 weeks old) were divided into 5 groups (n=48) with 8 subgroups having 6 hens in each. Pomegranate molasses was added in the drinking water to experimental groups with 0 %, 0.1%, 0.25 %, 0.5%, and 1%, respectively during 4 weeks. Results showed that egg weight values were same in all groups exclude 1% pomegranate molasses group over control however no significant (P>0.05) result were observed on feed consumption, egg production, FCR, egg mass, egg yolk cholesterol, live body weights, and water consumption. Similarly during mid-study analyses, egg quality parameters such as Haugh unit, eggshell thickness, albumin index, yolk index and egg yolk color were remained not significant (P>0.05) by the supplementation of pomegranate molasses while during final analyses, egg yolk color had positively (P<0.05) effect in 0.5% pomegranate molasses supplemented groups, however, yolk index showed positive (P<0.05) effect in 0.1% pomegranate molasses supplemented groups over control. However, Haugh unit, eggshell thickness, and albumin index were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the supplementation of pomegranate molasses. Pomegranate molasses did not show positive effect on different serological parameters such as CHO, TP, LDL, HDL, GGT, AST, ALT and glucose level. Similarly, different blood parameters such as HCT, RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, RDWC, and MPV were remained non-significant. Only hemoglobin level was increased in all experimental groups over control showing that pomegranate molasses can be used as an enhancer in animals with low hemoglobin level. Further detailed studies with multiple dose levels need to be investigated.

Keywords: Pomegranate molasses, laying hen, egg yield, blood parameters


The Effect of Allium cepa Juice on Performance, Egg Quality and Some Blood Parameters in Laying HensAamir Iqbal, Ismail BayramDepartment of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey

Now a days, there is a substantial and prominent concerns about the drug resistance having remarkable effects on the health status of human beings. Due to the dangers of drug residues for human health, by consuming the poultry meat, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance entails the need to find out the substitute products which can be used to ameliorate and boost the performance as well as immune status of poultry birds. The present research trail was conducted to find out the effect of Allium Cepa juice via drinking water, on the production, performance, egg quality and some blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 240 Babcock white laying hens of 40 weeks old were divided into 5 groups (48 birds in each) and each group was further subdivided into 8 replicates, containing 6 birds in each subgroup. The groups A, remained as positive control and was not given any Allıum Cepa Extract whereas group B, C, D and E were given onion juice with the concentration of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% respectively for the period of 12 weeks. The lighting is of the pivotal and utmost significance in the growth and development of poultry birds and in this trial the lighting schedule of 16 hours light and 8 hour dark was followed. The results obtained depicted the mean egg weight and mean water consumption significantly increased in group C and the egg mass also significantly increased in group E. However the body weight, feed consumption, egg production and feed conversion ratio (FCR) remained non-significant. Moreover the egg shell thickness, egg yolk color, Haugh unit, albumin index, and yolk index were non-significant. For immunity the group E produced higher immunoglobulins (IgG) during 2-3 month of the research

trial which indicated significant result in the immunological response of laying hens vaccinated against the Newcastle disease virus. İn 2nd month of the study trial the serological parameters like cholesterol and LDL significantly increased in group E whereas HDL remained non-significant. For hematological parameters only hemoglobin (Hb) concentration increased in group D. In the conclusion it is summarized that the Allıum Cepa juice had positive impacts on some performance parameters and immune system of laying hens without any untoward and adverse effects on egg traits. In this scenario some further detailed research trials with multiple dose levels need to be carried out.

Keywords: Allium Cepa Juice, Laying hen, Egg yield, Immunity, Blood parameters


Effect of Cadmium Chloride Pollution and Using Penicillamine on Physiological Performance of Japanese QuailDhia Khalil Ibrahim1, Husam Majeed Kattof2, Firas Mezahem Hussie31Dept. of Animal Production, College of Agriculture University of Baghdad, Iraq2Studies Division,Ministry Center,Ministry,of Agriculture Iraq3Poultry Research Station, office of Agriculture Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride(CdCl2) pollution and using penicillamine (PA) as a mitigation of cadmium toxic effect on some physiological characteristics of Japanes Quail. One hundred and eighty birds 8 weeks old (156 females and 24 males)were used, the birds reared in 4 batteries with 3 floor dimension 60× 60× 50 cm of each floor, feed and water were provide ad-libdum and the diet contain 2892 Kcal/Kg feed and crude protein 20.1%, the bird were exposed to 16: 8 light: dark period, environmental temperature 21-24 °C and relative humidity 50% and the experiment lasted for 8 weeks. Four treatments were used T1 without any addition to drinking water,T2 addition 5mg of CdCl2 /L drinking water, T3 as inT2 plus addition 5mg of PA / 3ml drinking water/day /bird (was given from 900-1000 hour only), T4 as in T2 plus addition 10 mg of PA / 3ml drinking water /day/bird (was given from 900-1000 hour only) all treatments water is withheld for 1 hour from 800-900 hour ), birds allocated to 45 birds each treatment 15 birds each replicates (13 females, 2 males). Packed cell volume(PCV%),Hemoglobin (Hb), Total Protein (TP), Glucose, Creatinine, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT), Glutamic Oxaloacetatic Transaminase (GOT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were calculated at 4, 8 weeks of experimental period,Cd in blood serum, Red blood cell (RBC), Cd in liver, kidney, testis, ovary, brain, feathers were estimate at the end of the experiment. The result revealed that TP increased significantly (p≤ 0.05) at 8 week of experimental period in T4 compared with control T1,while glucose reduced significantly at 4 week in all treatments compared with T1 meanwhile at 8 week the significant reduction in T2,T3 compared with T1,T4, no significant difference in PCV, Hb, HDL creatinine, however at 4week GPX increased significantly ( P≤ 0.05) in T2 compared with T1, Moreover GOT increase at 8 week in T3 compared with T1,T2 also ALP reduced at 8 week in T2 compared with other treatments, also GPT at 8 week was higher than other treatments, Cd in blood serum, RBC, liver, testis, brain, were higher in T2 compared with other treatments. We can concluded that there were some improvement in about most physiological characters with PA addition to reduce the harm effect of CdCl2.

Keywords: Cadmium chloride, Penicillamine, Japanese Quail, Pollution


The effects of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) leaf and stocking density on performance, some egg shell, stress, immune system and intestine bacteria parameters in laying hensHacer KAYA1, Musa Karaalp2, Özgür Kaynar3, Emre Tekçe4, Vecihi Aksakal4, Bahri Bayram51Şiran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational School,Department of Veterinary, Gumushane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey2Kelkit Aydın Doğan Vocational School, Department of Veterinary, Gumushane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey3Veterinary Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey4Faculty of Applied Sciences, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey5Faculty of Engineering, Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey

In the study conducted to determine the effects of the addition of tarragon Artemisia dracunculus L. leaf at different four levels to the laying hen diets (0, 1.2, 6 and 12 g/kg feed) housed in two different stocking density (5 or 7 layers/cage), on performance, some shell quality, serum, liver, egg yolk and small intestine bacteria parameters. Experiment was continued for 8 weeks, with 192 Lohman Brown layered commercial hybrids at 50 weeks age. During the experiment, a 16-hour lighting program was applied and feed and water were given as ad-libitum. It was determined that stocking density did not affect the weight gain, FCR, damaged egg average egg weight, examined egg shell quality properties. While increased stocking density reduced daily feed intake (FI; P<0.01) and egg production (P<0.05), did not affect examined egg shell quality properties. The addition of tarragon decreased daily FI and damaged egg level (P<0.01), and improved egg production and FCR (P<0.01). Increasing stocking density reduced (P<0.05) amount of serum total antioxidant and increased (P<0.05) corticosterone (CORT) and total oxidant of serum (TOS). The addition of tarragon to the diet decreased linearly the amount of serum CORT and TOS (P<0.05). All doses of tarragon enhanced increasingly serum total immunoglobulin levels (P<0.05). Malondialdehyde amounts of serum, liver and eggs were decreased with the addition of different tarragon doses (P<0.05). The addition of tarragon to the diets decreased numerically (P>0.05) the number of E. coli and the total number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria decreased (P<0.05) in the intestine. As a result, tarragon used in the diet showed that it is generally effective in improvement performance parameters, alleviating the stress-induced results, reducing lipid peroxidation, regulating the immune system, controlling intestine some microorganisms.

Keywords: bacteria, laying hens, performance, tarragon,


Deviations in Feedstuffs Loading in TMR PreparationSelim Sırakaya1, Osman Küçük21Technical Sciences Vocational School, Aksaray University, Turkey2Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Turkey

Serving the right amounts of TMR (Total Mixed Ration) to dairy cattle is very important in terms of profitability, animal health and performance. In this study, it was aimed to determine the variations between the TMR theoretically calculated and TMR served in the feed bunk to dairy cattle. The study was carried out in a dairy cattle farm with 1.500 milking cows. In the TMR preparation process, planned and loaded quantity data of feedstuffs were evaluated. Data collection was done by means of weighing system and software program on mixer wagons. In this scope; 13.276 loading into mixer wagons were examined. From the obtained data; the calculated deviation ratio for each loading operation is matched with the possible error factors given below. Weight deviation values of feedstuffs loading were found to be different according to 1-TMR preparing operators, 2-type of loader, 3-physical property of feedstuffs, 4-feedstuffs loading methods, 5-measure of the amount of feedstuffs in TMR, 6-type of ration and 7-type of feedstuffs. In the evaluated TMR, the mean and standard deviation of the actual TMR load was 8.95±18.38%.The deviation rates (%) of five TMR preparation operators working in the farm were compared. The mean and standard deviation rates of these operators were different (in the order of 12.23±25.11%, 10.32±17.70%, 8.76±17.63%, 7.86±17.36%, and 5.48±11.44% - p<0.0001). The mean and standard deviation values according to the three different loaders used in the loading process was 10.44±17.72%, 9.04±22.64% and 7.43±17.35%, respectively (p<0.0001). Feedstuffs were divided into four groups according to their physical characteristics as roughage, concentrated, pulp and silage. Mean and standard deviation rates were 12.66±23.90%, 7.71±14.64%, 8.17±16.19% and 2.77±4.92%, respectively with roughage group was being the most deviation among the others (p<0.0001). The concentrate feedstuffs group can be loaded into the mixer wagons in two different ways: spiral or loader. Deviation values of loading methods (spiral or loader) of concentrate feedstuffs were found as 2.35±2,83% and 5.70±8,67%, respectively (p<0.0001). The feedstuffs amount range within the TMR was divided into eight groups. According to the feedstuffs amounts in TMR formulations, mean and standard deviation varied between 15.74±27.35% and 1.48±1.67% (p<0.0001). Eight different TMR deviation rates were evaluated, deviation rates ranged between 18.68±30.73% and 4.59±6.83% for close-up cow ration and finishing beef ration groups (p<0.0001). For fourteen different feedstuffs used in TMR formulations, the deviation rates between the types of feedstuffs ranged between 20.55±25.19% and 2.77±4.92% with variations of the physical characteristics (bale form, humidity, fluidity, particles size etc.) of the feedstuffs. In conclusion, the deviation rates of each factor evaluated at the present work differed significantly from each other. According to the data analyzed in this study, the above mentioned factors are considered to have significant effects on the accuracy of deviations in feedstuffs loading into mixer wagons in dairy farms.

Keywords: TMR, mixer feeder wagons, deviation


The Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Enyzme Mixture Inoculants in Alfalfa Harvested at Different Maturities on Silage Fermentation and Feed ValueBerrin Okuyucu1, Fisun Koç1, Selma Büyükkılıç Beyzi2, Mehmet Levent Özdüven11Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Tekirdağ, Turkey2Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sience, Kayseri, Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the effects of lactic acid bacteria+ enzyme (LAB+E) inoculants addition into alfalfa harvested at three maturity stages on the fermentation and in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) characteristics of alfalfa silages. Alfalfa was harvested at the early, middle and late flowering stages. Sil-All (Alltech, UK) were used as LAB+E inoculants. Inoculants were applied to the silages at the rates of 1x105, 5x105 and 1x106 cfu/g levels. Control and additives applied alfalfa were ensiled in 1 liter capacity plastic bags. The bags were stored at 20±2°C under the laboratory conditions. Three bags from each group were sampled for chemical and microbiological analyses 45th day after ensiling. In addition in vitro OMD and metabolizable energy (ME) of those silages were determined. The results showed that LAB+E inoculants reduced pH values and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) content, whereas increased lactic acid, acetic acid contents and lactobacillus count of alfalfa silages. High doses LAB+E inoculant decreased neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content; increased in vitro OMD and ME of alfalfa silages. It has been demonstrated that the most effective application of LAB+E inoculant to improve fermentation and feed value of alfalfa silage was 1x106 cfu/g levels, but application of 1x105, 5x105 cfu/g levels can also be found effective.

Keywords: : Alfalfa, fermentation, feed value, lactic acid bacterial inoculants


Effects of Wholesaler and Consumer Conditions on Egg Quality Parameters and Microbiology of Four Different Genotypes in Summer SeasonFatma Yenilmez1, Ayşen Bulancak2, Nurten Toy2, Emine Uruk3, Mikail Baylan21Vocational School of Tufanbeyli, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey2Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey3Adana Directorates of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Adana, Turkey

The present study was conducted to investigate whether effects of wholesaler and consumer conditions on egg quality parameters and microbiology of four different genotypes in summer season.

This experiment was carried out with a total of 880 eggs obtained from Lohman Brown, Decalb, Nick Chick and Atabey hens, 56 weeks old age in summer season (average temperature 36oC). The quality criteria and microorganism level were evaluated the eggs stored under different temperature conditions. Each genotype eggs were divided into two groups which were stored in wholesaler conditions (WS, +29Cº) and consumer conditions (C, + 4Cº) for 4 weeks. External and internal quality traits of eggs were measured weekly. Egg weight loss (%), albumen index, yolk index, Haugh unit, ΔE (yolk colour differences) and albumen pH value, L, a, b value, total bacteria and mold-yeast levels were measured.

The results of the experiment, egg weight loss increased linearly with storage time and highest at wholesaler condition (p˂0.05). Best results were obtained at Lohman eggs 3.68 % and 5.90 % respectively at 4th week for consumer and wholesaler conditions. Egg yolk and albumen widths, albumen lengths (p˂0.01) and ΔE value (p˂0.05) increased with storage time; as a result Haugh unit, albumen and yolk indexes were decreased at all conditions (p˂0.01). Best results for albumen index were obtained from Nick eggs as 12.33 and end of the storage time at WS condition as 1.66, at consumer condition as 8.87 from Decalp eggs. For highest yolk index 49.76 obtained from Lohman eggs, end of the storage time at WS as 15.65, at consumer condition as 45.37. Haugh unit obtained best as 95.33 at Nick eggs and end of the period at WS condition as 42.00 at Atabey, at consumer condition as 83.77 from Decalp eggs. Best results for L, a, b and ΔE values obtained from Lohman eggs at the beginning of the period as 59.15, 17.70, 59.33, 85.68, at the end of the period for WS condition as 60.39, 18.52, 77.38, 99.97 and for consumer conditions as 57.66, 19.03, 65.21, 89.23 respectively. Total bacteria and mold-yeast level were obtained 4.99 and 4.34 log CFU/egg and at 4th week as 3.94 and 3.98 log CFU/egg for WS condition and as 4.99 and 4.11 log CFU/egg at consumer condition respectively.

Egg quality criteria results suggest that Lohman eggs affected less than Nick at wholesaler condition. Microorganism load of egg shell results suggest that total load not increased at wholesaler and consumer conditions.

Keywords: Egg quality, storage temperature, egg microbiology, shelf life


Effects of Fattening Duration on Slaughtering and Carcass Characteristics of Saanen x Hair Goat (G1) Hybrid Male Kids Fattened in Different Fattening SystemsHacer Tüfekci1, Mustafa Olfaz21Bozok University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, TR-66100 Yozgat, Turkey2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkey

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fattening duration on slaughtering and carcass characteristics of Saanen x Hair Goat (G1) hybrid male kids fattened in intensive, semi-intensive and extensive fattening systems.Two different slaughter times (120 and 150 days) were applied. Slaughterhouse weights of the kids for 120 and 150-days were measured as 31.22 kg and 31.03 kg in intensive fattening, as 30.08 kg and 27.26 kg in semi-intensive fattening and as 28.69 kg and 28.72 kg in extensive fattening system respectively. Hot carcass weights were measured as 15.29 kg and 15.98 kg in intensive fattening, as 14.48 kg and 12.85 kg in semi-intensive fattening and as 13.85 kg and 13.8 kg in extensive fattening system respectively. As a result, it can be said that 120 days semi-intensive fattening method is a more appropriate fattening method.

