What do you think is the definition of horticulture? QOD #6 1/12/2015 ANNOUNCEMENTS We skipped QOD...

What do you think is the definition of horticulture?

QOD #6 1/12/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

We skipped QOD #5 b/c of holiday

Syllabus?

5

What is horticulture and why is it important?You will need to take notes

Group project- 12 branches of horticulture Presentations

Today…

Horticulture is…

P.4

What is Horticulture?

Agronomy- Guest Speaker Olericulture- Guest speaker Pomology- Plant fruit/nut trees Viticulture- NEC Grape Vines Floriculture- Floral Design Greenhouse Management- Turfgrass Management- Guest

Speaker

Nursery- Bob’s Floriculture Aboriculture- UGA Arboretum Landscape- Landscape front of

school Interioscaping- Students take

pictures of indoor plants at places they visit

Horticultural Therapy- Take plants to the Nursing Home

Branches of Horticulture

Define the word Give examples

12 Branches Presentation

What are the 12 branches of horticulture that we introduced yesterday?

QOD#7 1/13/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

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6

12 Branches of Horticulture PresentationsWrite down answers in notes

Standards for plant parts, growth, and reproduction Word Fandango Notes on Plant Life Cycles

Today…

Define the word Give examples

12 Branches Presentation

AnnualBiennialPerennialDormancyVegetative PhaseReproductive Phase

Word Fandango

Identify plant parts, growth, and reproduction processes.

3.1 Compare and contrast the three phases of plant life (dormancy, vegetative, reproductive).

3.2 Describe the difference between annuals, biennials, and perennials.

3.3 Categorize vegetative structures and functions of plant parts (i.e.…leaves, stems, roots).

3.4 Sketch the sexual reproductive structures of plants and summarize their functions. (e.g.,

flower, fruit, seeds).

3.5 Sketch the sexual reproductive structures of plants and summarize their functions. (e.g.,stems, roots).

AFNR-GHPS-3

3.1 Compare and contrast the three phases of plant life (dormancy, vegetative, reproductive).

What is a life cycle in a plant?Length of a plants life

3 GroupsAnnualBiennial Perennial

Plant Life Cycles

Begins when a plant seed germinates (sprouts) and grows producing leaves, stems, and roots.

Some plants move through this phase quickly Others take years Century Plant- 100 years of vegetative phase

Vegetative Phase

When a plant flowers and produces fruit Type of plant and environmental conditions determine when a plant

enters into the reproductive phase Plants growing in favorable environmental conditions (temperature,

moisture, nutrients) will delay plants from flowering Unfavorable conditions cause plants to enter reproductive phase

Reproductive Phase

Phase of slowed or inactive growth Can occur in seeds and in mature plants Plants enter dormancy when adverse growing conditions are present

(Cold, drought, short daylight periods) Remain dormant until conditions are favorable Example: Trees during the winter

Dormancy

Annuals, Biennials, Perennials

Please complete your jobs and sign off on the job sheet

Tomorrow…

What is dormancy?

QOD #8 1/14/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

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7

Germinate from seed, grow to maturity, flower, and produce seed in one growing season.

Flowering means death in annuals Deadheading: producers will remove dead or dying flowers so that the plant will

continue to live and bloom for a longer period of time Divided into categories:

Summer: sensitive to cold and killed by frost; planted in the springEx: Petunias, Marigolds, Tomatoes

Winter: Planted in the fall, grow through winter, and mature in

springEx: Broccoli, Spinach, Pansy

Annuals

Complete lifecycle in two growing seasons During first season (usually summer) plants grow vegetatively Become dormant during winter Following spring- produce flowers, fruit, and die Ex: Hollyhock, Sweet William, Cabbage, Beets

Biennials

May be herbaceous or woody Live for more than two growing seasons Above ground herbaceous usually die in winter but grow new shoots and leaves the

following spring from the below ground portions Ex: Strawberries, Asparagus, Daffodils

