NEJS 140b: Jews of Europe to 1791

Prof. Freeze (cfreeze@brandeis.edu; x62987)

Office hours: T: 2:30-3:30/Fri 12:30-1:30/by appt

Office: Lown 312

This course examines the history and culture of the Jews in the early modern period (1450s to 1790s). It explores transformations in Jewish culture, religion, everyday life, and economics with a special focus on the Hebrew printing revolution; innovations among conversos (New Christians) and Portuguese Jews; Kabbalah; messianic movements; rabbinic culture, women, gender, and family; everyday leisure (coffee, nocturnal habits); material culture; mercantilism; the impact of the Reformation (the momentous changes that resulted from the wide dissemination of the Hebrew Bible) and Counter Reformation in Europe (Christian fears of heresy and competition from the Jews); and Jewish engagement in science, philosophy, and literature. The course traces the Sephardic diaspora from the Iberian peninsula to new areas of settlement in Europe such as Venice, Amsterdam, and London as well as the New World (especially the Caribbean); the development of Jewish life in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; and the recreation of Jewish centers in German and Bohemian lands, as well as northern Europe after earlier periods of expulsion. The course will draw on primary sources (letters, autobiographies, sermons, divorce cases, rabbinic texts), literature, and visual and material culture.

Required Books

R. Po-Chia Hsia, Trent 1475

Mark Cohen, trans. and ed., The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah

Beth-Zion Abrahams, trans. The Life of Glückel of Hameln: a Memoir

John Efron, et. al, The Jews, A History

Learning Goals

To identify the major events, persons, and ideas of early modern Jewish history;

To read primary sources critically and to explain their significance to relevant historical problems;

To communicate your ideas effectively, both orally and in writing.

Course Requirements and Grading:

Undergraduates:

1) Class Participation - 10%: Students are expected to have read the texts for each class and participate actively in discussions.

2) Journal - 25%: Write a one-two page response (typed) about the starred primary sources or text for each class. You should include the following: Who wrote the document and for whom? What is the genre or format (letter, responsa, etc.), and how does the format shape the information? What kinds of questions does the document raise? What is the historical significance of the document? What does the document not tell us? How does it relate to the readings? (Chcck-in dates 9/27,/10/30,/11/29 [for suggestions]; Final due date 12/13)

Type your journal with your name and date at the top and place in a three-ring binder. Please bring your journal to every class.

You will turn in your journal once a month will receive comments and suggestions on how to improve your entries before you turn in your final draft.

3) In-class midterm: 20% (Identifications, Essay, Map Test) – Date - October 23

4) Paper (5-6 pages) 20% on Leon Modena or Glückel of Hameln’s memoirs – Due Date -December 3 (by Latte submission, 8:00 PM)

4) Final Examination 25% (Date TBA)

LATE PAPERS:

Most students are able to meet deadlines successfully. The few who fail to turn in assigned work by the deadline have the advantage over the rest of the class of extra time to consider and compose their papers.

Out of fairness to the others, assignments that arrive after the deadline will not receive full credit; they will be penalized by 1/2 a grade lower for every day the work is late. For example, a B paper due Monday that arrives Tuesday will receive an B-

Please note: Late papers will normally receive full credit only when they are supported by a written note from a doctor or dean.

Graduate Students:

Option A: Same requirements as the undergraduate students (but with take-home exams, not in-class exams with the undergrads)

Option B: (Required for Ph.d. students): 1) An annotated bibliography of all the readings (excluding the primary documents) plus supplemental secondary readings to be decided together with the professor based on comprehensive readings list (see below) (50%)

2) Take home midterm and final exam (25% each)

Academic integrity: Academic integrity is central to the mission of educational excellence at Brandeis University. Each student is expected to turn in work completed independently, except when assignments specifically authorize collaborative effort. It is not acceptable to use the words or ideas of another person–be it a world-class philosopher or your lab partner–without proper acknowledgment of that source. This means that you must use footnotes and quotation marks to indicate the source of any phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or ideas found in published volumes, on the internet, or created by another student.

Violations of University policies on academic integrity, described in Section three of Rights and Responsibilities, may result in failure in the course or on the assignment, or in suspension or dismissal from the University. If you are in doubt about the instructions for any assignment in this course, it is your responsibility to ask for clarification.