Keywords: Saanen x Hair Goat (G1), Fattening systems, Fattening duration, Carcass components.


Effects of Fattening Duration on Meat Quality Traits of Saanen x Hair Goat (G1) Hybrid Male Kids Fattened in Different Fattening SystemsHacer Tüfekci1, Mustafa Olfaz21Bozok University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, TR-66100 Yozgat, Turkey2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Animal Science, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkey

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fattening duration on meat quality traits of Saanen x Hair Goat (G1) hybrid male kids fattened in intensive, semi-intensive and extensive fattening systems. The weaned 30 Saanen x Hair Goat (G1) hybrid singleton male kids at 2.5-3 months of age were used in present study. The 120 and 150-days fattening periods were applied in intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems. At the end of the fattening, all the animals belonging to each group were cut off with the aim of determining the carcass characteristics and meat quality of the groups. Post-slaughter pH variations, color parameters of M. longissimus dorsi samples (L*, a*, b*), marbling, water holding capacity, passive water loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force and cooking loss were investigated as meat quality traits.With regard to meat quality traits of pH24, pH45, water holding capacity, passive water loss, cooking loss and M. longissimus dorsi cross-sectional area, significant differences were not observed between fattening systems and between fattening durations. The highest Warner-Bratzler peak shear force was obtained in 120-day extensive fattening system and the lowest shear force was obtained in 150-day intensive fattening system.

Keywords: : Saanen x Hair Goat (G1), Fattening systems, Meat color, Meat quality


The Effects of Nettle Use in Animal Feeding on Performance, Product Quality and Antioxidant ActivityNevin Kılıç, Selma Büyükkılıç Beyzi, İsmail Ülger, Yusuf KoncaDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey

In the world, there are different nettle species spread naturally in tropical and subtropical areas. Nettle and seeds are rich in protein, flavonoid, sterol, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals and are used in food, fiber production, paint and cosmetics industry. Stinging nettle contains important essential fatty acids (20.2% linoleic and 12.4% linolenic acid) for humans and animals, and they produce large amounts of energy when they metabolized. In the green parts of the nettle plant, 9 types of carotene, predominantly α-carotene, were identified. Studies have shown that the addition of nettles to laying hens diets significantly improves the egg yolk color. The nettle seed meal contains 92,36% dry matter, 37,86% crude protein, 10,61% crude ash and 11,91% crude oil. In addition, it has antioxidant, antimicrobial effects and antioxidant effects can be caused by the phenolics contained in nettle seed meal and this may cause an increase in the yield and product quality of the animals. On the other hand, the combination of selenium and vitamin E in the nettle shows synergistic effect and prevents the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They have shown that nettle leaves are an effective antioxidant to prevent liver damage. In addition, nettle water extract; It has been reported that it has antiulcer activity against ulcerogenesis and analgesic effect of acetic acid. It has free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging with reducing power, and effective in metal binding activity. As a result, nettle green part and seed are rich in nutrients and phenolics. When used in animal feed, it can act a function as an important antioxidant in the maintenance of cell integrity in the body due to its richness in both nutrients and phenolics and vitamin E and selenium.

Keywords: nettles, nutrients, animal feeding, product quality


Morphological Characterization of Interspecies Population Capsicum annuum L. X Capsicum frutescens

Tuba Dilfiruz, Şule Hasyüncü, Hasan PınarUniversity of Erciyes

The origin of pepper plants is the tropical and subtropical countries of America.The primary gene of Capsicum annuum L. is Mexico, and the secondary gene center is Guatemala.Capsicum frutescens is cultivated in a narrow area in Indiaand North America. In Capsicum frutescens, the primary gene center is reported as the Amazon basin, secondary gene center in Peru and Bolivia. Capsicum annuum L. is widely used in our country.The inter-species hybrid population is very important in the formation of the genetic population.As in other plant species, cross-species hybrid populations have been formed in pepper in recent years. In pepper populations, many species of Capsicum have been studied to produce an inter-species hybrid population and are still being studied.Thus, studies on determining the inheritance of important genes for plant breeding and the development of molecular markers related to these genes have been intensified.Capsicum annuum L. X Capsicum frutescens is one of the important inter-species populations in pepper. In this study, morphological characterization of recombinantin bredlines (RIL) was performed. Characterization studies were made by using the International Unionforthe Protection of New PlantVarieties (UPOV). The inter-species peppers genotypes of studied, diameter, length, parameters such as thickness, handle length and handle thickness were examined. According to the findings obtained from this study, a wide variation was obtained in this population. Thus, there has been a study that will provide technical support to contribute to the improvement of labor force and to reduce the labor force. As a result of this study, it is possible to determine the genetic characteristics of the lines obtained from the interspecific population.This population can be used in pepper breeding programs.

Keywords: Pepper, morphological characterization, inter-species hybrid peppers


Agronomic and physiological variations of some Turkey grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties in response to different nitrogen dosesAbdullah Ulas1, Hakan Yıldız2, Osman Gülşen21Department of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

In terms of nutrient requirement potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crop which has a highest nitrogen (N) demand after potassium (K) for growth and development. Depending on soil type and tuber yield the fertilizer requirement of this crop ranges from 100 to 180 kg N ha-1 at different locations in Turkey. However, unfortunately to obtain maximum tuber yield, high rates of nitrogen fertilizer (900 - 1000 kg N ha-1) are usually applied particularly in some regions of Turkey where the potato crop intensively cultivated. Due to excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in potato, several agronomic (low tuber quality and short storage period) and environmental (pollution, nitrate leaching into the ground water and nitrous oxide emission into the atmosphere) problems are rising. A more efficient use of fertilizer N could be achieved by decreasing the N rate and cultivation

of N-efficient potato cultivars. The objective of the present study was to determine agronomic and physiological traits that play essential role for nitrogen use efficiency in potato varieties.Therefore, a field experiment was conducted with using three potato cultivars (Caruso, Layd Rozetta, Marabel) under three N doses (90, 180 and 360 kg N ha-1). Among three potato cultivars, highly significant differences were found in agronomic am physiological parameters which are highly correlating with their N-efficiency.

Keywords: N-efficiency, potato, cultivar, nitrogen, agronomic


The importance of the use of resistant variety against plant parasitic nematodesGülten Kaçar Avcı1, Ramazan Canhilal21Potato Research Institute, Niğde, Turkey2Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

The potato is the most produced and consumed crop worldwide, after wheat, corn and rice. However, there are significant product losses due to the effects of diseases and pests in cultivation. Nematodes are one of the leading factors that cause damage in agricultural production and cause a significant decrease in yield. Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and potato gold nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis) cause losses up to 80% in potatoes. In our country, the control method against these nematodes is almost completely chemical. Economical and environmentally friendly alternative control methods are required to produce much more and in a higher quality potatoes which are an important product for our country's economy. However, in countries such as Holland and USA, the use of resistant varieties against the nematodes in potato cultivation is common control method. There is a need to develop local potato cultivars with resistant or tolerant to existing pests for sustainable potato farming in Turkey. Nematodes resistant potato varieties are preferred because they completely prevent the reproduction of the nematode or keep them very little as a resuts they are cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to other methods of controling. In this study, the potato parasitic nematode species determined in different regions of our country, the use of resistant varieties in the fight against root knot and potato gold nematodes in the world and the importance of developing varieties resistant to these pests in our country are emphasized.

Keywords: Endurance, nematodes, potato, race.


The Effect of Climate Change on WeedsHanife Bulut, Doğan IşıkDepartment of Plant Protection, Seyrani Faculty Of Agriculture, Erciyes University,Kayseri, Turkey

Plants are the essential components as a source of nutrients and oxygen that are necessary for the survival of humans and animals. There are basic factors affecting the development of plants that play an important role in the future of mankind. These factors are climate factors such as sunlight, water, temperature and carbon dioxide, as well as diseases, pests and weeds. Although the protection of these factors is vital importance, the rapidly growing world population, greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere through various activities of people cause climate change. It is thought that the amount of CO2 and the amount of water which is thought to decrease with the temperature during the climate change process could lead to changes in the agricultural activities and natural habitats of animals and plants. It is thought that global climate change will be effective not only in crop plants but also in weeds. Therefore, it is inevitable that the changing conditions will affect the crop – weed competition, the weed distribution and the phenology and the physiology of weeds. Accordingly, it will cause changes on the methods of weed controls. As a result of these, it will be more difficult to determine the control of weeds, and it will be increase the importance of weeds.

Keywords: Weed, Global Warming, Climate Change, CO2


Integrated pest management ın apple productionGülten Kaçar Avcı1, Ramazan Canhilal21Potato Research Institute, Plant Protection Departman, Niğde, Turkey2Erciyes University, Seyrani Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Kayseri, Turkey

Apple is one of most important frits that almost all people love to eat and the most traded fruits in Turkey and in the world. Turkey, in terms of apple production area and yields are among the world's first 5 countries. Apple cultivation is done in almost all provinces in Turkey. Niğde, Izmir, Karaman, Antalya and Konya excels in commercial apple production and these areas constitute % 50 of Turkey's total apple production. The apple, which has an important place in the trade of our country, has many diseases, pests and weeds that cause economic losses in its production. Codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) and apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint) are the main pests causing these losses. In order to produce the apple in a more abundant and better quality, it is necessary to control effectively these pests that cause yield and quality losses. Nearly all management precautions of the pests are done using chemical pesticides in recent years. Searching for alternative methods has been increased after the negative effects of chemicals on human and environment have been perceived. Among these methods, besides Organic or Ecologic Agriculture which try to zeroize chemical usage, there are Good Agricultural Practices and Integrated Pest Management in which all available pest management techniques are harmonized prioritizing biological and biotechnical pest control methods, and giving importance of human,

environment and sustainability. The chemical usage is last remedy in these systems and is limited as much as possible. This article emphasizes integrated pest management in apple production.

Keywords: Apple, control, integrated pest management.


A product with androgenic effects in farm animals: ApilarnilSibel SiliciDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

In our country, one of the honey bee products that can not be known very much apilarnil. Apilarnil is a natural bee product produced by harvesting male bee larvae in honey bee colonies at the age of 3-7 days. It has a homogeneous, milky brownish, yellowish gray color and bitter taste. Apilarnil contains 25-35% dry matter, 9-12% protein, 6-10% carbohydrate, 5-8% lipid, 2% ash and 3% unidentified substance. Apilarnil has a high level of antioxidant properties, due to the rich polyphenols in its structure. Research on farm animals, in particular, suggests that apilarnil is rich in male-specific hormones, especially testosterone, and has an androgenic effect that enhances male sex properties. Apilarnil has been found to be a natural anabolic in male individuals because of the increase in body muscle weight. Apilarnil, a powerful source that stimulates oxidative processes that cause the production of energy due to its strong catabolic effect in the body, prevents loss of glycogen in the muscles.

Keywords: farm animals, honey bee, apilarnil, testosteron


The importance of honey bee products for children and adult nutritionSibel SiliciDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Adequate and balanced nutrition is one of the most important prevention strategies in the prevention of non-infectious diseases which are the first of the causes of death worldwide. In

addition, obesity, malnutrition, vitamins and mineral deficiencies such as nutrition and health problems are one of the protective factors that play a role in minimizing. However, the nutrition that is necessary to protect and improve the health of individuals and communities and to improve the quality of life is an action that needs to be done consciously.In order to ensure adequate and balanced nutrition; the age, sex, physiological characteristics, physical activity status and genetic structure of the individual should be met in required amounts. For this reason, nutrition is individual. In addition, healthy eating should be based on a variety of nutrients. It is recommended to consume nutrients of different colors, species and contents instead of uniform feeding while satisfying energy and nutrient requirements.Bee products, as well as being an easily accessible source of energy from the past to the present day, with the ingredients contained in the therapeutic feature of the nutrients and consumes an important part of the frequently consumed foods.

Keywords: honey, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, nutrition, children


Nematode resistance in plantsEbubekir Yüksel, Ramazan CanhilalERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KAYSERİ

Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are major pests of plants, mostly feeding on the roots of their hosts. Although most plants appear to be susceptible to PPNs, some plant varieties possess specific resistance genes (R-genes) that protect themselves against the most damaging species Root-knot Meloidogyne spp.and Cyst-forming nematodes Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp. by detecting the attack and conducting the activation of basal defense mechanism. This resistance prevents the development of nematodes leading to root cell death near or at the feeding site of the endoparasitic nematodes. Some plant R-genes have been exploited successfully in the past and many of them are being continuously investigated in breeding programs currently. This review summarizes the recent developments and future potential of R-genes in the management of PPNs.

Keywords: R-genes, nematodes, Meloidogyne spp, Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.


The potential of Cannabis sativa for pest control

Ebubekir Yüksel, Ramazan CanhilalERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KAYSERİ

Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) has long been used as a fiber plant and animal feed in addition to its use for oil and medical purposes. Recently, the prohibition of Cannabis sativa cultivation has been lifted in many countries and this has led some researchers to arouse their interest in this plant. Cannabis sativa contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CNB), essential oils and terpenes that have been known to be toxic, anti-feedant, and repellent for some agricultural pests. Many researches around the world have been working to determine the pest repellent and pesticide activity of Cannabis sativa in a variety of formulations against some major pests. In this review, the potential of Cannabis sativa for plant protection is discussed.

Keywords: Anti-feedant, Cannabis sativa, Plant protection, Repellent


Possible plant protection problems in Cannabis sativa cultivationEbubekir Yüksel, Ramazan CanhilalERCİYES ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KAYSERİ

Hemp, Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) is an annual plant grown for many different purposes since ancient times in human history. With the recent legal regulations, the importance of hemp cultivation has increased and the cultivation area has been expanded in Turkey. This Altough has led many researchers and entrepreneurs in our country to draw their attention to hemp cultivation. Scientific researches on the cultivation of hemp remained limited due to the narrow cultivation area of this plant for a long time in Turkey. This review aims to contribute to the literature by addressing possible plant protection problems in hemp cultivation.

Keywords: Hemp, {Cannabis sativa}, Cannabaceae


Effects of different chloride salts and doses on emergence period root development of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.)Hamdi Özaktan1, Cemalettin Yaşar Çiftçi2, Mehmet Demir Kaya3, Satı Uzun1, Oğuzhan Uzun4, Güray Akdoğan21University of Erciyes, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Kayseri, Turkey2University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey3University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Eskişehir, Turkey4University of Erciyes, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Kayseri, Turkey

In this study, effects of different chloride salts and doses on root development of chickpeas were investigated. The chickpea cultivars of Akçin-91, Aziziye, Gökçe, İnci, Işık-05 and Yaşa-05 were used as the plant materials and NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 salts were used as the salt sources. Salt doses were arranged as 0, 4, 8 and 16 dS/m. Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions at laboratories of Field Crops Department of Erciyes University Agricultural Faculty. Experiments were conducted in 30 x 40 x 7 cm plastic basins in randomized plots design with 4 replications with 50 seeds in each replicate. Seeds were sown at 2 cm depth. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were respectively arranged as 20±1 °C and 70%. Randomly 10 plants were selected on 15th day of the experiments and root length (cm), root fresh and dry weight (mg/seedling) were determined. Variance analyses revealed that plant cultivars, salt types, doses and interactions had significant effects on investigated parameters (P< 0.01). Generally decreasing root lengths, root fresh and dry weights were observed with increasing salt doses. Such decreases varied with the cultivars, salt types and doses. In general, as compared to the control treatments, the 8 dS/m salt dose resulted in almost twice as much decrease observed in 4 dS/m salt dose.