Woody perennials remain alive during winter but growth is slow or plants become dormant Ex Trees, Shrubs, Vines

Deciduous- lose leaves during dormancy Ex: Apple, maple

Evergreen- retain leaves at all times Pines, Junipers, Hollies

Perennials

Not seen and oftentimes forgotten Usually whitish or tan in color and make up about ½ or more of the entire

plant body

Functions Absorb water and nutrients from the soil and transport to the plant Absorption occurs mostly in the tips of young actively growing roots Anchor and support the top portion of the plant Some roots can store carbohydrates to be used later for a source of energy

Roots

Primary RootSecondary RootRoot HairsRoot CapTaproot SystemFibrous Root SystemAdventitious Roots

Word Fandango

Primary Root: the first structure to emerge from a germinating seed; it immediately begins absorbing water and minerals for growth. Primary root continues to grow and branch

Secondary Root: arises from the primary root Seedlings and cuttings transplant best when has secondary roots

Root Hairs: single root cells that are located a few millimeters back from the root tip Found on both primary and secondary roots Greatest amount of water and mineral absorption occurs through the root

hairs Can be easily damaged through improper handling

Root Cap: the tip of the primary root Has several layers of cells which protect the root as it grows through the soil The area directly behind the root cap is where new cells are formed When a root cap comes in contact with an object (like a stone) it will grow

around it

Parts of a Root System

Plant root systems are grouped according to their growth habits

Taproot System: the primary root grows down from the stem with some small secondary roots formingEx: Walnut trees, dandelions, and carrots

Fibrous System: root system made up of a number of small primary and secondary roots spread out through the soilgrow shallow near the soil line Are subjected to drought and mineral

deficienciesAre easier to transplant than taprootsMost landscape plants are fibrous

Types of a Root System

Not all roots begin growth from root tissueAdventitious roots begin from the stem or leaf of the plantFound on climbing plants such as ivy and heartleaf

philodendronThese plants are easily propagated using cuttingsTuberous roots- potatoes

Modified Roots

Let’s dig up some roots! As a class, we need to find an example of as many of

the terms that we discussed today as possible Let’s see if we can beat the other horticulture block! Take a picture of your horticulture fandango page and

let’s go!

Let’s go outside!

I will not be here tomorrow or Friday Your assignment will be related to plant parts and will be

for a grade PLEASE make sure you do your jobs!

Take up papers person will need to take up QOD’s for the sub on Friday

Please complete your jobs and sign off on the job sheet

Tomorrow…

What…?

QOD #9 1/15/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

…

8

Sub Plans Stems Guided Notes Leaf Powerpoint Stem and Leaf Horticulture Fandango

Today…

STEM ANATOMY

http://www.mycaert.com/

What are the functions of a stem?

Stems have many important jobs in a plant.

Stems are responsible for the size and shape of a plant.

Some stems are made of wood, and some are herbaceous or soft.



The following are four functions of stems. Stems support the leaves. They hold the

leaves in the most efficient position to collect sunlight.

Stems move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout the whole plant. The movement of materials through vascular tissues is known as translocation.



Stems that are green in color help produce food through photosynthesis. While this is not usually the primary food production, it can be quite important in plants with no leaves or very small leaves.

Stems store food that has been manufactured by the plant.


What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem?

Many structures on the stem are useful to us in identifying plants. When you first look at stems they all seem similar. After closer observation, you will see that it is easier to identify many plants using their stems than it is using their leaves.

The following are some external structures on a stem. The growing point at the tip of the stem, called the

apical meristem, is contained inside of the bud at the end of the stem, which is called the terminal bud.

The apical meristem is the same type of structure that the tip of the root has and is responsible for growth in the length of the plant.



The leaf is attached to the stem at the node.

The area between leaves is called an internode.

At the node, just above where the leaf is attached, there is always a side bud called the lateral bud.

On the outside of both terminal and lateral buds are small protective structures called bud scales.