Disability: If you are a student with a documented disability on record at Brandeis University and wish to have a reasonable accommodation made for you, please see me immediately. Please keep in mind that reasonable accommodations are not provided retroactively.

Thu, 8/30 Introduction

Read documents before class:

Background: The two Jewish brothers Lazaro and Angelo Nantua were moneylenders in Gavi, a town under Genoese dominion, during the second half of the sixteenth century. In 1592, Angelo got into a violent argument with the chancellor of the town. This incident started a series of legal proceedings against the brothers that went on for years.

“Letter of the Podesta of Gavi: Complaints about the Hats of Angelino and Lazaro Nantua”

“Inventory of the belongings of Nazaro Nantua, 1592”

What can we learn about the position of Jews in the Italian city of Gavi in the 16th century from these documents? How integrated were the brothers in Italian society? What were the “weapons of the weak” to resist anti-Jewish legislation and humiliation? What does the inventory of the belongings of Nazaro Nantua reveal about everyday Jewish material life? What objects were you surprised to find that were present? What was missing? Can we learn anything about Judaism in these documents?

Background: Medieval Legacies and Transformations

Tues, 9/4 The Jews, 147-73

Start reading Ronald Po-Hsia, Trent 1475 Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial (entire)

Thu, 9/6 Brandeis Monday (No Class)

Tue, 9/11 Rosh Hashanah (No Class)

Thu, 9/13 Trent: Blood Libel (write a two-page response in your journal)

Discussion: Ronald Po-Hsia, Trent 1475 Stories of a Ritual Murder Trial (entire)

Tue, 9/18 Sephardim on the Iberian Peninsula: Conversions and Expulsions

The Jews, 174-183David Nirenberg, "Enmity and Assimilation: Jews, Christians, and Converts in Medieval Spain," Common Knowledge 9:1 (2003): 137-155 Renée Melammed, "Maria Lopez: A Convicted Judaizer from Castile," in Women in the Inquisition," 53-72

Documents: *Don Isaac Abrabanel, "Twilight of Spanish Glory," Memoirs of My People 43-47*Samuel Usque, Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel, pp.12-17 (skim for information about the author), 38-40

Tues, 9/20 Ottoman Empire

The Jews, 183-193Solomon Schechter, "Safed in the Sixteenth Century: A City of Legist and Mystics," Studies in Judaism (2003): 202-230

Alisa Meynhas Ginio, "Returning to Judaism: The Reconversion of New Christians to Their Ancestral Jewish Faith in the Ottoman Empire," The Medieval History Journal 12:2 (2009): 383-404Documents: *"Rabbi Jacob Berab's Attempt to Reintroduce Ordination" A Treasury of Jewish Letters, ed. Franz Kobler, 341-343*"The Tale of Safed, the City of Mystics in the Letter of a Moravian Jew,"393-399* Jews in the Court of the Kadi: Responsa R. Mordechai halevi, "Darkei No'am (Pleasant Ways)"

Tue, 9/25 Brandeis Monday (No Class)

Thu, 9/27 Italy: Ghettos and the Renaissance The Jews, 192-200Benjamin Ravid, "From Geographical Realia to Historiographical Symbol: The Odyssey of the World Ghetto" in Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, 373-385.Howard Adelman, “Jewish Women and Family Life, Inside and Outside the Ghetto” in Robert Davis and Benjamin Ravid, eds., The Jews of Early Modern Venice, pp. 143-165

Documents: *The Documentation of Accidental Defloration: Minute Book of the Council of Padua 1577-1603*Responsa of Rabbi Azriel Diena (1528)*Isaac Lampronti, Pahad Itzhak *Judah b. Shabbatai, Shtar mukat 'etz (1544)*Sara Copia Sullam Vindicates Her Faith Against Temptation and Calumny, A Treasury of Jewish Letters, 436-448

Tue, 10/2 Film: The Merchant of Venice (dir. Michael Radford, 2004)

*Text: William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice esp. act 1, scene 3; act 3, scene 1; act 4, scene 1 (ebook)

Start reading The Autobiography of a Seventeenth Century Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah

Thu, 10/4 Italy: Early Modern AutobiographyDiscussion: The Autobiography of a Seventeenth Century Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah

Tue, 10/9 Luther's Challenge to the Medieval Church: The Reformation and its Impac

The Jews, 200-202Documents: *Martin Luther, "Jesus was Born a Jew" (1523)*"On Jews and Their Lies" (1543)

Thu, 10/11 Printing, Reading, and New Cultural PracticesThe Jews, 176-75Reiner, "The Ashkenazic Elite at the Beginning of the Modern Era: Manuscript Versus Print," Polin 10 (1997): 85-98.

