…revolution of another sort

World Population 1400 – 375 million 1800 – 1 BILLION

Energy crisis – wood and charcoal scarce

(price ↑)

Need an alternative energy source to replace old limited resources (sound familiar?)

Fossil fuels! Coal, oil and natural gas New, powerful sources of

energy replace wind, water and muscle

LEADS TO A 50 FOLD INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY IN ONLY 150 YEARS

…combine new fuels with:

New and increased technology (why?)

Lots of cheap labor (why?)

New Entrepreneurial freedom (why?)

Powered machinery textiles, iron steel, food processing,

chemicals, electricity, telephone, telegraph, etc…

Why Europe? Europe and rest of the world very similar (life

expectancy, living standards, nutrition, etc) Smaller Nation-States led to highly

competitive atmosphere Newness – no large tax collecting

bureaucracy, lead to alliance between leaders and merchants (charters, monopolies, scientific societies, etc)

Competition – capitalism leads to innovation World Trade – forced to compete with goods

from Asia

Why Britain? 52 millions lbs of cotton used in 1800 588 million lbs of cotton used in 1850

Lots of handy coal and iron deposits

More agriculture output meant lower food prices and less farm work meant more workers

World wide business market

Religious tolerance drew skilled labor from other areas

No revolution (like France)

Positive Effects Increased world productivity

New inventions improved quality of life for many

Growth of railroads and canals

Population growth stabilized Death rates fell (people ate

better and kept cleaner) Birth rates fell (family planning

practiced because people didn’t need large families to ensure survival)

Rise of Middle-Class Merchants to clerks vote by 1832

Negative Impact of Industrial Revolution

70% are lower (laboring) class Suffered most and gained the least! Overcrowded, smoky, dangerous, low wages, child

labor, etc…

Rise of Socialism

Karl Marx – Industrial capitalism was unstable!

Those who did all the work, suffered the most and would surely rise up and create a classless society!

World-wide REVOLUTION seen as inevitable!

Reform

Socialism diffused by the new middle class Life had improved and they were protective of those

improvements No desire to lose new status

Wages rising, food prices dropping, child labor laws passing – Marx did not foresee society taking reform upon itself

…a note about Russia Absolute monarchy…still.

No legal political parties No nation-wide elections

Serfs (slaves) not freed until 1861

Forced industrialization New middle-class resents royal control Serfs go from fields to factories (still have no rights) 13 hr days, living in barracks, ruthless discipline

Marxist socialism sounds very appealing…

Why did Imperialism Develop? Economic factors – competition of industrial revolution

Resources Markets

Nationalistic factors – competition of nation-states We’re bigger and better than you

Cultural factors You should live like us, we are modern and awesome

(slavery should end!)

Military factors Protect those colonies

Imperialism

Contradictory to

Enlightenment and reform

ideas?

…the sun never sets on the British Empire!

Britain Takes Over India

Sepoy – an Indian soldier employed by British East India Company

1857 Sepoy Mutiny – caste differences and beef/pork fat

The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India

India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj

1909

Raj = rule

"New Crowns for Old Ones!"

British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli presents Queen Victoria with the title of Empress of India in 1876.

Queen felt that such an act would signify her personal relationship with the Indians and the interest she professed to have in their welfare.

Queen Victoria in India

India

An Englishman in India dresses for his day, attended by four servants. Because of the very low income levels of the Indian people, British "colonials" in India could literally live like princes, with many servants attending to their every need.

White Man’s Burden

The belief (or excuse) that the white man had the responsibility to spread his civilization to others

British reforms in India did include a modern system of education (to train Indian civil servants), economic reforms (post/telegraphs, irrigation, railroads, tea plantations), creation of unified state.

Africa

Lots of resources!

Very few modern weapons!

Results of

Berlin Conferenc

e 1885

The Berlin Conference 1884 - 1885

Agreed to stop slavery

& slave trade in Africa

Africa 1880, Europeans

controlled 10% of Africa; by 1914 controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia

Belgian Congo Leopold II established

trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for himself (He was king of Belgium after all…) – Desperate for control of rubber

IMPERIALISM

1914

China

Brought peace and prosperity Kept Chinese culture including Confucian

tradition and civil service system Conquered much of Central Asia and Tibet Western traders and missionaries flood into

southern Chinese ports

1644 - Qing - China’s final dynasty (also known as the

Manchu)Foreign, not considered “Han” Chinese

Troubled China

Increased population Poverty Starvation Peasant Uprisings

Lack of industrialization – not seen as a need Lack of change/reform

Discontent from within, slow to change and those sneaky Europeans find another way to undermine the power of China

Opium? When China continues to limit trade with the

West, Britain begins to illegally smuggle Opium into China Drains the country of silver Millions of addicts dependent on British Opium"Opium Wars" -

between China and Britain leads to defeats for China.

Britain obtains Hong KongJapan attacks in 1894 ant takes Korea, Taiwan and Port Arthur.

Second Opium War (1856-1860)China forced to accept trade and investment on unfavorable terms for the foreseeable future.Extraterritoriality subjected Westerners to their home country’s laws rather than China’s.

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.

50 of China’s most prosperous ports were deemed "treaty ports" which meant that they were open to foreign trade and residence.

European nations divided China into spheres of influence

The wishes of the Chinese were ignored. This, understandably, created a great deal of resentment amongst the Chinese.

Last Emperor

The Boxer Rebellion – anti-foreign movement

Hundreds of Europeans killed but European backlash leads to European control of most of China

1911 – Nationalist Chinese forces under Sun-Yat-Sen force the abdication of the last emperor Pu Yi

Japan

Only one port open to trade with outside world (Portuguese only)

…highly stratified society with samurai class at top and merchants at bottom – both jealous of each other

Agricultural innovation and rising urbanism

Class conflict (and no real need for samurai)

1852 Commodore Matthew Perry forces Japan to open trade with the U.S.

Japan Unlike China,

Japan quickly modernized and became an imperial power by late 19th century

Meiji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West

Westernization of Japan Meiji Restoration – the end of the Tokugawa

Shogunate in 1867 The Emperor and his ministers (making decisions

in his name)(not Shogun) controls a united Japan Rapid industrialization led by nation

(government monopolies created then sold to private companies); railroads, ports, etc

Fascination with western technology, politics, dress, etc

Military build-up and Imperialism Korea Taiwan Manchuria

Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russia and Japan

both had designs on Manchuria and Korea

Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria

Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land

Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

Ottoman Empire

Rising Nationalism means loss of peripheral territory: Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Balkans, Egypt

“Defensive” modernization efforts – lead to huge debts to industrial countries

Leads to loss of Sultan’s power and rising secularism

Young Ottomans and Young Turks push for more reform and Turkish Nationalism

The “Sick Man of Europe”

…a note about Russia Absolute monarchy…still.

No legal political parties No nation-wide elections

Serfs (slaves) not freed until 1861

Forced industrialization New middle-class resents royal control Serfs go from fields to factories (still have no rights) 13 hr days, living in barracks, ruthless discipline

Marxist socialism sounds very appealing…