Keywords: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Salinity, Germination


Organic farming and good agricultural practices in KayseriHamdi Özaktan1, Satı Uzun1, Cemalettin Yaşar Çiftçi21University of Erciyes, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Kayseri, Turkey2University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Ankara, Turkey

In this study, organic farming and good agricultural practice of farmers in Kayseri province were assessed. Organic farming is defined as the certificated and controlled agricultural production model in which chemicals are not used in any stage of production from the seeding to consumption. Good agricultural practices target social, economic and healthy agricultural practices and include

environmental-friendly practices. Statistical data published by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock were used as the primary material of the study. According to statistical data, Kayseri has a total agricultural land inventory of 677.970 ha corresponding to 39.93% of province total surface area. By the year 2016, there were 35 organic growers in the province and they produced 575 tons organic products from 114 ha land area. The number of farmers registered for good agricultural practices was 89 and they produced 15.825 tons from 1.114 ha land area. The total land area over which organic farming and good agricultural practices were practiced was 1228 (1114 + 114) ha and such a value corresponds to about 0.18% of province total agricultural lands. It was recommended that organic farming and good agricultural practices should be widespread throughput the country for sustainable agriculture and healthy life.

Keywords: Kayseri, Organic Farming, Good Agricultural Practices


Determination of The Genetic Resources of Local Grapes Genotypes Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa In Kayseri RegionGülşen Yılmaz1, Aydın Uzun1, Nihat Yılmaz21Department of Horticulture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Safiye Cıkrıkcıoglu Vocational College, Kayseri University, Kayseri, Turkey

Kayseri, which is the cradle of many civilizations, is one of the oldest and most ancient settlements of Anatolia retained its importance from past to present. Kayseri, which is folk songs written on behalf of it’ s name; such as; Gesi Bağları, Erkilet Bağları, İncesu Bağları etc., is a city with a well-known vineyard background, famous for its vineyards and grapes. On the other hand, due to the fact that the studies on the collection of local grape genotypes in Kayseri remain very limited, the grape genetic potential of the region has not been determined. Especially in recent years, giving up the cultivation of local genotypes with commercial concerns, the increase of urbanization and the shift of this increase to vineyard areas, the cultivation of local grape genotypes of Kayseri is decreasing day by day. If these valuable gene resources are not protected, they will be lost in the following years.This study was carried out in the vineyards areas and home gardens in Kayseri province and its districts in 2018 and 23 different regions were investigated in the center, district, and village. At the end of the study, known by local people and grown for many years, a total of 182 local genotypes was determined. In the collected genotypes, 49 different genotypes were identified in terms of their local name. In addition, the local grape genotypes belonging to Kayseri region will be correctly reproduced as true to type and a core collection vineyard will be established and the loss of the vine genetic resources will be prevented with this study.

Keywords: Genetic resource, grapes, grapevine, local genotypes, Kayseri


Determination of Some Parameters of Fuel Briquettes made from Sunflower ResiduesBahadır Demirel1, Gürkan Alp Kağan Gürdil21Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture Biosystem Engineering Department, Kayseri2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machines and Technologies Engineering, Samsun

Sunflower’s agri-wastes have an important energy potential since they contain oil. So, this study proposes to explain how to use the sunflower wastes as a solid biofuel in the form of briquettes. The materials were dried up to 13 – 15 % moisture content (M15) and they were grinded into 10 mm size. For the obtained briquettes, a newly developed laboratory type hydraulic press was used and the briquettes were produced under 160 MPa briquetting pressure in order to form solid and full cylindrical briquettes. As for the thermal properties; heating values of sunflower agri-wastes briquette was 18.26 MJ.kg⁻¹ and ash content was 9.91%. As for the physical-mechanical properties tumbler index was 88.64% and shatter index was 97.58%. The new equipment gave promising results. Besides, the manufacturing process is easy and practical so that it has the potential to be developed.

Keywords: Sunflower, agricultural residue, briquette


Determination of Phenological Characteristics of Some Local Grapevine Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa Genotypes Collected from Erkilet Region in KayseriGülşen Yılmaz1, Aydın Uzun1, Ali Sabır21Department of Horticulture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Horticulture, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

This study was carried out in the vineyard areas determined and representing in Erkilet region of Kayseri province in 2018. A total of 11 different local grape genotypes known, loved and widely

used by the local people for many years in cultivation were chosen. During the vegetation period, bud burst and full bloom observations were made and recorded as day / month.At the end of the study, differences were found among local genotypes in terms of phenological stages. The earliest bud burst was recorded on 20 March and the latest bud burst was observed on March 29. The full bloom time has ranged from May 20 to May 30 among to genotypes.

Keywords: bud burst, bloom, grapevine, Kayseri, local genotypes


Pollen Viability Rates in Some Apricot and Almond VarietiesMehmet Yaman, Aydın UzunErciyes University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, Kayseri

Pollen viability is directly related to the yield of fruit species, which normally occur as a result of pollination and fertilization. Pollen viability, as well as genetic structure can affect the maintenance and growth conditions. In this study, it is aimed to determine the pollen vitality ratios of some almond (‘Marcao’, ‘Texas’) and apricot (‘Aprikoz’, ‘Kabaaşı’, ‘Hasanbey’) varieties. For measuring pollen viability, 2,3,5, Tripyhenyl Tetrazolium Chloride (TTC) dye solution was used and the ratios were determined by counting under a microscope. According to the results of the study, pollens were classified as living, semi-live and non-living. According to this classification, the highest rate of live pollen in almond varieties was 60.47±2.5% (‘Texas’), half live pollen with 55.27±7.84% (’Marcao’), non-living pollen with 4,26±1,3% (Texas). In the apricot cultivars, the highest viability level (55,73%) was assayed for ‘Hasanbey’. On the other hand, ‘Kabaaşı’ had the highest value of non-living pollen. Detection of the pollen viability can be particularly helpful in yield and hybridization studies.

Keywords: Pollen, polen viability, apricot, almond, TTC


Irrigation Timing of Pumpkin Based on Visible Leaf TurgorAli Ünlükara, Neray Bahçıvan, Didem Yıldız, Damla ErtaşDepartment of Biosystem Engineers, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri Turkey.

Pumpkin is one of the plants which visually reflect water stress by its leaf turgor. A research in 2017, designed in completely randomized blocks, was conducted in Erciyes University Agricultural Research and Training Center in Kayseri/Turkey to use this feature of pumpkin. There were three irrigation timing treatments in the research. For the first treatment (VLT), irrigation application was performed whenever 3-4 pumpkin plants in each plot had lost visible leaf turgor. When soil tension dropped to 50-60 cbar for the second treatment (T) and 50% of total available soil water was depleted for the third (N), then irrigation applications were performed. Soil moisture was monitored by neutron meter for these treatments. Totally 11, 10 and 9 irrigation applications were carried out for VLT, T and N, respectively. Both irrigation water amount and pumpkin water consumption were significantly affected from irrigation timing treatments. Applied irrigation water amounts for VLT, T and N treatments were 214, 176 and 178 mm were while water consumption of pumpkin were 332, 295 and 298 mm. The greatest irrigation water amount was applied to VLT and also the highest water consumption was determined for VLT. Pumpkin fruit height and diameter, seed yield of fruit, seed yield per hectare, a 1000-seed weight, irrigation water use efficiency and water use efficiency were not affected from irrigation timing treatments. Seed yield of VLT, T and N treatments were 835, 796 and 838 kg/ha. It concluded that visible leaf turgor may be used for irrigation timing of pumpkin plant. However, to avoid relatively higher water consumption, when pumpkin loss its leaf turgor visually at noon, then 1 or 2 days later from that date irrigation applications should be performed.

Keywords: Confectionary pumpkin seed, irrigation timing, visible leaf turgor


Use of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts Having High Phytase Activity in Whole Wheat Bread: Principal Component Analysis StudyKevser Karaman1, Osman Sağdıç21Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology, Department Kayseri-Turkey2Yildiz Technical University, Chemical-Metallurgical Faculty, Food Engineering Department Istanbul-Turkey

In this study, phytic acid degradation capabilities of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts whic were isolated from the sourdough samples collected from different regions were determined in model medium and the phytase positive strains were identified. These isolates were used in the production of whole wheat bread and changes in physicochemical, nutritional, sensory and textural properties were investigated. The changes in the sour dough, bread dough and whole wheat bread samples were examined by principal component analysis. As a result of the principal component analysis of the sourdough samples, it was determined that the first two main components (PC1 and PC2) represented 73.33% of the total variance. Principal component analysis on values of bread dough samples, this value was found to be 78.74%. As a result of the principal component analysis (PCA) of the whole wheat bread samples, it was determined that the first two main components (PC1 and PC2) represented 65.25% of the total variance. S11 coded whole wheat bread produced

by baker’s yeast and S10 coded sample produced by spontaneous fermentation were clearly differed from other breads produced with culture combinations. S7 coded sample produced with using Pichia yeast instead of Saccharomyces was also separated from other culture combinatiosn and was not included in the same group.

Keywords: Phytase,lactic acid bacteria,yeast, principal component analysis,variance


New Aproaches to Protect Wild Almond Genetic SourcesMerve Arefe Yiğit, Hasan Pınar, Aydın Uzun, Hamide BozokUniversity of Erciyes

Turkey have rich local and wild fruit varieties which grown at poor soils and hard climatic conditions. One of them is wild almonds which spreads almost everywhere at Anatolia. Cultivated almonds became differentiated in to two ecotypes during evolution and later domestication processes: Mediterranean and Central Asia. Numerous related wild species are also found growing in the mountains and deserts of Central Asia from western China through Iran and Turkey. These native almond species are utilized for oil extraction, soil erosion control, reforestation, rootstocks, and as a source of novel genes in breeding programs. But important wild almonds have lost because of road construction and new residential regions in recent years. To prevent this, it need new strategies such as genetic material collection, genetic characterizasation and use of biotecnology to bred new cultivars. In this study, we discused to new aproaches to protect wild almond genetic sources.

Keywords: Wild almond, genetic aproaches, biotechnology


DETERMINATION OF THE SHAPE, COLOR AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT DRYING CONDITIONS OF ORANGE (Citrus sinensis)

Necati Çetin1, Kevser Karaman2, Bünyamin Demir3, Cevdet Sağlam11Department of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey3Department of Mechanical and Metal Technologies, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

Drying of agricultural products is one of the most effective methods for extending the market period of the product. Consumers prefer the dried product according to market conditions such as appearance, color, smell and aroma. Some physical changes occur in the product due to water loss during drying. The aim of this study is to determine the change of some physical and biochemical properties of orange dried under different drying conditions. For this purpose, oranges will be cut cylindrical in different sizes and periodically the diameter, volume, area, thickness and width properties will be measured. Also, the color properties will be compared at the beginning and at the end of the drying.

Keywords: Drying, color, thickness, biochemical, orange


A Projection for Plant Protection Machinery of Kayseri ProvinceNecati Çetin1, Bünyamin Demir21Department of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Mechanical and Metal Technologies, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey

Plant protection covers all the processes regarding the yield loss due to weeds, diseases and pests. Plant protection practices consist of chemical, cultural, biological, mechanical and integrated methods. Pest control is one of the most preferred plant protection methods which is due to easy to apply and has high speed of effect. The selection of the spraying unit that carries the pesticide to the target in the pest control plays an important role in the success of the application. However, the adsorption ratio of the pesticide on target have varies according to the sprayer, the application norm, the interaction between the plant and the environment. In recent years, the production systems in which human and environment have been protected in agriculture have been developed, and the safe and controlled use of plant protection machinery has started to gain importance. The aim of this study is to determine the projection coefficient of machine technology used in plant protection processes in Kayseri province, depending on the past ten years production and usage quantities.

Keywords: Kayseri, pest control, machinery, projection


Entegreted Pest Management and Its Importance in AgricultureŞükrü Ülkücü1, Ramazan Canhilal21Develi İlçe Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Kayseri, Türkiye2Erciyes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Kayseri, Türkiye

People have used a various methods to increase the yield from the unit area in agriculture, as they migrated from nomadic life to settled life about 10 thousand years ago. One of the methods that human beings constantly use and develop is the disease, pest and weed control methods that cause losses in crop production. In addition, since the first ages, chemical agents are known to use in the fight against agricultural pests. As a matter of fact, some of the salts considered sacred, BC. In 1200s as herbicide, sulfur as insecticide and fungusite BC. It is said to have been used in the 1000s. However, DDT 20th century, both in pest control in agriculture and against lice in humans and animals all over the world and in Turkey, has been used very intensively. But in recent years to abtain reliable food needs, it has led to intense debate on agriculture. It is understood that in the context of chemical pesticides on human health and the environment caused serious problems and is no longer used in many chemical pesticides including DDT first. As some chemical pesticides cause residues in food, new methods have been developed to combat pests. From these methods of struggle, it can be said that the integrated struggle which protects the nature and wildlife, which has the least harm to human and environment, conforms to the spirit of sustainable agriculture. In this study, the role and importance of Integrated Struggle, in which chemical pesticides are applied as a last resort, were evaluated in the search for reliable food production in agriculture.

Keywords: Entegreted pest management, agriculture, safe food, desease, pest, weed.


Pests of pumpkins and their control methodsŞükrü Ülkücü1, Ramazan Canhilal21Develi İlçe Tarım ve Orman Müdürlüğü, Kayseri, Türkiye2Erciyes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Kayseri, Türkiye

Pumpkin production has a very important role in Turkey which is an agriculture country. Pumpkins are produced nearly in each province in fields, greenhouses, and under plastics. Several pests cause quality and quantity losses during the vegetation period of pumpkings. Especially pests like

Agrotis spp.(Lep.: Noctuidae), Bemicia tabacci Genn. (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), Aphids spp. (Hem.: Aphididae) and Tetranychus sp. (Acarina: Tetaranychidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) cause serious crop losses unless they are not controlled. Besides direct harm, the main damage of white flies, aphids and thrips is transmitting of viruses that cause serious damages to pumkins. To control these pests successfully, it is necessary to know the biology, life cylcles, damage, and the natural enemies of these pests.

Keywords: Pumpkins, insect pests, damage


Pumpkin Irrigation Based on Different Soil Water TensionAli Ünlükara, Berna Ayrancı, Nurbaki Kocaaslan, Meltem Akdaş, Osman Can GençaslanDepartment of Biosystem Engineers, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri Turkey.

A research was conducted to determine irrigation timing of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) based on soil water tension in Kayseri/Turkey. Confectionery pumpkin population as called “Ürgüp sivrisi” was used in the experiment. For this purpose, irrigation applications were performed at three different soil water tensions (T1= 40 cbar, T2= 55 cbar and T3= 70 cbar) in Erciyes University Agricultural Research and Training Center. The experiment was designed in completely randomized plots in blocks with three replications. Totally 10 times, 7 times and 4 times irrigation applications were made for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Irrigation frequency was increased as increasing soil water tension. Irrigation water amount applied to treatments and irrigation water use efficiency were significantly affected from different irrigation timing based on soil tension. The highest irrigation water amounts 206 and 204 mm were applied to T1 and T2 while the lowest one as 86 mm were applied to T3. Non-significant differences in pumpkin seed yields were observed and seed yield changed between 846-1038 kg.ha-1. Irrigation water use efficiencies of 0.44, 0.51 and 0.98 kg.m-3 for T1, T2 and T3 treatments were found significant. Irrigation at higher tensions promoted the pumpkin to up take soil water, more effectively. Therefore, pumpkin water consumption differences were not changed significantly. Other properties of the pumpkin such as fruit yield, fruit diameter and height, 1000-seed weight were not affected significantly from irrigation treatments at different soil tensions. Confectionery pumpkin irrigations should be performed when soil tension dropped 60-70 cbar to use irrigation water more efficiently in the Middle Anatolian Region.

Keywords: Irrigation timing, confectionery pumpkin, soil water tension, irrigation water use efficiency


Determination Of Behaviors Controlling Of Disease, Pest And Weeds And About Pesticide Usage On Make Chickpea Breeding Farmers In UşakEnder Şahin Çolak, Cemile Temur Çınar, Doğan IşıkDepartment of Plant Protection, Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture, Kayseri, Turkey

Chickpea is very important in terms of nutritional value of human nutrition in our country. Uşak is the second in terms of production capacity among our provinces, which have chickpea production in the economic sense in our country. This study was carried out in Banaz, Uşak province in order to determine the behaviors of farmers, who are cultivating chickpeas in Uşak, on disease, pest and weed control and pesticide use. The data used in this study were obtained from the 30 chickpea producers by the survey method. Producers; what kind of chickpea cultivated, which weed is a problem, weed density in the field, the preferred methods of control, the methods of spraying and pesticides and some general questions about diseases and pests. The survey data cover the 2018-2019 production season. As a result of the research, the most produced chickpeas, Azkan; the most common weeds: Couch grass Elytrigia repens, cocklebur Xanthium strumarium, Lamb’s quarters Chenopodium album, wild oat Avena fatua, wild mustard Sinapis arvensis; The most preferred methods of control are soil tillage and chemical control. Weed density was determined to be medium and high.