Shlomo Berger, "An Invitation to Buy and Read: Paratexts of Yiddish Books in Amsterdam, 1650-1800," Book History 7 (2004): 31-61.

(Optional) Amnon Raz-Krakotzkin, "Censorship, Editing, and the Reshaping of Jewish Identity: the Catholic Church and Hebrew Literature in the Sixteenth Century," in Hebraica Veritas, 125-55.

Documents:*Preface to Tsene Rene*Toldot Yeshu (a scurrilous story of Jesus circulated among Jews secretly!)

Tue 10/16 Mysticism and Popular Spirituality (Read one Horowitz article and Idel)

Elliot Horowitz, "The Eve of the Circumcision: A Chapter in the History of Jewish Nightlife," in Essential Papers on Jewish culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, 554-588.

----- "The Early Eighteenth Century Confronts the Beard: Kabbalah and Jewish Self Fashioning," Jewish History 8:1-2 (1994): 95-115.

Optional: Moshe Idel, "Differing Conceptions of Kabbalah in the Seventeenth Century," in Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century, 137-200.

Documents: *Selections from the Diary of Haim Vital, in Morris Faierstein, Jewish Mystical Autobiographies

Thu, 10/18 Messianism and SabbateanismThe Jews, 227-229IJacob Barnai, "Christian Messianism and the Portuguese Marranos: The Emergence of Sabbateanism in Smyrna" Jewish History 7:2 (1993): 119-126Ada Rapoport Albert, Women and the Messianic Heresy of Sabbatai Zevi, selectionsDocuments: *Pawel Maciejko, ed. Sabbatian Heresy: Writings on Mysticism, Messianism, and the Origins of Jewish Modernity, docs 1-4, 8, 9

Tue 10/23 In-class midterm

Thu, 10/25 Eastern Europe: Self Government, Communal Structure, LeadershipThe Jews, 204-210Adam Teller, "The Laicization of Early Modern Jewish Society: the Development of the Polish Communal Rabbinate, in Schöpferische Momente des europäischen Judentums in der frühen Neuzeit.

Documents: *Cracow Community Ordinance of 5355*Ordinance of the Pinkas of the Jewish Community in Poznan*Responsa Be'er Yitzhak

Tue, 10/30 Eastern Europe: Religion, Culture, and SocietyThe Jews, 211-213Edward Fram, "Two Cases of Adultery and the Halakhic Decision Making Process," AJS Review 26: 2 (2002): 277-300.

Documents: *The Legal Status of a Wife in Responsa Shut Maharshal *Selections from Tales of the Hasidim*Seder Mitzvot Nashim

Thu 11/1 Eastern Europe: Violence and FrankismEdward Fram, "Creating a Tale of Martyrdom in Tulczyn, 1648"Documents:Pawel Maciejko, Sabbatian Heresy, doc. 26-30

Tue, 11/6 Jewish Prague

Hillel Kieval, "Pursuing the Golem of Prague: Jewish Culture and the Invention of a Tradition, Modern Judaism 17:1 (1997): 1-23

Documents: *"Private Letters from the Ghetto of Prague Written on the Threshold of the Thirty Year' War" A Treasury of Jewish Letters, 449-479*Anonymous, "Memories of an Unhappy Childhood," (1668), Memoirs of My People, 103-114

Thu, 11/8 The Thirty-Year War, Mercantilism, and Court Jews

The Jews, 213-217Michael Gratz, "Court Jews in Economics and Politics," in From Court Jews to the Rothchilds: Art, Patronage, and Power Start reading Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln

Documents: * Select probate inventories of the Oppenheimers*“Appointment of Samson Wertheimer,” in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds., The Jew in the Modern World, pp. 17-19.*"How the Jews of the Diaspora Fought the Empress Maria Theresa to Avert the Expulsion of the Jews from Prague," in A Treasure of Jewish Letters, 590-611"

Tue, 11/13 Discussion: Memoirs of Glückel of Hameln

Thu, 11/15 Amsterdam

Miriam Bodian, “Men of the Nation”: The Shaping of Converso Identity in Early Modern Europe,” in Past and Present 143 (May 1994): 48-76. (Latte)

(Optional) Yosef Kaplan, “From Apostasy to Return to Judaism: The Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam.” In Binah: Studies in Jewish History, vol. 1, ed. Joseph Dan, New York: Praeger, 1989, pp.99-117.