When the leaf falls off of the stem, it leaves behind a small scar just below the lateral bud. This scar is called the leaf scar.

When the buds sprout each spring, the bud scales fall off, leaving behind a ring of scars called the bud scale scar.

The distance between bud scale scars represents one year’s growth of the stem.

Lenticels are small spots on the stem that allow it to exchange gases with its environment.


What are some of the structures inside a stem?

Inside of the stem, there are tissues used to transport materials throughout the plant.

Stem tissues are organized in one of the following ways.

The important vascular tissues are either found in small bundles scattered throughout the stem or arranged in rings or a ring of vascular bundles, which are located in the cortex.



The first way, scattered bundles, is found in monocots.

The second way, in rings, is found in dicots.

There are three important types of tissue found inside of the stem.



The xylem is tissue that conducts the water and minerals throughout the plant.

The xylem is made of tube-like cells that grow together to conduct liquids.

Xylem tends to be found closer to the center of the stem.

It is responsible for growth in girth of the stem and is generally found between the xylem and the phloem.



The phloem is tissue that conducts food that is produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant.

Phloem cells also form tubes. Phloem is generally found toward the

outside of the stem.



Vascular cambium is tissue that is responsible for the production of new xylem and phloem.

It is responsible for growth in girth of the stem and is generally found between the xylem and the phloem.



The darker wood to the center of the tree is called the heartwood. The xylem cells of the heartwood have filled with

gums, resins, pigments, and tannins. They provide strength and no longer function in

conducting materials. • The lighter wood circling the heartwood is called the sapwood.

―The younger sapwood actively conducts water and dissolved minerals.



The age of a tree can be determined by counting annual growth rings.

During rapid growth, the cells of the wood are thin walled and large in diameter.

• As growth slows during mid-to-late summer, the wood cells produced by the cambium become smaller and have thicker walls. • Each ring is the growth during one growing season.


What are some different kinds of specialized stems?

We generally expect stems to be upright and above ground.

Some stems are modified to store food or to help the plant reproduce.

Some stems grow beneath the soil instead of above it.

The following are some types of specialized stems.



A bulb is a very short flattened stem that has several fleshy leaves attached to it.

Bulbs tend to be found beneath the soil. An onion is a bulb.

A corm is a spherical structure, much like a bulb. The entire structure, however, is stem as opposed to stem and leaves. A gladiolus is a corm.



A rhizome is a thick underground stem that lies horizontally. Hostas and Mother-in-law’s Tongue are rhizomes.

A stolon is a horizontal stem that lies above the ground. Stolons are sometimes called runners and tend to be involved with the spreading of the plant. Strawberries spread by stolon.



A tuber is a rhizome with a tip that is swollen with stored food. Irish potatoes are tubers.


Review/Summary

•What are the functions of a stem?

•What are some of the structures on the outside of a stem?

•What are some of the structures inside a stem?

•What are some different kinds of specialized stems?


http://www.clker.com/clipart-10695.html

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QOD #10 1/16/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

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9

Sub Plans Stems Guided Notes Leaf Powerpoint Stem and Leaf Horticulture Fandango

Today…

Leaf Anatomy

Stomata- pores in the epidermis of leaves (not pictured)Petiole- stalk connecting the blade of a leaf the stemMidrib-main vein running down the center of the blade

Apex-the tip of the leaf Vein-provides support as well as food and water transport

through the leaf Blade- flat surface that is designed to capture sunlight

BladeApex

Stem

Vein

MidribPetiole

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/label/

Leaf organization

Leaf venation

Leaf types (Pictured below are three types of compound leaves)

Palmately Compound LeafWith Pinnate Venation

Single LeafWith Palmate Venation

Don’t confuse palmate venation with a palmate leaf

Stomata

They consist of two specialized cells, called guard cells that surround a tiny pore called a stoma. The word stomata means "mouth" in Greek because they allow communication between the internal and external environments of the plant. Their main function is to allow gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen to move rapidly into and out of the leaf. Stomata are found on all above-ground parts of plants including the petals of flowers, petioles, soft herbaceous stems and leaves.