Keywords: Chickpea, Disease, Pest, Weeds


Examination Of Cherry Producers In Terms Of Plant Protection Applications In EskişehirCemile Temur Çınar, Ender Şahin Çolak, Ömer Yeşil, Doğan IşıkDepartment of Plant Protection, Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture, Kayseri, Turkey

Cherry is an important fruit in terms of taste and nutritional values. It has a significant consumption potential in our country. Eskişehir is important for our country in terms of cherry cultivation and important developments have been made in our province in recent years about the export of cherries. In our study, it is tried to determine what kind of approaches of the producers in Eskişehir to the existing problems and problems in cherry cultivation. The data used in this study were obtained from the 40 cherry producers. Although the amount of the product can be taken from the unit area by techniques such as irrigation and fertilization in cherry cultivation, a significant part of the product may be lost due to diseases, weeds and pests unless a conscious agricultural control is made. The producers involved in the control for effective protection should have adequate knowledge and equipment. It is of great importance to diagnose plant diseases and pests first and then to determine and implement all necessary precautions for the protection of the product from these diseases and pests. As a result of the study, it was determined that the producers used plant protection products (pesticides) against the threatening elements in cherry cultivation. It has been

determined that the producers use plant protection products in accordance with the label information and they have high agricultural awareness.

Keywords: Control, Disease, Pest, Plant,


Determination of Fruit Setting Ratio in Some Fruit Species with Intra and Interspecific HybridizationMehmet Yaman, Aydın UzunErciyes University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, Kayseri

Hybridization is among the methods of breeding, which are successfully applied in both new varieties and rootstocks. Due to the location of most of the Prunus species motherland Turkey, it has an immense potential in terms of breeding work. As a result of this diversity, important commercial varieties have been developed especially in stone fruits in our country. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the fruit setting of different stone and nut fruit species with intra and interspecific hybridization. The highest fruit setting ratio was obtained from the combination of P. Tyrinte x Hasanbey apricots with 18.8%, while the lowest value was obtained from hybridization of Ninfa x Black Amber (apricot and plum) at a rate of 0.33%. In the almond x almond hybrids, the fruit setting percentages varied between 5.2% and 0.4%. According to the results of the study, it was determined that fruit setting ratios of intraspecific hybridization was higher than interspecific.

Keywords: Hybridization, stone fruits, nuts fruits, apricot, almond


Caper Plant (Capparis spp.) Usage Areas and Production Status in TurkeyErman Beyzi1, Adem Güneş21Erciyes Üniversitesi Seyrani Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü2Erciyes Üniversitesi Seyrani Ziraat Fakültesi Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü

This study was carried out to give information about the usage areas of caper plant and production status in our country. The caper plant is a perennial plant of the Capparaceae family. It is also known in our country as Kebere and it is used in food, medicine and paint industry. The most commonly used parts of the plant are flower buds. The used parts of the plant are used in various foods (salads, pizzas or appetizers) as well as in the cosmetic and perfumery industries. The plant is also evaluated in erosion control through the deep root system. The plant is also used as an ornamental plant. Caper plant in recent years in our country such as Ankara, Kütahya and Tekirdag has found a production area. According to 2018 data, caper plant was grown in 20 decares of land in Turkey and it has 100 kg / da yield and 2 tons production. The caper plant is an important plant in the area of use, but the amount of production is limited.

Keywords: Caper, Capparaceae family, area of use, production, yield


Determination of The Effect of Sulfur on Soil ECAdem Güneş, Osman Sönmez1Erciyes University, Agricultural Faculty, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Kayseri

Sulfur is one of the essential elements for plant growth. Besides being an absolute essential element for plant, it is an element that can be used as soil improvement material in soil. Various methods are used to improve the calcareous and pH-high soils. One of these methods is elemental sulfur application.This study was carried out to determine the effect of sulfur application on soil EC. For this purpose, 6 different sulfur application doses (0, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 180 kg da-1) were applied in 5 replications under the greenhouse conditions. At the end of 3 month incubation period soil samples were taken and EC analysis was done. According to the results of the study, the effect of elemental sulfur applications on soil EC is statistically significant. The highest EC value was observed at 180 kg da-1 S application. When the results of the study are evaluated in general, it has been determined that the sulfur application has a significant effect on the soil EC and it was determined that the application should be made by taking the general characteristics of the soil into account when applying sulfur.

Keywords: Sulphur, soil EC, soil


Microbial Fertilizer Applications in Soybean

Adem Güneş, Erman Beyzi1Erciyes University, Agricultural Faculty, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Kayseri

Soybean is an important oil plant in terms of planting area and production amount. Oil plant production area and yield in our country is very low. Therefore, imports are made in significant quantities. Soybeans are used in human nutrition in the form of different products. Therefore, the level of mineral fertilizers and insecticides in soybean production is of great importance. Depending on the chemical fertilization used to increase the amount of product to be taken from the unit area, soil fertility decreases and the efficiency of the fertilizers used decreases. Microorganisms are of great importance that re-establishment of excessive fertilization result of deteriorating soil nutrient balance in the soil and be taken up by plants in the form of conversion of organic nutrients. In addition, as a result of microorganism activity, it increases the amount of enzyme activity in soil and contributes to increase soil quality. For this reason, this compilation has been done in order to reveal the effects of the use of microbiological fertilizers in the cultivation of soybean and increase in yield.

Keywords: Soybean, microbial fertilizer, enzyme activity


Evaluation of Tolerance Level of Safflower Plant to Soil SalinityAdem Güneş, Erman Beyzi1Erciyes University, Agricultural Faculty, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Kayseri

Safflower is a single-year, broad-leaved, drought-tolerant and average fat ratio of 30-45%. In general, in order for plants to develop normally, the growing conditions should be at optimum level. The normal development of plants shows a decrease due to biotic and abiotic factors. Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors. Salinity significantly affects plants in every developmental stage. In plants exposed to salinity, it is observed that the germination decreases, the plant output is delayed, the plant output is irregular and as a result, the plant yield decreases. As a result of salt stress, the nutrient element balance in soil and plant is impaired and plant growth is limited. Plant growth can be completely stopped if continued stress conditions. In some studies on salt stress in aspirin plants, it was stated that high NaCl concentrations affect the number of leaves per plant, decrease root length, and negatively affect the plant height and all yield parameters. Therefore, this review was performed to determine the effects of different salt stress levels on the development of the safflower plant.

Keywords: Safflower, salt tolerance, stress


Determination of PollenViability in Some Long Green Pepper Genotypes in High Temperature ConditionsSule Hasyuncu, Tuba Dilfiruz, Hasan PınarUniversity of Erciyes

Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the important species in the Solonecea family. Although the pepper plant is native to the tropical and subtropical countries of America, it is reported that there are reductions in yield and quality under high temperature conditions. One of the reasons for this is that it is observed that high temperature affects polen viability and germination negatively. It is important to use tolerant pepper genotypes at high temperatures in order to produce peppers in areas with extreme temperature conditions. The first step in determining these genotypes is to test the plants under extreme temperature conditions and to determine the parameters affected by the temperature conditions. One of these parameters is determination of pollen viability. In the study, 22 long green pepper genotypes were grown up to the fruit set in controlled conditions at 24 0C and at 35 0C; which is the high temperature for pepper plant. The study was carried out with 3 replications. Pollen viability rates were determined in the flowers that opened 10 days after flowering. The results of the control and application groups obtained from these data were compared. The mean polen viability rate of the control groups in the pepper genotypes was 64.97%, where as the average polen viability rates were 39.83% in the application groups. At 24 0 C, the polen viability rates in the control groups were at the ‘Genotype 22’ with a minimum of 33.05% and the maximum was 97.61% at the ‘Genotype 17’. Pollen viability rates in application groups at 35 0C were observed in the ‘Genotype 19’ with a minimum of 12,53% and in the ‘Genotype 16’ with a maximum of 63,41%. The highest (98.54%) was measured in ‘Genotype 22’, and the lowest (17.32%) was measured in ‘Genotype 19’. As a result of the study, ‘Genotypes 13, 16 and 21’ with high polen viability in high pepper cultivation in high temperature conditions can be used.

Keywords: Pepper, polen viability, high temperature


Plant Protection Problems in Pumpkin Production in Kayseri ProvinceHacer Handan Altınok, Ender Şahin ÇolakDepartment of Plant Protection, Erciyes University Faculty of Agriculture,Kayseri, Turkey

The vegetable marrow Cucurbita pepo L. and the pumpkin C. moschata, which are found in the genus Cucurbita, are the most preferred pumpkin species in Turkey. Pumpkin is an important nutrient source thanks to its fat, mineral and amino acids. Kayseri has an important share in the production of pumpkin in the nationwide production. In today's irrigated areas, it is seen that

pumpkin production is spreading every year as an alternative to traditional agricultural products. Some virus and soil-borne fungal diseases, pests, weeds and some abiotic factors are among the most important plant protection problems for pumpkin growing. In this review, producer surveys were conducted for plant protection problems in some districts of Kayseri province which have large pumpkin plantations, and some information about solution suggestions are provided.

Keywords: Disease,Pest, Protection, Pumpkin


Determination of Operational Parameters for Mechanization Processes in Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita pepo L.) Production in Kayseri ConditionsCevdet Sağlam, Necati ÇetinDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Kayseri province is the first place in terms of pumpkin seed production field and yield. In recent years, with the significant increase in the number of pumpkin production areas, in order to increase the product quality and quantity, traditionally produced technologies have been replaced by modern mechanization applications with high capacity and operation efficiency machines. In particular, with the use of different sowing and harvesting machines in the production of pumpkin, the efficiency of the mechanization processes carried out per unit time has increased significantly. Despite the high input use, new developments in mechanization technology can increase the production income. In this study, the operating parameters of agricultural tools and machinery used in the seed bed preparation, sowing, harvesting and post-harvest operations in the pumpkin seed production were determined. For this purpose, the agricultural tools and machinery used by the enterprises that have the tractor pumpkin production were determined and the results of these parameters were calculated.

Keywords: Pumpkin seed, production, mechanization, operation parameters


Determination of The Number of Working Days and Annual Working Time of Tractors

Used in Plant Production Processes in Kayseri ProvinceCevdet Sağlam, Necati ÇetinDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

As in Turkey, most of the agricultural enterprises have small-scale in Kayseri. These enterprises own agricultural tools and machinery without considering the size of land, production type and techniques. This increases the costs of changing machinery as well as the fixed costs and causes the producers to lose their earnings. Therefore, agricultural producers must consider certain criteria (such as working days and land size) for the purchase of tractors and machinery for their farms. In this study, it is aimed to determine the number of working days of the tractors used by the enterprises having more than 50 hectares of land under Kayseri conditions.

Keywords: Tractor, workable day, plant production, Kayseri


Effects of Osmotic Conditioning Treatments of Heliotropium greuteri Seeds on Mean Germination Time and Germination RateMustafa Demirkaya1, Akife Dalda Şekerci2, Eyüp Teke2, Osman Gülşen21Kayseri University, Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational School, Kayseri, Turkey2Erciyes University, Department of Horticulture, Kayseri, Turkey

Many plant species are endemic to Turkey and the members of Boraginaceae family is one of the most important among them. Heliotropium greuteri H. Riedl affiliated to the Boraginaceae family, seen as intensively in Kayseri region, has fragrant flowers and long flowering period up to six months from the end of May to October until the last major frost. It has good ornamental characteristics because of showy plants with white and green colors, fragrant flowers, and considerable drought tolerance. In seed propagation, there are some problems such as low germination rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of some selected osmotic conditioners on heliotropium seeds. Osmotic conditioning (OC) was performed in seeds with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (1.0 mM), seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract (1:500 seaweed extract), water and humidification at 20°C and 25°C for 1, 2 and 3 days. After the treatment, the seeds were characterized for germination tests at two different temperatures (25 ° C and 35 ° C). Germination rates mean germination time and germination indexes of the seeds were determined. Water treatment for 2- and 3-days applications and MeJA treatment for 1 day significantly increased the germination rate of heliotropium seeds in both temperature applications compared to control. Similarly, humidification for 2 days and water 3 days of Heliotropium seeds significantly reduced for the average germination time in both temperature applications compared to control. In addition, water treatment for 3 days and MeJA 2 day treatment also increased the germination index in both temperature. In conclusion, this study indicated that water, MeJA and seaweed treatments had positive effects on germination parameters studied in Heliotropium seeds.

Keywords: Heliotropium greuteri, osmotic conditioning, MeJA, seaweed


Assessment of Colutea spp. for Morphological Characteristics and Potential Use as an Ornamental PlantAkife Dalda Şekerci, Halit Yetişir, Osman GülşenErciyes University, Department of Horticulture, Kayseri, Turkey

Fabaceae family is one of the largest families and its members are used for various purposes. There are about 10000 species, including 450-500 genera, including grasses, shrubs and woody, herbaceous or woody herbaceous plants. The genus Colutea spp. includes about 26 species of deciduous shrubs or small trees, with a distribution ranging from the Mediterranean region and southeastern Europe to northwest Africa and the western Himalayas. Colutea spp. species are cultivated in temperate climates primarily for ornamental purposes but may also be used for erosion control. These plants are used for medical purposes in some countries including Turkey. Colutea spp. considered to be quite rich in terms of genetic diversity and it has a high potential as outdoor ornamental plant. It is important to consider this plant as an outdoor ornamental plant, which is observed to be a plant that grows in arid conditions in very poor soil and stony areas. In this context, it can be regarded as a candidate plant for environmental regulation and erosion prevention studies. We are currently collecting samples from diverse origins and planning to characterize phenotypically and molecularly.

Keywords: Colutea spp., ornamental plant, candidate ornamental plant


Agricultural Operations on Pilot Greenhouse Enterprises in Kumluca District of AntalyaNecati Çetin, Cevdet SağlamDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Greenhouse are covered structures that forms optimal growth environments which artificially provided where the natural conditions are not suitable for plant production. Greenhouse farming has a significant economic potential in agricultural product. In terms of greenhouse vegetable cultivation Kumluca district is the center of Turkey. In this study, it is aimed to determine the agricultural operations, human labor and labor cost values applied in three different pilot greenhouse enterprises in Kumluca district in 2016-2017 production season. In three different enterprises, respectively, capia pepper (1250 m2), cucumber (1250 m2) and eggplant (2000 m2) vegetables were grown.

Keywords: Kumluca, vegetable cultivation, labor cost


Use of Cover Crops for Weed Management in Fruit OrchardsDoğan Işık, Ender Şahin Çolak, Cemile ÇınarErciyes Üniversitesi Seyrani Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü

Fruit production is constrained by several factors including those of diseases, weeds, insect pests, soil erosion, and other biotic and abiotic factors. Weeds infest the orchards and decrease its productivity and quality. Along with other damages, the weeds may also host the pathogens that cause diseases in fruit plants. Weed management is key component of establishing and sustaining a profitable fruit orchard. Good site preparation is a critical part of an orchard establishment plan. Herbicides may play a significant role for weed management in orchards. Glyphosate application and mechanical weed control are important among the current weed control practices in fruit farming. These two practices are expected to provide weed-free fields. However, coverless (bare) fields may result in increased erosion and run-off, decreased soil organic matter and moisture contents, and damage the soil physical and chemical properties. Evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and environmental pollution are the most important among these. The situation requires that there be weed control techniques that can provide weed suppression and soil cover as well. The use of cover crops may be the most suitable choice to achieve the objectives of soil conservation and weed management simultaneously. Some studies about the use of cover crops for weed control orchards have been done in Our Country. In this study, information has been given on the use of cover crops in orchards.