Documents: *Responsa of R. Zemah ben Shlomo Duran as cited by Orobio de Castro of Amsterdam

Tue, 11/20 Amsterdam: Religion and CultureYosef Kaplan, "The Social Function of the Herem," in An Alternative Path to Modernity, 108-42

Optional: Steven Nadler, Rembrandt's Jews

Documents: *Isaac Aboab, "Exhortation to Those Who Fear the Lord" (on the Herem)*Saul ha-Levi Morteira, "The People's Envy" (Sermon) in Jewish Preaching 1200-1800, 270-28

Thanksgiving Break

Tue 11/27 Amsterdam: Radical Deviations Steven Nadler, A Book Forged in Hell (prologue and chpt 2)Documents: *Selections from Baruch Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (trans. Jonathan Israel)*Uriel da Costa, "My Double Life and Excommunication," in Leo Schwarz, ed., Memoirs of My People, pp.84-94

Thu, 11/29 England and the New World

The Jews, 225-226

Y. Kaplan, The Jewish Profile of the Spanish-Portuguese Community of London During the Seventeenth Century," Judaism 41 (1992): 229-40.

Maria José Pimento Ferro Tavares, "Portuguese Jews and Portuguese Discoveries," World Congress of Jewish Studies 11 (1994): 123-129

Documents: *Menassah Ben Israel, "How Profitable the Nation of the Jews Are"

Tues, 12/4 Jews and Blacks in the CaribbeanAviva Ben Ur, “A Matriarchal Matter: Slavery, Conversion, and Upward Mobility in Colonial Suriname,” in Atlantic Diasporas: Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 152-278

Mon, 12/3 Paper on Modena or Glückel due by Latte Submission

Thu, 12/6 Port Jews and Coffee

Robert Liberles, Jews Welcome Coffee, chpt. 3 ("The Rabbis Welcome Coffee")

---- "Coffee, Coffeehouses, and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jewry," AJS Review 14:1 (1994): 95-115

Novel: David Liss, The Coffee Trader, 1-26

Tue 12/11 The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

David Ruderman, "Padua and the Formation of a Jewish Medical Community in Italy," in Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe, 100-117

David Fishman, "Rabbi Moses Isserles and the Study of Science Among Polish Rabbis," in Science in Context 10:4 (1997): 571-588

Documents

*"Monstrous Births and Marvelous Creatures," in Matt Goldish, Jewish Questions: Responsa on Sephardic Life in the Early Modern Period, 106-108

*Text: Solomon Maimon, Solomon Maimon: An Autobiography (selections)

Thu 12/13 JOURNALS DUE

Graduate Reading List: FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS ONLY (Option B of Syllabus)

Primary Sources:

Edward Fram, My Dear Daughter: Rabbi Benjamin Slonik and the Education of Jewish Women in Sixteenth Century Poland

Joanna Weinberg, The Light of the Eyes: Azariah ben Moses de Rossi

Sarra Copia Sulam, Jewish Poet and Intellectual in Seventeenth-Century Venice

Martin Cohen, Consolation for the Tribulations of Israel: Samuel Usque

Marc Saperstein, Exile in Amsterdam: Sermons by Saul Levi Morteira

Jonathan Israel, Theological Political Treatise: Benedict Spinoza

Mordecai Kaplan, The Path of the Just: Moses Hayim Luzzatto

Fishman, Talya. Shaking the Pillars of Exile. ‘Voice of a Fool’, an Early Modern Jewish Critique of Rabbinic Culture.