Modified Leaves - Spines In the case of cactus, the reduction of

leaf surface reduces water loss and also may deter predators. Spines should not be confused with thorns, such as those on roses which are modified stems.

Bracts Poinsettias and dogwoods have relatively inconspicuous,

small, greenish-yellow flowers.However, both plants produce large modified leaves,called bracts (mostly colored red in poinsettias and white or pink in dogwoods).

Reproductive Leaves Several plants, notably

Kalanchoe,produce tiny but complete plantlets along their margins. Each plantlet, when separated from the leaf, is capable of growing independently into a full-sized plant.

Insectivorous Leaves

Plants with insectivorous leaves often grow in acid swamps deficient in needed elements, or containing elements in forms not readily available to the plants; this inhibits the plants’ capacities to maintain metabolic processes sufficient to meet their growth requirements. Their needs are, however, met by the supplementary absorption of nutrients from the animal kingdom.

Pitcher Plants Pitcher plants (for example,

Sarracenia, Darlingtonia, Nepenthes) have cone-shaped leaves in which rainwatercan accumulate. The insides of the leaves are very smooth, but there are stiff, downward-pointing hairs at the rim. An insect falling into such a leaf finds it verydifficult to escape and eventually drowns. The nutrients released when bacteria, and in most species digestive enzymes, decompose the insect bodies are absorbed into the leaf.

Venus Fly Trap

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) produces leaves that look hinged at the midrib. When tiny trigger hairs on the leaf blade are stimulated by a moving insect, the two halves of the leaf snap shut, and digestive enzymes break down the soft parts of the trapped insect into nutrients that can be absorbed through the leaf surface. Nitrogen is the most common nutrient needed. Curiously, the Venus flytrap will not survive in a nitrogen-rich environment, perhaps a trade-off made in the intricate evolutionary process that resulted in its ability to capture and digest insects.

What did you do on your MLK break?

QOD #12 1/20/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTSYou will need a new QOD sheet and will

need to skip a box for MLK day.

SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE IN 3 DAYS!!10

Finish/Print Leaf PPTsGo over Assignments that were supposed to be

turned in

Today…

Review Day! We are playing Pictionary

You have 5 minutes to do your jobs and sign off

Tomorrow…

What was the most interesting thing you learned this unit?

QOD #13 1/21/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE IN 2 DAYS!!

11

Since you reviewed yesterday, let’s go look for samples!

Today…

Get in groups of 4 Your task is to find as many samples of the roots, stems, and leaves

that we have discussed as possible You will present these in front of the class The group with the most examples will get a bag of chips

Sample Scavenger Hunt

Unit Test We will take and grade the test Then we are going outside


Tomorrow…

What should you do to prepare for your test today?

QOD #14 1/22/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE TOMORROW!!

12

Unit Test- You have 15 minutes to study We will take the test and then grade them Then we are going outside to look for flowers

Today…

SAE Planning forms are due! No exceptions! We will begin discussing sexual reproduction in plants You will be dissecting flowers- bwah ha ha ha ha (evil

laugh)


Tomorrow…

What was the most difficult part of the test yesterday?

QOD #15 1/23/2015

ANNOUNCEMENTS

SAE PLANNING FORMS DUE TODAY!!

12

SAE Planning forms are due! No exceptions! We are going to go over the test We are going to go out to the garden

TODAY…

Pass out graded SAE agreement forms Give out SAE Record Books and go overSexual reproduction in plantsDissect Flowers (*Bwah ha ha ha- evil laugh*)

#doyourjob#signthesheet#donttearupmyclassroom

MONDAY…

What do you think is the definition of horticulture? QOD #6 1/12/2015 ANNOUNCEMENTS We skipped QOD...

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