Keywords: Cover crop, weeds, orcards


Effectiveness of the Cover Crops on the Weed Management in the No-tilled Production SystemsDoğan Işık, Cemile Çınar, Ender Şahin ÇolakErciyes Üniversitesi Seyrani Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü

Lately, conservative soil tillage or no-till agricultural systems had great attention as an alternative to conventional tillage due to the increased energy cost, deformation of soil structure and increased soil erosion. Cereals are one of the major crops among field crops. The success of no tillage depends on a successful weed management. Weed management are practiced by mechanic and chemical methods. In addition to these practices, cover crops are practiced to control weeds due to their protective effects on the soil. Recently, Turkish growers have adopted a no-tillage system and the Turkish government has encouraged the use of no-till machinery especially in arid regions. Although more weeds may emerge during the initial years of reduced or no-till production, the total number of weeds declined during the subsequent years. These systems may reduce annual weed problems, but they may increase perennial weed populations.The purposes of this study are to use a cover crops to control weeds and to compare the effectiveness of these techniques with the chemical methods. The outputs of this study will be used by the growers who are seeking for environmentally safe weed control methods. Therefore, the results of this unique study will be used by growers and technology developers and it will contribute knowledge to the scientific literature.

Keywords: no till, cover crop, weed management


Common Medicinal and Ornamental Plant in Kayseri: Althaea L. and Alcea LAkife Dalda Şekerci, Osman Gülşen, Halit YetişirErciyes University, Department of Horticulture, Kayseri, Turkey

Both Althaea and Alcea are closely related genera and have been fused together in the past, but up to date opinion regards the two genera as clearly different genera. Alcea L. is represented by 18 species and Althaea L. by 4 species in the Flora of Turkey. These plants are beautiful ornamental plants with a wide vegetation period and different flower colors, which seen as intensively in Kayseri region, enhancing landscape aestetically. It is a perennial plant with a height up to 2 meters. This plant has long flowering period up to nine months from the end of March to November until the last major frost depending on climate. It attracts many bees during flowering. In this study, the morphological features of this species and the characteristics of the seeds will be evaluated and the species distributed in this region will be assessment.

Keywords: Althaea L., Alcea L., ornamental plant


Chemical and nutritional profile and in-vitro gas production of tangerine pomace silage with some roughage sourceSelma Büyükkılıç Beyzi, İsmail Ülger, Mahmut Kaliber, Yusuf KoncaDepartment of Animal Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibilities of making silage tangerine pomace (TP) from juice industry waste with some roughage source. The silages were made with wheat (TPW) and alfalfa straw (TPA) in a 10% level; maize (TPM), sugar beet pulp (TPS) in a 50% level as five replicates. On the 60th day of fermentation, silage samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), pH, crude protein (CP), ash (CA), ether extract (EE), cellulose (CE), ADF, NDF. Silage samples were also assayed in-vitro gas production parameters (gas (GP) and methane production (MP), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and energy parameters (metabolizable energy, ME and net energy lactation, NEL) were calculated. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in case of GP (64.33-74.67, ml/24h), ME (10.99-12.42, Mj/kg DM), NEL (7.05-8.28, Mj/kg DM), OMD (75.95-86.50, %). However, pH (3.43-3-97), DM (16.15-24.92, %) and CP (7.53-12.07) were higher in TPA group than other groups. In the TPM group was showed the highest CA (8.82, %), CE (19.12, %), ADF (32.57, %) and NDF (45.0, %) values. In-vitro methane production was highest in TP group and lowest in TPW group. When the results of the research were examined that tangerine pomace is possible to evaluate silage with alone or some roughage source and it has been determined that the tangerine pomace alone silage quality have some nutritive advantages (especially digestibility and energy values) compared to treated with roughage sources.

Keywords: tangerine pomace silage, methane, gas production, digestibility


Integrated Sunn Pest ManagementRamazan Canhilal, Ebubekir YükselErciyes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü

The sunn pest, Eurygaster spp. (Hemiptera; Scutelleridae) is the most important insect pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. and barley, Hordeum vulgare L which are important crops in Turkey. Wheat and barley are annually cultivated in around 13,5 million ha field. The sunn pest was first reported from the South Anatolia region of Turkey in 1927 and caused many outbreaks through the 1950s to the present. It has been controlled by only Government itself since 1927. Producers of wheat and barley had no responsibility until 2001. Then in control of the sunn pest, an IPM approach has been adopted; the sunn pest control policy has been changed to switch from aerial application to ground spraying and leave the responsibilities to farmers gradually. Recently insecticide sprays against the sunn pest have been done by ground equipment completely. Government provides only technical support and farmers are supposed to apply the insecticide by their equipment, as determined by official technical consultants. After switching ground spraying, insecticide treated area decreased dramatically from about 1.9 million ha in 2003 to 0.6 million ha in 2014. This clearly showed us how appropriate decision it was. But there is always a danger that farmer may apply insecticide more than necessary because there is no good control of pesticide application and residue in the country.

Keywords: Eurygaster spp., wheat and barley, sunn pest, integrated pest management, policy


The activity of local entomopathogenic nematode isolates of Steinernema feltiae against the adults of Sitophilus oryzae under laboratory conditionsRamazan Canhilal, Ebubekir YükselErciyes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü

Stored product pests cause post-harvest losses that can amount around 10% during cereal storage in developed countries and more than 20% in developing countries. The aim of the study was to determine the insecticidal activity of selected entomopathogenic nematode isolates against Sitophilus oryzae to find an alternative method to the chemicals used. The efficacy of local isolates (UTP-5, UCY-9 and DDKB-17) of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae against the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) adults was evaluated at different concentrations (250, 500, 1000 and 2000 IJs per adult) in Petri dishes including filter papers at 25 ± 1 °C. Beetle mortalities of Sitophilus oryzae were recorded 4th, 6th, and 8th day post inoculation. The mortality rates increased by increasing the concentrations. The results showed that all tested isolates were pathogenic (35-75% mortality) to the adults of Sitophilus oryzae and the maximum mortality rate (75%) was reached within 8 days after inoculation, inoculating the Steinernema feltiae DDKB-17 isolate at the concentration of 2000 IJs/adult. The results showed that all tested isolates have good potential in the management of Sitophilus oryzae.

Keywords: Stored product pests, entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae


Using of yeast cells in bioencapsulationKevser KaramanErciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology, Department Kayseri-Turkey

Encapsulation is a method based on the principle of covering a sensitive substance around another substance and forming a barrier. The stability and bioavailability of the sensitive substances can be increased by this method. As a result of encapsulation applications, nano or micro sized capsules are obtained. The capsules can be used in agriculture, food, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and textile industries. The most encapsulated substances in the industry are colorants, flavors, essential oils, oils vitamins and other sensitive components Recently, researchers are interested in using yeast cells as new carrier material in the area of encapsulation due to its structure and nutritional benefits. These researchers have emphasized the different advantages of using yeast cells in encapsulation. Compared to other techniques, encapsulation in yeast cells requires a relatively simple procedure and no additional materials are used during processing, except for the yeast, water and liquid core components. Commercial yeast microcapsules can be utilized for production of micrometer sized ellipsoids with strong and elastic cell walls of nanometer thickness. Resveratrol, essential oils, chlorogenic acid, curcumin, fish oil and some enzymes were succesfully encapsulated with yeast cells in the literature. In this study, some information about the use of yeast in encapsulation will be reviewed and examples will be given.

Keywords: Encapsulation, yeast, bioencapsules, essential oils


Production of protein concentrate from Phaseolus vulgaris L. and optimization of conditionsKevser Karaman1, Mahmut Kaplan21Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Biotechnology, Department Kayseri-Turkey2Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops, Department Kayseri-Turkey

In this study, it was aimed to obtain protein concentrate from Phaseolus vulgaris L. and optimize of extraction conditions with using response surface methodology to answer two independent variables. The model was created by using three levels of pH and salt concentrations studied as variable in the study. Commercial bean variety was used as to be material and alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation methods were utilized to obtain the protein concentrate. Produced protein concentrates were analyzed in terms of crude protein ratios and technological-functional properties

(solubility, water and fat binding capacity, gel formation, emulsion formation and stability, antioxidant activity). The crude protein levels ranged between 80.2-81.5%. The production conditions of the bean protein concentrate, depending on the salt and the pH variables, were optimized.

Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris L, protein concentrate, emulsion stability,solubility


One of the collapse reason of greenhouses: insufficent material usageSelçuk Emre GörkemDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey

It is fairly known truth that greenhouse-agriculture is important for our country. Suitable conditions for plants could be provided by this manner and applications like soil-less agriculture is possible by these structures. Altough solar energy frequently preferred for heating, geothermal resources are out there as an option where available. Mostly there could be paid insufficient attention to load bearing structure itself to maximize the benefit from agrigultural sales. For instance when a greenhouse built in Antalya be built in Kayseri with same cross-sectional properties the result could be collapse and financial loss. In this study ignored load combinations and their effects on structure is mentioned. How to project a greenhouse and importance of material choose (aluminum or steel) are also descripted by constructional instructions.

Keywords: greenhouse, steel structure, collapse, constructional instructions


Comparison of Feed Characteristics in Different Legume GrainsMahmut Kaplan1, Kağan Kökten21Erciyes Üniversitesi, Seyrani Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Erciyes, Türkiye2Bingöl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Bingöl, Türkiye

The primary objective of the present study is to compare feed characteristics of different grain legumes. For this purpose, common vetch, grass pea, soybean, narbon vetch, forage pea, bitter vetch, lupine and black chickpea were used as the plant material of the study. Samples were analyzed in randomized plots design with 3 replications. The differences in nutritional composition of the present grain legumes were found to be highly significant (P≤0.01).The ADF ratios of the samples varied between 7.90-13.53%, NDF ratios between 17.50-28.89%, crude ash contents between 2.23-3.92%, crude protein contents between 13.87-28.81%, crude oil contents between 0.50-13.98%, resistant starch contents between 4.90-12.9%, non-resistant starch contents between 7.47-41.25%, total starch contents between 12.36-47.33%, total phenolic contents between 0.11-3.30 GAE/g and finally antiradical capacities varied between 3.56-9.47%. Present findings revealed that soybean and lupine were prominent with their crude protein and crude oil contents, bitter vetch and common vetch were prominent with their starch contents and lupine was found to be prominent with total phenolics and antiradical capacity.

Keywords: Grain legumes, protein, total phenolics, NDF, crude oil


Comparison of Feed Characteristics of Different Cereal GrainsMahmut Kaplan1, Kağan Kökten21University of Erciyes, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Kayseri, Turkey2University of Bingol, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Bingol, Turkey

This study was conducted to compare nutritional compositions of cereal grains commonly used in animal feeding (maize, triticale, sorghum, wheat, barley and oat). Cereal grain samples were analyzed in randomized plots design with 3 replications. The differences in nutritional compositions of the cereal grains were found to be highly significant at 1% level.ADF ratios of the samples varied between 3.62 - 13.50%, NDF contents varied between 10.86 - 49.43%, crude ash contents varied between 1.40 - 2.86%, crude protein contents varied between 8.76 - 15.50%, crude oil contents varied between 1.10 - 3.36%, resistant starch contents varied between 4.83 - 5.26%, non-resistant starch contents varied between 44.25 - 67.38%, total starch contents varied between 49.29 - 72.64%, total phenolics varied between 0.37 - 1.31 GAE/g and antiradical capacities varied between 7.65 - 12.81%. Oat was found to be prominent with crude protein content, maize with crude oil content and sorghum with total starch and antiradical capacity.

Keywords: Cereal grains, nutritional composition, total phenolics


Growth and Development of Pepino (Solanum Muricatum) as Affected by Different Nitrogen Forms in Hydroponic SystemAbdullah Ulas1, Alim Aydın2, Firdes Ulas2, Halit Yetişir21Agriculture Faculty, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Agriculture Faculty, Department of Horticulture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Generally, plants perform best on mixtures of both nitrogen (N) forms compared to sole nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different N forms on shoot growth and root morphological development of pepino (Solanum muricatum) in hydroponic growth system. The experiment was conducted in a controlled growth chamber (25/22 °C day/night temperature, the was 65-70% relative humidity, 350 µmol m-2 S-1 photon flux) situated in the Plant Physiology Laboratory of Erciyes University, Faculty of Agriculture. Plants were grown in a 8 L vessel filled continuously aerated nutrient solution (modified Hoagland) containing 1000 µM N as sole nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), 1000 µM N sole ammonium ((NH4)2SO4) or 50% mixed of both N forms (Mix1: 2000 µM N, Mix2: 4000 µM N). The hydroponic experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Two plants per pot were harvested 35 days after treatment (DAT) by separating into shoot and roots. The results indicated that shoot and root growth was significantly (P<0.001) affected by different N forms. A lowest performance under sole NH4+ supply was achieved, since it severely reduced shoot and root growth as compared to sole NO3-, Mix1 and Mix2 treatments. Best growth performance in shoot growth was achieved under Mix2 supply, while root growth significantly improved under sole NO3- supply. All these clearly indicate that application of sole ammonium (1000 µM N) is detrimentally toxic for hydroponically grown pepino. On the other hand, a 50% mixed of ammonium with nitrate even at a high dose (2000 µM ammonium N) can be more advantageous for the plant growth and development if the both N forms are evenly distributed in the nutrient solution.

Keywords: Ammonium, Nitrate, Pepino, Toxicity, Root morphology


Hybridization Breeding Studies in Some Prunus SpeciesMehmet Yaman, Aydın UzunErciyes University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, Kayseri

Most of the Prunus species are grown as economically Turkey and in the world.. Because of the commercial importance of Prunus species, changing climatic conditions and demands of consumers, new genus and rootstock candidate genotypes need to be developed. As a result of the studies, many rootstocks, such as GF series, Gisela series, GN series, PADAC series, PAC series,

Rootpack series, Citation, Atlas, Titan Hybrid, Viking, Felinem, Garnem, Monegro, Krymsk 86 were developed as many years of cross-breedingprograms.. On the other hand as a result of interspecific hybridization, Hybrid individuals obtained not only as rootstocks, but also the varieties produced for their fruits (Bella series, varieties of apricot varieties, Aprium and Pluot series varieties, Peacotum series varieties obtained from triple hybridization, etc.). Increasing the number of hybridization studies will contribute to the breeding of new varieties and rootstock candidate genotypes.

Keywords: Prunus, rootstock, hybridization, genotype,


The effects of barley and molasses addition on Alfalfa silage qualityİsmail Ülger, Selma Büyükkılıç Beyzi, Mahmut KaliberDepartment of Animal Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

This study was conducted to evaluate the barley and molasses addition on alfalfa silage quality parameters. The silages were made as control without addition (C), with barley addition in a 5% level (B5), molasses addition in a 5% level (M5) and barley + molasses addition in a 5 + 5 % level (BM5) as five replicates. On the 60th day of fermentation, silage samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), pH, crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), cellulose (CE) and silage samples metabolizable energy (ME) were calculated. There were significant differences between treatment groups in all observed parameters. The pH value ranged as 4.46-4.86; in the control group was showed the highest pH value (4.86) and molasses addition (M5) decreased the pH value (4.46) significantly (P<0.01). The silages DM (34.33-47.94, %) was increased significantly with any addition according to C group (P<0.05). The OM (90.52) was higher and the CP and CC ratios were lower in BM5 group than other treatment groups as significantly (P<0.05). The silages ME value was ranged in 12.53-12.79 (Mj/kg DM) and higher in BM5 group (P<0.01). As a result, the alfalfa silage quality can be improved with barley or molasses addition, but the best result was observed in barley+molasses addition especially in terms of ME.

Keywords: alfalfa silage, quality, metabolizable energy


General Assessment of Natural Treatment Systems of Kayseri Province of Turkey

Zeki Gökalp, Furkan Ömer KanaryaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Just because of low investment costs, easy construction, operation and maintenance, natural treatment systems, so called as constructed wetland systems, have become popular for waste water treatment of rural sections, especially the villages of Turkey. These systems are used worldwide for domestic waste water treatment, industrial waste water treatment and treatment of runoff water coming from agricultural fields and livestock feedlots. There are several of them constructed in villages throughout the country, but majority of them are far away from anticipated performance criteria due to mistakes made in design, operation, maintenance and monitoring of these systems. Kayseri province of Turkey has the greatest number of these systems. They were all constructed during the last 15 years. More than 50 of them are available now, but almost all of them are not operating or far from expected performance criteria. In this study, constructed wetland systems constructed in Kayseri province were visited on-site to assess their current status. Influent and effluent waste water samples were taken from operating ones to assess pollutant removal performance of them. Recommendations were provided to responsible authorities based on present assessments for design, operation, maintenance and monitoring phases of prospective constructed wetland systems.