Isaac Rabinowitz, The Book of the Honeycomb's Flow: Messer Leon

Allan Arkush, Jerusalem: Moses Mendelssohn

 General Studies, Methodology, Periodization  Edwards, John. The Jews in Christian Europe, 1400-1700 London, 1988  Foa, Anna. Ebrei in Europa dalla peste nera all’emancipazione. Rome and Bari, 1992, and review by D. Ruderman in AHR (12/2001), pp. 1863-4. Funkenstein, Amos. Perception of Jewish History. Berkeley, 1993 (chapters 1, 2, 6).  Hundert, Gershon. “A Reconsideration of Jewish Modernity,” in Michael Graetz, ed. Schoepferische Momente des europäischen Judentums in der frühen Neuzeit. Heidelberg, 2000, pp. 321-32  Israel, Jonathan. European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750. London and Portland, Oregon, 1998 (3rd), and reviews by D. Ruderman in JQR 78 (1987), pp. 154-159; G. Hundert, in Polin 2, pp. 407-09 

Kaplan, Yosef. “An Alternative Path to Modernity”, in Y. Kaplan. An Alternative Path to Modernity: The Sephardi Diaspora in Western Europe. 2000, pp. 1-28  Meyer, Michael. “Where does the Modern Period of Jewish History Begin?,” in Judaism 23 (1975), pp. 329-338

.

Renaissance Culture in Italy  Bonfil, Robert. Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy. Berkeley, 1994 (1991)  ____________. “The Historian’s Perception of Jews in the Italian Renaissance. Towards a Reappraisal”, in REJ 143 (1984), pp. 59-82  ____________. “Introduction”, in Id, ed. Kitve ‘Azaryah min ha-Adumim: mivhar perakim mitokh sefer Me’or ‘enayim ve-sefer Mtsref la-kesef, Jerusalem, 1991  __________. “Aspects of the Social and Spiritual Life of the Jews in Venetian Territories at the Beginning of the 16th century”, in Zion 41, pp. 68-96 (Hebrew)  Lesley, Arthur. “Jewish Adaptation of Humanist Concepts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth- Century Italy”, in David Ruderman ed., Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 45-62  Roth, Cecil. The Jews in the Renaissance. Philadelphia, 1959  Ruderman, David. “The Italian Renaissance and Jewish Thought”, in A. Rabil Jr, ed. Renaissance Humanism: Foundation and Forms. 1987, vol. 1, pp. 382-433  ______________. The World of a Renaissance Jew. The Life and Thought of Abraham ben Mordechai Farissol. Cincinnati, 1981  Tirosh-Rothschild, Hava. “Jewish Culture in Renaissance Italy: A Methodological Survey”, in Italia 9 (1990), pp. 63-96  ____________________. Between Worlds: The Life and Thought of Rabbi David ben Judah Messer Leon. Albany, NY, 1991     Renaissance Historiography  Bonfil, Robert. “How Golden was the Age of Renaissance Jewish Historiography?,” in David Ruderman ed., Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 219-251

 Breuer, Mordechai. “Modernism and Traditionalism in Sixteenth-Century Jewish Historiography: A Study of David Gans’ Tzemach David,” in B. Cooperman, ed. Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge, MA, 1983, pp. 49-88  Yerushalmi, Yosef H. Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory. Seattle, 1982  _________________. “Clio and the Jews: Reflections on Jewish Historiography in the Sixteenth Century”, in David Ruderman ed., Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 191-218     Ghettos and Baroque Culture in Italy  Bonfil, Robert. “Lo spazio culturale degli ebrei tra rinascimento ed età barocca”, in Corrado Vivanti, ed. Gli Ebrei in Italia, Turin 1996, pp. 413-73  ___________. “Changing Mentalities of Italian Jews between the Periods of the Renaissance and the Baroque” in Italia 11 (1994), pp. 61-79  ___________ . “Changes in the Cultural Patterns of a Jewish Society in Crisis: Italian Jewry at the Close of the Sixteenth Century”, in David Ruderman ed., Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 401-25  Dweck, Yaacob, The Scandal of Kabbalah, Princeton, 2011.

Stow, Kenneth. Theater of Acculturation. The Roman Ghetto in the 16 th Century . Seattle and London, 2001  ____________. “The Consciousness of Closure: Roman Jewry and its Ghet,” in David Ruderman, ed. Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 386-400  Ravid, Benjamin. “From Geographical Realia to Historiographical Symbol: The Odyssey of the Word Ghetto”, in David Ruderman, ed. Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 373-385  _____________. Economics and Toleration in Seventeenth Century Venice. The Background and Context of the Discorso of Simone Luzzatto . Jerusalem, 1978  Ruderman, David, ed. Preachers of the Italian Ghetto. Berkeley, 1992 (selections: introduction, art. by Marc Saperstein, art. by Robert Bonfil)  Siegmund, Stefanie B. The Medici State and the Ghetto of Florence. The Construction of an Early Modern Jewish Community . Stanford, 2006.

  Family Life and Women  Adelman, Howard. “The Educational and Literary Activities of Jewish Women in Italy During the Renaissance and Catholic Restoration,” in Shlomo Simonsohn Jubilee Volume. Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. 9-23  ______________. “Servants and Sexuality: Seduction, Surrogacy and Rape: Some Observations Concerning Class, Gender and Race in Early Modern Italian Jewish Families”, in T.M. Rudavsky, ed. Gender and Judaism. The Transformation of Tradition. New York, 1995, pp. 81-98  ______________. “Jewish Women and Family Life, Inside and Outside the Ghetto”, in Robert Davis and Benjamin Ravid, eds., The Jews of Early Modern Venice. Baltimore, 2001, pp. 143-165  Davis, Natalie. Women on the Margins. Three Seventeenth-Century Lives. Cambridge, MA, 1995 (chapter on Glickl).  Horowitz, Elliott. “Families and Their Fortunes: The Jews of Early Modern Italy”, in David Biale, ed. Cultures of the Jews: A New History. New York, 2002, pp. 573-638  Hundert, Gershon. “Jewish Children and Childhood in Early Modern Central Europe,” in David Kraemer, ed. The Jewish Family: Metaphor and Memory. New York, 1989, pp. 81-94

Lieberman, Julia, ed. Sephardi Family Life in the Early Modern Diaspora, Waltham, 2011. Rosman, Moshe. “On Being a Jewish Woman in Poland Lithuania at the Beginning of the Modern Era,” in Israel Bartal and Israel Guttman, eds. Kiyyum ve-shever: yehude polin le-dorotehem, vol. 2. Jerusalem, 2000 pp. 415-34 (Hebrew)  Weinstein, R. Marriage rituals Italian style: a historical anthropological perspective on early modern Italian Jews. (Leiden, 2004)   Eastern Europe Self-Government, Communal Structure, Religious and Lay Leadership   1. Poland-Lithuania

Fram, Edward. Ideals Face Reality: Jewish Law and Life in Poland, 1550-1655. Cincinnati, 1998 (selections)

Hundert, Gershon, Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004  Kaplan, Lawrence. “Rabbi Mordechai Jaffe and the Evolution of Jewish Culture in Poland in the

Sixteenth Century,” in B. Cooperman, ed. Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge, MA, 1983, pp.266-282  Teller, Adam. “The Gaon of Vilna and the communal rabbinate in 18th century Poland-Lithuania”, in Izraelis Lempertas, ed. The Gaon of Vilnius and the Annals of Jewish Culture. Materials of the Internatioanl Scientific Conference. Vilnius, 1998  __________. “The Laicization of Early Modern Jewish Society. The Development of the Polish Communal Rabbinate in the 16th century”, in Micahel Gratez, ed. Schöpferische Momente des europäischen Judentums in der frühen Neuzeit. Heidelberg, 2000  Reiner, Elhanan. “Wealth, Social Position and the Study of Torah: The Status of the Kloiz in Eastern European Jewish Society in the Early Modern Period,” in Zion 58 (1993), pp. 287-328 (Hebrew)

Rosman, M. J. The Lord's Jews. Cambridge, MA, 1990. Teter, Magdalena. Jews and Heretics in Catholic Poland: A Beleagured Church in the Post-Reformation Era. Cambridge, 2005

           PrintingBaruchson-Arbib, Shifra. La Culture Livresque des Juifs d’Italie à la Fin de la Renaissance. Paris, 2000  ____________________. “Money and Culture. Financing Sources and Methods in the Hebrew Printing Shops in Cinquecento Italy,” in La Bibliofilia XCII (1990), pp. 23-39   Bonfil, Robert. “The Libraries of the Jews between the Middle Ages and Modern Times,” in Pe’amim 52 (1992), pp. 4-15 (Hebrew)  ____________. “Reading in the Jewish Communities of Western Europe in the Middle Ages”, in Guglielmo Cavallo and Roger Chartier, eds., A History of Reading in the West. Amherst, 1999, pp. 149-178  Gries, Zeev. “Printing as a Means of Communication among Jewish Communities during the period around the Expulsion from Spain,” in Da’at 21 (1992), pp. 5-17 (Hebrew)  Popper, W. The Censorship of Hebrew Books. New York, 1968 (1st ed. 1899)  Raz-Krakotzin, Amon. “Censorship, Editing and Modern Jewish Perspective: The Catholic