Keywords: Constructed wetlands, Kayseri, natural treatment, waste water, performance


Potential Use of Zeolite as a Substrate Material in Constructed WetlandsZeki Gökalp, Furkan Ömer KanaryaDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Constructed wetlands (CW) offer an alternative ecological technology for waste water treatment. As compared to conventional waste water treatment systems, constructed wetlands have various advantages such as low investment, construction, operation and maintenance costs, potential use of renewable energy sources, tolerance to variations in hydraulic loading rates and pollutant levels. Especially, sub-surface vertical flow constructed wetlands have recently became popular because of their high performance in removal of organic matter and nitrogen from waste waters. However, these systems are relatively poor in phosphorus removal. Adsorption is the primary removal mechanism for phosphorus. Thus, porous media with quite much surface area are used in constructed wetland basins to achieve high phosphorus removal performance. Sand-gravel is the common substrate material used in these systems, but recently pumice and zeolite-like volcanic-originated granulated materials have been used to improve especially nutrient removal from waste waters. Natural zeolites are used in various industrial processes including water treatment. In this study, initially a brief information was provided on pollutant removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands, then potential use of zeolite as a substrate material in constructed wetland basins was assessed. It was found that zeolites might provide an alternative substrate material to improve nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal performance of natural treatment systems.

Keywords: Constructed wetlands, waste water, natural treatment, substrate, zeolite


Association of MYF5 with body measurements in Holstein young bullsMehmet Ulaş Çınar1, Jale Metin Kıyıcı1, Korhan Arslan2, Esma Gamze Aksel2, Mahmut Kaliber1, Bilal Akyüz21Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Live weight and body measurements are economically important quantitative traits that affect carcass yield and calf survival in cattle. The aim of this study were to genotype MYF5-TaqI polymorphism and to investigate their associations with live weights and body measurements in Holstein young bulls. Genotyping of the SNP marker was carried out using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Frequencies of A allele for MYF5 was in the examined animals. The association analysis indicated that MYF5-TaqI polymorphism was found to influence body length at birth and birth weight (BW) in Holstein young bulls.

Keywords: Association, SNP, MYF5, Body measurements, Dairy cattle


Sugar beet weeds as natural host of Beet necrotic yellow vein virusCemile Temur Çinar, Ender Şahin Çolak, Doğan IşıkErciyes University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection Kayseri Turkey

Weeds are plants with harmful or objectionable characteristics, those grow where they are unwanted. Weeds, as alternative hosts of plant viruses and nutrient plants of virus vectors play crucial role in virus ecology and epidemiology. Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) belongs to the Benyviridae family which is the type member of the Benyvirus genus. BNYVV is known as the causative agent of rhizomania with worldwide distribution in nearly all sugar beet-growing areas. BNYVV infections are mainly restricted to the plant root system. The disease mainly exhibits extensive proliferation of necrotizing secondary rootlets, a stunted tap root and a brownish discolouration of the vascular system. BNYVV is generally transmitted by the soil-borne protozoa Polymyxa betae and by inoculation of sap to weed. Therefore, exploring the weed reservoirs of

BNYVV in sugar beet fields may help us understand epidemiology and effective weed management strategies. The aim of this review was to inform about the prevalence of BNYVV in sugar beet weeds which may increase the risk of virus transmisson.

Keywords: Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, natural host, rhizomania


Use of Robotics in Weed ControlEnder Şahin Çolak, Cemile Temur Çinar, Doğan IşıkErciyes University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection Kayseri Turkey

Weeds are crucial part of agricultural production. Because of the high competitiveness of weeds according to cultivated plants, weeds may cause yield and quality losses on crops. Various methods have been developed to reduce the effect of weeds to prevent these losses. In order to prevent the damage of weeds, it is preferable to use chemical management tools which are economical, easy to apply and the effect can be observed shortly after application. Due to unawared application of pesticides on the whole land and ignoring the label information, some negative effects may arise. The use of chemicals in such forms may cause herbicide resistance, residuals in agricultural products, human health and enviromental problems. In order to reduce these problems and eliminate them in time, alternative methods have been developing. Robotic methods is one of them which can minimize unawared and incorrect herbicide application. In the present review, information will be given about the development of robotic technology in weed management and the use of robots as an alternative tool for weed control.

Keywords: Herbicide, Innovative weed management, Crop yield, Crop quality


Identification of Existing Weed Flora on RailwaysEnder Şahin Çolak, Cemile Temur Çinar, Doğan IşıkErciyes University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection Kayseri Turkey

Today, weeds are creating problems in cultivated plants, irrigated and non-irrigated lands, pastures and ruins, touristic areas, airports, highway sides and railways. In Turkey, with the development of

the railway trade and passenger transportation in time, weed management become crucial due to safety in railway traffic and quality of the track. In the present work, diagnosis of weeds in railways, the main methods of weed management, and alternative methods and approaches to new challenges will be reviewed for Turkey.

Keywords: Plant, Railway, Weed, Control


Importance of Agriculture in SomaliaUbah Yakub1, Ali Irfan Ilbas21Department of Agricultural science and Technologies, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey2Department of Filed Corps, Agricultural Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Agriculture is the most important economic sector in Somalia. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and employs 65% of the workforce. Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings. Other principal exports include fish, charcoal and bananas. In addition, sugar, sorghum and corn are products for the domestic market.

Total land area of Somalia is 637,655km. According to this study about 2% of the country consist of arable and permanent crops, 10% forest and 87% other land.In Somalia main agricultural products are: Banana, sesame, citrus, cereals, sugarcane and etc.Main industrial product that comes from agriculture are: sugar product, macaroni, wheat floor, and tropical fruit juice (papaya, guava, mango, spondais, and grapefruits).

Somalia has the potential for an increase in agricultural production and economic growth provided enabling institutional and marketing policies are laid out.

Principal crop exports in Somalia include bananas; sugar, sesame and lemon are products for the domestic market.

The production system is predominantly subsistence in nature.

As result, Somalia has very important potential to produce some tropical fruits, fiber crops, cereals, citrus fruits, oil crops, roots and tubers, and vegetables.

Keywords: Somalia, agriculture, crop production, tropical fruits, citrus,cereals


Determination of Some Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes Resistant to Phytophthora capsici LeonHamide BozokUniversity of Erciyes

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), is one of the most important vegetable species produced both in the world and Turkey. Turkey is in third place in pepper production in the world. There are many abiotic and biotic stress factors limiting pepper production. Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici) is among the most serious problem as a biotic stress in pepper growing field of many countries. The effective tool for reducing the disease incidence is breeding of cultivar resistant to P.capsici. The application of marker assisted selection technique has revolutionised the selection process in plant breeding and genetics. In this study, it was aimed to screen in different pepper genotypes using OPD marker associated with P.capsici tolerance gene. In this study, 60 Long green and 80 capia pepper genotypes were tested and according to the findings, 17 green and 22 capia pepper genotypes have the resistance band. These pepper genotypes can be used as genetic materials in future breeding studies.

Keywords: Capsicumannuum L, Phytophthora capsici, marker assisted selection

Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils

Nimet Şenkaya, Osman SönmezDepartment of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Erciyes University, Kayseri,Turkey

Heavy metals are metals that have significant effects on human life, either through direct pitting or through a nutrient cycle. Not only on humans, it also harms all living things in the food chain and causes our lands to become unfit. Heavy metals mainly show toxic effects on organisms depending on the amount and species of life.Many countries face the problem of soil pollution, and they seek solutions by utilizing technology to remove this pollution from the land (Baldantoni et al., 2016). According to the Records, there are more than 10 million contaminated regions globally of which more than 50% are polluted by heavy metals (He et al., 2015).The consumption of food products polluted by Heavy Metals is very dangerous in terms of human health and can lead to severe problems that may result in death. Heavy metals cause a partial or complete loss of our resources that are suitable for agriculture on earth. Certain methods are applied in the removal or neutralizing of Heavy metals from the soil. These methods can be divided into 2 to clean the soil within the region (in-situ) or outside the region (ex-situ). These reclamation works are physical renewal, chemical renewal and biological renewal. In this paper, these remediation techniques will be discussed.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Soil remediation, Remediation techniques, Phytoremediation, Human health.

POSTER BİLDİRİLER[Abstract:0211] [Bitki Koruma]

The Effect of Different Doses of Whey on Some Fungi in Vitro ConditionsEzgi Boyno1, Gökhan Boyno2, Elvan Ocak1, Semra Demir21Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Zeve Campus, Van, Turkey2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Zeve Campus, Van, Turkey

Whey is rich in nutrient content and it is the excess liquid remaining after cheese production. Whilst the cost of whey is high, a large proportion is disposed of as waste to environment. Recently, however, the use of whey in agricultural areas has become widespread. Therefore, in this study, the effects of whey on some pathogen and antagonist fungi in different doses were investigated in vitro conditions. Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotium were determined as pathogen fungi and Trichoderma harzianum fungus was determined as the antagonist. 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% doses of whey were used against these fungi. For this purpose, sterile whatman papers with diameters of 5mm were maked suck with liquid whey doses. Sterile distilled water was applied to the control applications. The fungi, taken in 5 mm diameter with a cork borer from one-week cultures, were planted in the center of the petri dishes. The papers, which were impregnated with whey, were placed on both sides of the fungal discs at intervals of 3 cm. After 7 days, the measurements were calculated as %. As a result of the calculations, doses of the determined were found to have a low effect to S. sclerotium. On the other hand, the 20% doses was found to be the most effective dose against A. solani with a rate of 44.66% and with a rate of 37.87% against F. oxysporum. It was also found that the 10% dose was the second best dose with 43.34% ratio to A. solani and 33.34% to F. oxysporum. The effects of whey on pathogens as well as the absence of any dose against the Tharzianum antagonist were an important result in terms of agricultural struggle.

Keywords: Whey, Whey doses, Fungi


Identification and Characterization of MLO Genes in Brachypodium distachyonFatih Demirel1, Serap Demirel2, Ahmet Say3, Ayten Eroğlu41Field Crops Department of Agriculture Faculty,Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey2Molecular Biology and Genetic Department of Science Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van3Agricultural Biotechnology Department of Agriculture Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri4Biology of Science Faculty, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van

Powdery mildew is one of the most devastating fungal diseases that severly affect several crop plants such as wheat, barley and soybean. Powdery mildew disease are caused by many different species of fungi. Mildew resistance locus o (MLO) plays an important role in plant resistance to powdery mildew (PM). Brachypodium distachyon is a new model plant for grass fonctional genomics studies. In the present study, identification and analysis of the MLO gene family was conducted using a combination of bioinformatics methods in Brachypodium distachyon. 15 well characterized Mlo genes from Arabidopsis thaliana genome were taken for comparative studies. Genome location, phylogenetic reletionship, conserved motif and physico-chemical properties of BdMLO were defined. Sequence alignment showed that different features of the MLO gene family, such as TMs, a calmodulin-binding domain and amino acid residues are conserved. Phylogenetic and other comparative analyses demonstrated that BdML are the mostly gene orthologs related to powdery mildew response in other species. These results can offer valueble insights for breeding programs and BdMLO genes that targeting with CRISPR could provide powdery mildew resistant mutants.

Keywords: Brachypodium distachyon, Powdery mildew, bioinformatics, Mlo gene


Heat Stress and Heat Shock Protein Genes Mediated Cellular Responds in Ovis ariesAras Şenel, Ömer Osman Türel, Esra Duman, Özge Özmen1Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Ankara, Turkey

Humanity in the process of the sixth mass extinction confronts a problem with the effects of global climate change, which has been accelerated by its own activities and is considered to be the greatest threat to date. The decrease in agricultural areas and grassland due to global warming and the change of climate zones cause many problems and negatively affect the agricultural and livestock activities of the countries. The sheep breeding is of great importance in order to provide the nutritional and economic need, especially meat and milk, in changing climate conditions. Because sheep can convert low quality feed to high quality animal protein and adapt to a wide range of climates. The effects of heat stress on animal production yields are observed in domestic animals especially, ruminants as well as wild animals. Although there are many studies on the

physiological response to heat stress, the information on the cellular and genetic level is not clear. One of the most important elements of the cellular response is the heat shock protein (HSP) genes. The aim of this study is to investigate the gene ontology and pathway analyses of HSP40, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110 (NEF) superfamily based on the Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) which play an active role against heat stress in sheep. KEGG and Reactome web-based databases were used for pathway analysis. According to the pathway analysis results, HSP90AA1 has been found to play an important role in cell cycle progression and cell survival. Also, in Reactome analysis, HSP gene superfamily of sheep showed high homology with Bos taurus and Homo sapiens.

Keywords: Heat Shock Protein, Heat Stress, Sheep


Overview of By-Pass Type Pruning Shears Used in Fruit ProductionEsra Sedef MiraloğluOndokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Machines and Technologies Engineering, Samsun, Turkey

Pruning is defined as a supportive application that increases the formation of smooth and strong crowns, increasing the yield of the trees for a longer period of time, increasing the yield and obtaining high quality fruit, lighting and airing as well as increasing the pollination rate. Pruning also accounts for 10% -20% of the total labor employed in this area. As in many countries, these operations are still carried out by hand pruning shears in our country. Generally, bypass and anvil designs are preferred for manual pruning and cutting. By-pass pruning shears are often used for cutting biological materials such as fruit trees. Such a pair of scissors when they are examined in terms of design; Upper and lower knives, knife fasteners, pressure springs, upper and lower arms, such as the main parts are seen. The design parameters of the scissors consist of balance, symmetry, weight, strength, blade material selection, the structure of fasteners, color, resistance to environmental impact, vibration, such as variables.When the scissors are evaluated from this point of view, it is seen that bypass type pruning shears are spread over a very wide range especially in terms of the cutting forces they create. When many scissors produced in market conditions were evaluated, it was observed that there were over 300 N values given in terms of repetitive jobs in the literature due to the wrong material selection in the manufacturing stage.In this study, it has been tried to evaluate by-pass type pruning shears in terms of design parameters and some deficiencies.

Keywords: pruning shears, bypass type pruning, Cutting forces


The Effects of Graded Drying and Storage Conditions on Germination and Emergence Performance of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) SeedsBurcu Begüm Kenanoğlu1, Kübra Özmen2, Yasemin Çelik21Department of Horticulture, Uşak university, Uşak, Turkey2Department of agricultural sciences, Science institute, Turkey

Water is extensively involved in the life cycle of seeds and in the environment, either as a vapor or liquid, directly affects seed moisture status.Since the change of seed moisture content affects the rate of seed viability, it is important for seed quality and viability. Moisture content is an important variable in most studies related to seed germination and early seedling growth physiology. Seed drying up to a certain level of moisture in the seed are important for storage. The study was carried out in the research laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences of the University of Uşak with the seeds of the Aydın Siyahı eggplant variety. Drying applications; 20 hours at 20-30 0C, seeds were left on the surface 5 ml of pure water then for a quick drying application in one seed group of saturated CaCl2 solution was kept for 48h and weighed every 2 hours. The other group was incubated for 24 hours in the saturated KNO3 solution for a slow drying and then 24 hours in saturated CaCl2 solution and weighed every 2 hours. After the control and drying groups were stored at 5 °C and -20 ° C for 1 month, germination (4x25 seeds, 18 and 250C, 14 days) and emergence (4x25 seeds, 18 and 250C, 21 days) tests were established. According to the results; at the germination test seeds viability were ranged between 100-8% and seedling rate were 92-8%. The mean germination time was varied between 2.5-13.5 days and emergence time was 8.0-18.8 days. As a result of all applications, seeds were exposed to rapid drying application which maintained the highest viability among the groups.