Church and Hebrew Literature in the Sixteenth Century”. (manuscript)  ___________________. “Print and Jewish Cultural Development,” in Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. 1999, vol. 3, pp. 344-46  Reiner, Elhanan. “A Biography of an Agent of Culture: Eleazar Altschul of Prague and his Literary Activity,” in Michael Graetz, ed. Schoepferische Momente des Europaeischen Judentums in der fruehen Neuzeit. Heidelberg, 2000, pp. 229-247  _____________ “The Ashkenazic Elite at the Beginning of the Modern Era: Manuscript versus Printed Text,” in Gershon Hundert, ed. Jews in Early Modern Poland-Polin 10 (1997), pp. 85-98  Rosman, Moshe. “Innovative Tradition: Jewish Culture in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth”, in David Biale, ed. Cultures of the Jews: A New History. New York, 2002, pp. 519-570  

Jews in the West-Central Europe

 Carlebach, Elisheva. Divided Souls. Converts from Judaism in Germany, 1550-1800. New Haven, 2001

Sharon Flatto. The Kabbalistic Culture of Eighteenth Century Prague. London, 2010.

Graetz, Michael. “Court Jews in Economics and Politics”, in Richard Cohen and Vivian Mann, eds. From Court Jews to the Rotcschilds, 1600-1800. New York, 1996, pp. 27-43

Debra Kaplan, Beyond Expulsion: Jews, Christians, and Reformation Strausbourg, Stanford 2011. Katz, Jacob. Tradition and Crisis. New York, 1992

Putik, A. “The Prague Jewish Community in the Late 17th and Early 18th Centuries,” in Judaica Bohemia 35/4 (2000), pp. 4-140  Stern, Selma. The Court Jew. Philadelphia, 1950 [skim]  Mysticism and Popular Spirituality  Horowitz, Elliott. “The Eve of the Circumcision: A Chapter in the History of Jewish Nightlife,” in David Ruderman, ed. Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy.

New York, 1992, pp. 554-588  _____________. “Coffee, Coffeehouses, and the Nocturnal Rituals of Early Modern Jews,” in AJS Review 14 (1989), pp. 17-46  _____________. “Jewish Confraternal Piety in the Veneto in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,” in Gaetano Cozzi, ed. Gli Ebrei e Venezia, secoli XIV-XVIII. Atti del Convegno internazionale organizzato dall'Istituto di storia della società e dello stato veneziano della Fondazione Giorgio Cini. Milan, 1987, pp. 301-313  Idel, Moshe. Kabbalah: New Perspectives. New Haven, 1988  __________. Messianic Mystics. New Haven, 1998  _________. “Differing Conceptions of Kabbalah in the Seventeenth Century,” in Isadore Twersky and B. Septimus, eds. Jewish Thought in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, MA, 1987, pp. 137-200  _________. “The Magical and Neoplatonic Interpretations of the Kabbalah in the Renaissance,” in David Ruderman, ed. Essential Papers on Jewish Culture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy. New York, 1992, pp. 107-169

 _________. “On Mobility, Individuals and Groups: Prolegomenon for a Sociological Approach to Sixteenth-Century Kabbalah,” in Kabbalah. Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts 3 (1998), pp. 145-173  Sabar, Schalom. “Childbirth and Magic: Jewish Folklore and Material Culture,” in David Biale, ed. Cultures of the Jews. New York, 2002, pp. 671-724  Scholem, Gershom. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. New York, 1961  Wolfson, Elliott. Through a Speculum that Shines. Vision and Imagination in Medieval Jewish Mysticism. Princeton, 1994    Messianism and Sabbateanism

Rapoport-Albert, Ada. Women and the Messianic Heresy of Sabbatai Zevi, 1666-1816, London, 2011.

 Barnai, Jacob. “The Spread of the Sabbatean Movement in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth

Centuries,” in Sophia Menache, ed. Communication in the Jewish Diaspora: The Pre- Modern Period . Leiden, 1996, pp. 313-38  Carlebach, Elisheva. The Pursuit of Heresy. Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the Sabbatian Controversy. New York, 1990  Cohen, Gerson. Messianic Postures of Ashkenazim and Sephardim (Prior to Sabbatai Zevi). New York, 1967  Goldish, Matt. “New Approaches to Jewish Messianism,” in AJS Review 25/1 (2000/1), pp. 71-83

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