Keywords: eggplant, drying, storage, moinsture content, germination and emergence performance


Effect of graded drying and storage conditions on the viability of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) seedsBurcu Begüm Kenanoğlu1, Yasemin Çelik2, Kübra Özmen21Department of Horticulture, Uşak university, Uşak, Turkey2Department of agricultural sciences, Science institute, Turkey

Watermelon seeds can maintain their vitality between 5-8 years and they have a germination and emergence performance in the range of 10-30 ° C. Water is essential for whole life stages and seed moisture content has a major role in the ecology life cycle of seeds. Beside that moisture content plays a major role in maintaining the quality of stored seeds. It is important to determine the level of moisture content in stored seeds to reduce quality loss. The seed’s ability to withstand desiccation after hydration is according to the hydration phase. In the study, the viability of the seeds of Crimson Sweet variety were compared with different drying processes. In this context drying practices; 20 hours at 20-30 0C, seeds were left on the surface 5 ml of pure water then for a quick drying application in one seed group of saturated CaCl2 solution was kept for 48h and weighed every 2 hours. The other group was incubated for 24 hours in the saturated KNO3 solution for a slow drying and then 24 hours in saturated CaCl2 solution and weighed every 2 hours. After the control and drying groups were stored at 5 °C and -20 °C for 1 month, germination and emergence tests were established. Germination (4x25 seeds, 18 and 250C, 14 days), emergence (4x25 seeds, 18 and 250C, 21 days) tests were conducted. According to the results; In the germination test, the viability of the species was ranged 100-4% and the seedling emergence rate varied between 44-1%. The mean germination time was ranged between 1.6-10.6 days and the mean emergence time was 3.9-17.4 days. As a result of all applications, the group that maintains its vitality was stored at 5 and -20 0C after slow drying.

Keywords: watermelon, drying, moisture content, storage, seed viability


Leaf Field Modeling with Linear Measurements in Melon PlantFulya Uzunoğlu1, Kazım Mavi1, Sefer Bozkurt21Department of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Hatay, Turkey2Department of Biosystems Engineering, Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Hatay, Turkey

Simple, accurate and non-destructive methods used in the determination of leaf area of plants have an important place in many experimental comparisons. In this study, different calcium levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 kg / da) of melon plants grown in greenhouses, three different mulch materials (mulch, gray and black mulch) and different amounts of irrigation water (I50, I75, and I100) leaf area models have been developed and these models are aimed to determine leaf areas without damaging the plants. For this purpose, 30 pieces of leaves were collected from each application (total 1350 pieces) and wide (W), length (L) and areas (LA) of these leaves were determined. The mathematical estimation models between leaf wide, leaf length and leaf area values are; It was created according to MLR method in Unscrambler software. For the comparison of the models, RMSEP and R2 values obtained from Unscrambler software were used for each model. Thus, plant leaf areas and Leaf Area Index (LAI) values which can be realized by using very expensive devices and / or plant removal in all agricultural researches related to plant development have become possible by simple direct measurements. It is also possible to take measurements on the same leaf during the growing season.

Keywords: Leaf area, growth model, leaf area index


Evaluation as Compost of Animal ManureErhan GezerDepartment of Biosystem Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey

In our country, the number of animals raised due to rapid population growth also increased. Accordingly, due to the large increases in the farm capacities and hence fertilizer quantities in the areas where animal husbandry is carried out, environmental problems arising from fertilizers arise. At the same time, environmental problems cause health problems for the people living in the area. Therefore, the storage and disposal of animal wastes are gaining importance every day.In this study, the methods used in the disposal of animal wastes and the composting technique which have an important place in these disposal methods and Information about the positive effects on soil is given.

Keywords: Manure, environmental problem, compost, animal waste


Effects of Different Temperature and Modified Atmosphere Storage on Mulberry Morus alba L. StorageTuba Seçmen1, Cemile Ebru Onursal1, Atakan Güneyli2, Orçun Çınar11Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey2Fruit Research Institute, Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey

In this study, the physical and biochemical changes of the Mulberry Morus alba L. were investigated during 9 days of preservation at Different Temperature and Modified Atmosphere Storage. The Mulberry Morus alba L. used in the study was taken to preservation at 90-95% relative humidity at 0°C and 2°C immediately after the harvest. Samples stored in Modified Atmosphere were analyzed daily. During the study period, weight loss (g), color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h°), water soluble dry matter (SCCM). In addition, sugar (fructose, glucose) quantities (mg/100ml) were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Keywords: HPLC, {Morus alba} L., Mulberry, Sugar.


Total phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity of Different Citrus FruitsDemet Yıldız Turgut, Orçun ÇınarBati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey

Citrus is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world because of their nutritional value and special flavour. Citrus fruits contain significant amount of antioxidants, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, carotenoids, coumarins and limonoids, which appear to have biological activities and health benefits. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of some whole citrus fruits. The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity of bergamot, sweet orange, blood orange, lemon, grapefruit and bitter orange were determined. Total phenolic contents were ranged from 209.46 to 529,19 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight (FW). Total flavonoid contents were varied between 10.81 and 24.47 mg CE/ 100 g FW and IC50 values were varied from 13.82 to 44.82 mg/ mg DPPH FW. The highest content of total phenolic and flavonoid were found in blood orange, while sweet orange had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Keywords: antioxidant activity, citrus, flavanoid, phenolic


Factors Affecting Semen Production and Thermoregulation in Buck Kept under Adverse Climatic Conditions: A ReviewDehouegnon Jerry Agossou, Nazan KolumanDepartment of Animal Science, Çukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey

Climate change associated with heat stress impairs negatively on reproductive functions in both male and female animals, particularly to farm animals. In buck, the exposure to harsh climatic conditions, namely, elevated temperature and solar radiation causes detrimental changes in biochemical, physiological parameters of blood and endocrinal system. These changes induce important impairment of spermatogenesis process associated with low quality and quantity of semen. To be able to live in this uncomfortable thermal condition, bucks develop some

physiological and behavioral adaptation by reducing their heat production, through increasing heat loss. In addition, increase in body temperature decrease feed intake while water consumption increase. To alleviate heat stress some strategies such as use of sprinklers in feedlots, evaporative cooling and feeding techniques may be used. The aim of this review is to determine factors affecting semen production and thermoregulation of bucks in hot and humid regions.

Keywords: Heat stress, Buck, Spermatogenesis, Semen, Alleviation, Thermoregulation


Milk and Biobased PackagingBetül ErtekinDairy Technology, Aydin Adnan Menderes University

Biodegradable polymers are bio-based or bio-doped materials that are preferred in many areas as well as in food packaging. The main starting point in the production of these materials is to prevent environmental pollution caused by packaging wastes in nature. However, the use of alternative sources in order to protect the natural resources which needed in the production is another important aspect of the issue. Milk is a unique food product which contains its unique protein, carbohydrate and lipid components and suitable for use as a biomass. Due to the specific properties of the milk components, it is widely used in various applications. By using these components in food packaging, it is possible to evaluate dairy wastes with high biological oxygen demand, to protect resources and also to prevent environmental pollution. In this study, it is focused on food packaging obtained from milk components. For this purpose, firstly, information about biomass of milk origin is given. Subsequently, the superior properties of the resulting biopolymers have been mentioned. Finally, examples from the literature of the use of these materials in food packaging are presented.

Keywords: Biobased polymer packages, Milk components,


The Effects of Scion/Rootstocks Combinations on some Fruit Parameters and in EggplantsŞebnem Şeküre Ellialtıoğlu1, Beste Gülçür Kaplan2, Filiz Hatice Boyacı3, Kenan Sönmez4, Emine Kırbay1

1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey2Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Directorate General for European Union and Foreign Relations, Ankara, Turkey3Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey4Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey

Eggplant, Aubergine or Brinjal is a perennial vegetable belonging to the nightshade or Solanaceae family, economically important, consumed throughout the world. It is native to the South East Asian region and was domesticated over 4000 years ago. They exhibit different sizes, shapes and colors. Eggplants come in a variety of colors from dark purplish black, to pale purple, white, orange and green and can be solid colors, striped or mottled. Eggplants are mostly cultivated in the tropical and subtropical zones, where they are used both as food and as medicine. The unripe fruit of eggplant is primarily used as a vegetable in cooking in various dishes all over the world. Aubergine fruits are of high dietetic value and functional foods. Three different commercial eggplant rootstocks were used in the study. 9 eggplant cultivars were grafted as scions on the rootstocks. The differences between the fruit parameters of the scion/rootstock combinations were investigated. Fruit color, length, diameter and weight were measured. Hawk, Köksal F1 and AGR703 rootstocks used in the study, fruit morphological characteristics of the rootstock did not differ significantly. But grafting was effective on the vigor of the plants.

Keywords: Aubergine, health, fruit shape, color, grafting, rootstock


Estimation the Financial Losses Due to Mastitis in Turkish Dairy IndustrySavaş SariözkanDepartment of Animal Health Economics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

The aim of this study was to estimate the financial losses that occur due to mastitis cases in dairy farms in Turkey. For this purpose, the incidence rates and official data of previous studies were used during the calculations of losses for 2019 current prices. While the cost of the disease was calculated for mild/moderate and severe cases, this calculation was made by subtracting the feed saving caused by the disease from the sum of milk loss, treatment / control expenditures and early reforming expenses. As a result of the study, a loss of 528.4 TL (equivalent to 310 lt milk) occurred in a mild/moderate mastitis case, whereas in severe cases this amount increased to 1207.6 TL (equivalent to 710 lt milk). If the calculated losses generalized for Turkey, it was estimated that a total of 1,385,856,000 TL loss due to mastitis. In conclusion, this study may provide in the formation of the resources to be allocated for the fight against the disease is thought to allow to be used more effectively for the livestock policies in Turkey.

Keywords: Cow, Loss, Mastitis, Milk, Turkey.


Effect of soybean oil on industry foodSama Amer Abbas1, Marwan Adnan Ahmed21Department of Biochemistry, Yüzüncü yıl University, Van, Turkey2Department of Industrial chemistry, Erciyes University, kayseri, Turkey

Soybean is an important vitamin-like food, containing biotin, which is one of the vitamins important to the body, it also contains proteins and other substances with high nutritional value. Soybean reduces harmful cholesterol in the human body and protects against Alzheimer's disease, soybean useful in regenerating skin cells and strengthening hair follicles. It has many other important benefits to human health because it contains amino acids basic in the human body, proteins and other chemicals that reduce the protein changes in the brain. Due to the importance of soybean for its essential food ingredients, it has been used in important food industries. Oil is extracted from soybean seeds, due to the great benefits of this oil, which is useful for the health of bones and skin, helps to balance the level of cholesterol and reduce harmful cholesterol, is an oil rich in antioxidants help to regenerate cells and tissue growth and are used as food additives to prevent food oxidation, helps to improve remembering functions, and many other benefits that made it from oils used in the food industry widely. Despite the many benefits of soybean oil, foods containing soybean oil should not be consumed in large quantities to avoid health damage, unless it takes evenly balanced.

Keywords: Soybean, soybean oil, food industries, human health.


Determination of resistance level against imidacloprid of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations collected from Afyonkarahisar provinceCenk Keskin, Sibel Yorulmaz SalmanDepartment of Plant Protection, Isparta University of Applied Science, Isparta, Turkey

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the major pest that cause significant problems in potato production areas. In order to control the pest and to prevent losses, the chemical control method is the most preferred control method. However, insecticide resistance in the pest makes the chemical control difficult. In this study, imidacloprid resistance levels of colorado potato beetle populations collected from Afyonkarahisar province which is one of the important potato production areas in our country was determined by topical application method. In all experiments, 3rd instar larvae of colorado potato beetle were used. Five or six doses were used for each population. Preliminary experiments were carried out to determine the doses that cause 90% mortality rate for the populations. The other doses were obtained from the first dose by serial dilutions of 50% with pure water. The concentrations were applied as 1 µl to the thorax of the larvaes. Three replications for each dose and five individuals in each replication were used. After the application, the larvaes placed Petri dishes which have perforated covers for the fresh air and kept in a climate room in a condition of 16:8 h (L/D) photoperiod, 26 ± 1 °C temperature, and 60-65% relative humidity for seventy-two hours. Fresh potato leafs provided as food in this period and after seventy-two hours dead-live counts were made. The experiments were repeated if 90% mortality ratio at the highest dose and 90% live ratio at the lowest dose were not provided. For this purpose, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1 populations were collected from Sandikli, Suhut, Dinar, Central, Bolvadin, Emirdag districts, respectively, which have the highest potato production areas in Afyonkarahisar province, and the populations were brought to Acarology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Isparta University of Applied Sciences. The adults of the colorado potato beetle were collected from the field and cultured in cages in a climate room where 25 ± 2 °C temperature, 60 ± 10, 16: 8 hours photoperiod conditions were provided. The 3rd instar larvaes used in experiments were obtained from these adults. A susceptible colorado potato beetle population obtained from Agriculture and Agri-food Canada (London Development and Research Center) and cultured in our climate room was used as a reference population. The susceptible population has been rearing for more than 20 years and over 190 generations in climate rooms without any insecticide exposure. Resistance rates of populations were calculated by ratio the LD50 values of the field populations to the LD50 value of the susceptible population. Resistance rates determined for imidacloprid in Sandikli 1, Sandikli 2, Sandikli 3, Suhut 1, Suhut 2, Suhut 3, Dinar, Cental, Bolvadin, Emirdag populations as 3.96, 7.43, 11.33, 14.33, 27.31, 25.08, 9.12, 2.34, 7.46, 8.72-fold, respectively.

Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata, imidacloprid, resistance, LD50


The Effect of Enrichment of Biscuits by Carob Molasses on Physicochemical, Functional and Sensory propertiesCansu İnanırDepartment of Food Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turke

This study was to investigate the effects of adding carob molasses in biscuits formulation in terms of the physicochemical and functional properties. Carob molasses was used to partially (%50) or completely (%100) substitute sugar in the biscuits. Thus, both the biscuit contents were enriched from the nutritional point of view and the sugar content was reduced, resulting in a relatively healthier product. The composition (moisture, ash, fat, sugar, protein and mineral) of the biscuits produced was determined; pH, aw, color properties and hardness were measured. The antioxidant properties of the biscuits were determined as the total amount of phenolic substance as the gallic

acid equivalent and the antioxidant capacity as the Trolox equivalent. Smell, color, texture, flavor and overall acceptability of biscuits were determined by consumer test and the sweetness level by descriptive sensory test. The increase in the amount of molasses resulted in a decrease in L * and an increase in a * and b * values. When the %100 of sugar was replaced with carob molasses, the hardness value was reduced from 24,67 N to 16,70 N compared to the control sample. Protein content increased from %6,33 to %7,61 when sugar was completely replaced with carob molasses. While control contained %24,47 sugar, sugar content was reduced to % 17,45 by replacing sugar totally with carob molasses. The total phenolic content of the control sample was 1,11 mg GAE/g, whereas the replacement of sugar totally with carob molasses resulted in an increase in the total phenolic content of the biscuit sample to 2,40 mg GAE/g. As a result of sensory analysis, the overall acceptability, taste and color scores of the biscuits using carob molasses at 50% were significantly higher than those of the other biscuits. Also this sample was determined to be sweeter than the control although it contains less sugar. Thus, biscuit contents were enriched from the nutritional point of view and the sugar content was reduced, resulting in a relatively healthier and functional product.

Keywords: Biscuit, Carob Molasses, Functional, Phenolic, sugar reduced


Determination of Soil Productivity situations of agricultural Areas close to the seaside in Menemen Left Bank Irrigation SystemsPerihan Tarı Akap, Mehmet Gündüz, Süleyman Şen, Dr. Nil KorkmazDepartment of Agricultural Irrigation and Land Reclaimation, International agricultural Research and Training center, İzmir

In point of sustainability, it is necessary to determine physical, chemical and fertility properties of agricultural land. Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality. This study was carried out to determine some physical and chemical properties of the agricultural land close to the seaside of Menemen left Bank irrigation system which is located in western Aegean Region. For this purpose, 1x1 km grids were created in North - South and West - East direction around the Süzbeyli and Tuzcullu villages located in close to the seaside of Menemen Plain. Totally 25 points were determined. Soil texture, pH, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter analyses and total nitrogen were analysed in the samples taken from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers eachl 25 points. With this analyses and calculations, 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers of soil respectively; texture is loamy, pH is 7,8 - 8,0 (weak alkaline), available phosphorus 11,9 – 7,0 kg/1000m2 (high), available potassium 143 – 116 kg/1000m2 (high), organic matter % 1,4 – 1,1 (low) and total nitrogen % 0,070 - 0,056 (low) were found.

Keywords: Soil productivity parameters, Menemen plain, irrigation


Spirodiclofen resistance levels in Tetrancyhus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) collected from oil rose production areas of Isparta provinceSelçuk Çiftci, Sibel Yorulmaz SalmanDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Isparta, Turkey

Two spotted-spider mite, Tetrancyhus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a one of the most commonly polyphagous insect species in agricultural areas around the world. In order to control the insect and to prevent losses, the chemical control method is the most preferred control method. These pests facilitate the development of resistance to acaricides after several experiment due to their phytophagous structure, high reproductive potential and a short life cycle. In this study, spirodiclofen resistance levels was determined by bioassay methods in the two-spotted spider mite populations collected from oil rose production areas of Isparta province which is one of the important oil rose production areas in our country. In this study, 3, 3, 2, 2, populations were collected from Deregumu, Ardicli, Atabey, Gonen districts, respectively, which have the most oil rose production areas in Isparta province, and the populations were collected and brought to the Acarology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Isparta University of Applied Sciences. The rose leafs containing T. urticae were collected from field and cultured on fresh bean plants placed in water-filled cuvettes in 25 ± 2 °C temperature, 60-70% humidity and 16:8 h photoperiod conditions were provided. A reference population of T. urticae GSS (german susceptible strain) obtained from Rothamstad Experimental Station (England) in 2001 and cultured in a climate room in Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Isparta University of Applied Sciences. Seven doses and three replicates were used in the experiments. Preliminary experiments were carried out to determine the doses that cause 90-99% death of the populations. The other doses were obtained from the first dose by series dilutions of 50% with pure water. The doses were conducted between 10% and 95-99% death rates in populations and LC50 values were determined. Prepared spirodiclofen concentrations were applied to 9 cm diameter Petri dishes under 1 atm pressure using a spraying-tower each Petri dish containing 3 cm diameter bean leaf-disc and humidify cotton on the base. Twenty-five individuals used in each replicate. After the application, Petri dishes with perforated lids for fresh air were kept in the 16: 8 s (L / D) photoperiod, 25 ± 2 ° C temperature and 60-70% relative humidity for twenty to four hours and counts were made. The experiments were repeated if 90-95% dead ratio at the highest dose and 90% live ratio at the lowest dose were not provided. Resistance rates of populations were calculated by ratio the LD50 values of the field populations to the LD50 value of the susceptible population. Resistance rates determined for spirodiclofen in Deregumu 1, Deregumu 2, Deregumu 3, Atabey 1, Atabey 2, Ardicli 1, Ardicli 2, Ardicli 3, Gonen 1, Gonen 2 populations as 1.91, 1.17, 1.17, 1.37, 1.71, 1.61, 2.02, 1.97, 1.91, 1.91-fold, respectively.

Keywords: Tetranychus urticae, spirodiclofen, LC50, oil rose


Genetic Parameter Estimation of Testday Milk Traits in Turkish Saanen Goats via Gibbs SamplingCemil Tölü, Mert Mandacı, Hakan Erdem, Türker Savaş, Cemil TölüÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science

When planning a breeding program in dairy goat production, it is important to acquire the heritability estimates for milk yield and milk content. In this study, the genetic parameters of milk yield and milk content were estimated using an animal model and Gibbs sampling with a flock of Turkish Saanen goats. The data used in the study were obtained between 2001 and 2015 from 368 goats kept in the experimental flock of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Turkey. The pedigree included 452 animals. Milk yields were measured on testdays at 30-day intervals. At the same time, milk samples were taken and the protein and fat ratios were determined; in addition, the milk fat yield and milk protein yield were calculated. Genetic parameter estimates were made using Gibbs samples based on Bayesian statistics and a testday animal model. The analyses were carried out with the program GIBBS2F90. The heritability estimates for daily milk yield (DMY), fat content (FC), protein content (PC), milk fat yield (FY) and milk protein yield (PY) were 0.21, 0.22, 0.20, 0.19 and 0.22, respectively. The genetic correlations between DMY and FC, PC, AF, AP were -0.12, -0.22, 0.82 and 0.96; while the phenotypic correlations were -0.28, -0.11, 0.83, and 0.90, respectively. The genetic correlations between FC and PC, FY, PY were 0.67, 0.44 and -0.02, respectively; whereas the phenotypic correlations were 0.21, 0.21 and -0.21, respectively. Genetic correlations between PC and FY, PY were 0.19 and 0.01, respectively. The phenotypic correlations were 0.02 and 0.29. Results showed that the genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation between FY and PY were 0.85 and 0.77, respectively. As expected, a negative genetic correlation between DMY and FC was determined. The genetic correlation between DMY and PC was also negative. In contrast, genetic correlations between DMY and FY and PY were highly positive.

Keywords: Daily milk yield, Milk fat, Milk protein, animal model, heritability, genetic correlations


Phenotypic Identification of Potential Mycotoxin Producing Alternaria Species Isolated from Bozcaada Karalahna and Cavus GrapesBurcu Kaya1, Gülçin Özcan Ateş2, Nükhet Nilüfer Zorba11Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Engineering Fac Food Engineering Dept,17020 Çanakkale2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversity,Vocational School of Health Service Çanakkale

Alternaria spp. is an important plant pathogen that causes leaf and bunch decay in grapes. Severe infections cause to loss of product by spillage of leaves and drying in grapes. In this study, 125 Alternaria spp. isolated from Bozcaada Karalahna and Cavus grapes were investigated. The potential mycotoxigenic status of the isolates were evaluated on Coconut Cream Agar (CCA) medium by the ability to irradiate Alternaria toxins (AME, AOH, ATX-1 and ALT) at a wavelength of 366 nm. It was determined that eight isolates gave intense, 13 isolates gave moderately intense, and 30 isolates gave less intense fluorescence. Also, the percentage of isolate distribution by grape type is determined. In Çavuş grapes, 6% of the Alternaria species showed strong fluorescence, while 10% and 26% of them gave moderate and weak fluorescence respectively. In Alternaria species isolated from Karalahna grapes, these ratios were determined as 8%, 13% and 20% respectively. Almost 60 % of the isolates in both grapes indicate no fluorescence. For the identification of possible mycotoxigenic isolates, the phenotypic description was made according to the colour, shape and diameter of the colony in PCA, CYA, DRYES, and DG18 media. As a result, among the 21 isolates giving strong and medium fluorescence; eight species were identified as Alternaria alternata, four species as Alternaria tenuissima and nine species as Alternaria infectoria

Keywords: Alternaria, karalahna,Çavuş, Coconut Cream agar


Determination of Essential Oil Components of Endemic Sideritis vulcanica Hub-Mor Collected From Elazığ LocationOrçun Çınar1, Ünal Karık2, Fatih Çiçek2, Erdinç Oğur21Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya/TURKEY2Aegean Agricultural Research Institute-İzmir/TURKEY

Sideritis L. which is a member of Lamiaceae family, is one of the common and most deployed plants of the world. Sideritis species are naturally grown in Turkey as 45 species and 55 taxas. Sideritis vulcanica is an endemic plant which grows in Turkey and is used as folk medicine. In this study, Sideritis vulcanica Hub-Mor was collected from Elazığ location. After the drying of the plant, essential oil was obtained at Clevenger device and essential oil components were determined in GC-MS/FID device at Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute. As a result, borneol (22,75%), β-caryophyllene (13,57%), β-bisabolene (11,99%), β-pinene (10,03%) and α-pinene (7,38%) were determined as the main essential oil components.

Keywords: Sideritis, essential oil components, GC-MS/FID


Weeds as Host Plants for Viruses in Second Crop Maize Fields in Hatay-TurkeyMahmut Yıldırım, Gülşen SertkayaDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay-Turkey

Hatay is one of the most important provinces as a growing area for vegetable and industrial crops such as corn=maize (Zea mays L.) in Turkey. Maize is an important source of food and industrial raw materials. Maize is generally grown as main crop, but also grown as second crop after harvesting winter wheat in Hatay as well as in other many growing regions of Turkey. Biological indexing (sap inoculation onto test plants) and serological (DAS-ELISA) methods were used investigate some important viruses in different weed species exhibited symptoms associated with viruses in maize fields in Hatay. Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Potato virus Y (PVY). CMV and PVY which are known as problem in vegetable crops in the region were identified as main viruses in common weeds in maize fields in Hatay by using bioassay and DAS-ELISA methods. The incidence rates of both CMV and PVY were determined as 2/16 and 4/16 in symptomatic Solanum nigrum, and 4/20 and 6/20 in Physalis angulata samples, respectively. Investigated viruses were not detected in symptomatic Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea and Xanthium strumarium samples collected from maize fields. CMV and PVY were able to transmit to healthy test plants (Nicotiana tabacum, N. glutinosa, Vigna unguiculata etc.) by aphid, Myzus persicae adults. Weeds play a role as host plants for important viruses such as CMV and PVY for spreading to other important crops as vegetables from second crop corn fields in the same region during summer period. Investigation of viruses on weed species belonging to grass family (Poaceae= Gramineae) such as Sorghum halepense, Cynodon dactylon etc in maize fields is in progress.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit Project No. 18.YL.080

Keywords: Bioassay, corn, maize, vector, virus, weed


Main Viruses of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and Their Natural Hosts and Vectors in Hatay-TurkeyBüşra Halaç, Gülşen SertkayaDepartment of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay-Turkey

Hatay is the main parsley production area of Turkey. Viruses which cause diseases in parsley plants and their natural hosts and vectors in parsley cultivated areas in Hatay province were investigated in 2017-2018. A total of 220 symptomatic parsley samples were collected from suspected plants

and examined by using symptomological, biological (sap inoculation) and serological (DAS-ELISA) methods. The most common symptoms were observed as severe stunting, mosaics, yellow blotches or necrotic spots, crinkling, vein clearing, chlorosis, or reddening of leaves. PVY (18.6%), CeMV (14.1%) and CMV (7.7%) infections were determined in suspected parsley plants. These virus infections were also found to be mixed infections as double (PVY+CeMV), (PVY+CMV) or triple (PVY+CeMV+CMV) infections in parsley plants. Amongst the co-infections, most of the mixed virus infection was PVY+CeMV (3.2%). In suspected parsley samples, AMV, ArMV, BBWV, EMDV, TBRV, TMV, TSWV and TYLCV infections were not found. Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae and Macrosiphum euhorbia colonies were inspected on parsley plants during spring and autumn periods. Helix spp., Nezara viridula, leafhopper spp., red mite, thrips and their damages on parsley plants were also inspected in the fields. PVY was positively tested in Urtica dioica and Solanum nigrum. CeMV was detected in Dacus carota (wild carrot) and Mercurialis annua. Malva sylvestris, Mercurialis annua and Orabanche ramosa samples were found to be infected with CMV. AMV was detected in Stellaria media. CeMV and PVY infections were firstly detected in parsley plants in Turkey. This is the first report of CMV infection in parasitic plant Orabanche ramosa which was one of the main weed species in many parsley fields, and CeMV infection in Daucus carota (wild carrot) and Mercurialis annua samples in parsley growing areas in Turkey.

Acknowledgment: This study was supported by Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit Project No. 17.YL.006

Keywords: Parsley, Petroselinum crispum, pest, vector, virus, weed,


Genetic, Chemical and Nutritional Properties of Colored PotatoesEmrah Urlu, Mehmet Emin ÇalışkanAgricultural Genetic Engineering,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir, Niğde, Turkey

Potato which is in the fourth place after corn, wheat and rice has been one of the most widely consumed food in the World. Potato is vital for nutrition in terms of protein, aminoacid, vitamin,fat and carbohydrate. It also contains high amounts of antioxidant. It is known that carotenoids, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins as well as basic antioxidants exist in potato. In this respect, it has been determined that it is a rich source and positive effects on human health. Antioxidant-containing carotenoids (white, yellow) and anthocyanins (red, blue, purple) are color pigments that provide different colors for potato formation. The majority of the members in the Solanum genus group have 12 chromosomes. Some of the kinds include 2n = 24, 2n = 36, 2n = 48, 2n = 60 and 2n = 72 chromosomes. The groups of Ipomoea sweet potato kind have 2n = 30, 2n = 60 and 2n = 90 chromosomes. Consumptions vary according to the color of the shell and tuberous parts of the produced potatoes. Potatoes developed in various colors are preferred because of their superior properties such as more response to biotic and abiotic stress formation, having more antioxidants than white and yellow potatoes and being stored for longer period of time. Red, blue, pink, orange, green and purple colored (crusted or fleshy) potatoes with these properties were developed. The interest in potatoes of this color is increasing day by day. Sweet potato leaves contain dietary sources including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, dietary fibers and essential fatty acids. Bioactive compounds present in this vegetable are crucial for improving health by improving immune function, reducing oxidative stress and free radicals, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, and suppressing cancer cell growth. Researchs have shown that purple and green sweet potato

leaves possess bioactive compounds that perform many functions (antoxidative, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, chemopretentive, antihypertensive). Thus, the ability of sweet potatoes to improve health and prevent diseases can be used as a powerful tool to improve public health and nutrition of this vegetable.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Colored Potato, Oxidative Stress

[Abstract:0011] BKp1 [Bitki Koruma]

General Characteristics Of Desaeses Trees Used In The Parks Of Baku CityShahla AbdullayevaDepartament of Biology, Azerbaijan Sate Pedagogical Universitety, Baku, Azerbaijan

Disease, its constituent trees symptoms and weakness. Fighting measures that are similar to the symptoms of the disease, but are not parasitic or infectious, are different from the infections. As a result, similar external and internal signs of infections and non-infections diseases are grouped according to their forms. Disease forms are multiply, but the partial spread of the disease is not much. Decay - is the splitting and mitigating of plant tissue created by fungi and bacteria. Fruit and seeds have decay and fatigue, as well as root and corpus decay. Root decay prevents the soil water from expelling the roots from the foodstuffs to the ground surface of the plant and causes the trees to dry.Necrosis is the death of separate organs and tissues. Mumination - fruit is a disease that occurs by the formation of skletocytes in the seeds or their transformation into fungi stroma. Dullness occurs in various shapes, sizes and colors from the effects of fungus, bacteria, virus infections, gas poisonings, chemicals and solar rays. As a result of this disease, the growth process is weakening, the leaf dries out, and the strength of the branches is weakened by resistance to infectious diseases and non-parasitic factors.

Keywords: Bacteria, Tree diseases, Fungi.

[Abstract:0063] BMp1 [Biyosistem Mühendisliği]

An overview of hoof care scissors used in small ruminants

Abdiwahab Abdullahi OmarOndokuz Mayıs University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Samsun, Turkey

Small Ruminants, one of the earliest livelihoods of human beings on earth, has largely preserved its place in the agricultural economy throughout history and provides employment opportunities for millions of people worldwide. According to the data of FAO (World Agriculture Organization) 2016, there are 2.2 billion sheep and goats in the world. 41 million of these animals being located within the borders of Turkey. Sheep breeding is carried out in indoor or outdoor pastures and one of the most important health problems encountered is foot diseases. Foot diseases; meat, milk, wool yield and reproductive performance on the negative impact on individual and herd causes serious economic losses. These economic losses can be prevented by regular maintenance of foot care. Nowadays, hoof care scissors sold in the market for maintenance of small ruminants in Turkey constitutes more plant pruning shears are used as intended. These shears can be of bypass and anvil types in terms of ergonomic design. Anvil type blades are recommended for cutting dead tissues (like nails), while those of bypass type are recommended for cutting live textured materials. When the scissors are evaluated in terms of ergonomic design parameters, it is desirable that the forces which are involved in repetitive works such as hoof care in animal husbandry and pruning should not exceed 300 N. If this value is exceeded, it is emphasized that musculoskeletal (musculoskeletal) disorders will be seen in terms of human health. Therefore used in the design of scissors; fasteners, pressure springs, upper and lower arm openings, arm lengths, upper and lower knife thickness, weight of the scissors, as well as the parameters of the scissors are made of which material is of great importance.In this study, the importance of hoof care with hoof care scissors, which are used to support hoof care in small ruminants, is tried to be explained.

Keywords: Small ruminants, Sheep, Goat, Hoof care, Hoof care scissors

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