cordis.europa.eu · Web viewProject No: 298093 Project Acronym: BIPV-PCM-COGEN Project Full Name: A...

Project No:

298093

Project Acronym:

BIPV-PCM-COGEN

Project Full Name:

A Novel BIPV-PCM Heat and Power Cogeneration System for Buildings

Marie Curie Actions

FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IIF-Final Activity and Management Report

Period covered: from 07/12/2012 to 06/12/2014Period number: 1Start date of project: 07/12/2012Project coordinator name: Professor Xudong ZhaoProject coordinator organisation name: University of Hull Royal CharterDate of preparation: 08/01/2015Date of submission (SESAM): 06/02/2015Duration: 2 years

Version:

WORK PROGRESS AND ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE PERIOD

Summary of progress towards objectives and details for each task

1. A summary of progress towards objectives and details of each work

This Marie Curie research project is to develop a novel BIPV-PCM-slurry energy (heat and

power) system involving several technical initiatives: (1) unique BIPV structure allowing the

PCM slurry to flow across, and (2) dedicated PCM-slurry-to-refrigerant (water, air) heat

exchangers appropriate for building ventilation and heating. These initiatives will have the

potential to overcome the difficulties associated with existing BIPV and BIPV/thermal

(water-based) systems, i.e., low efficiency, high cost and ineffective heat removal. The

specific objectives of the research are:

(1) To design a conceptual PCM-slurry adapted BIPV module and associated energy (heat

and power) system.

(2) To develop a computer model to optimize the configuration of the BIPV-PCM-slurry

energy system and predict its operational performance.

(3) To construct and test a prototype BIPV-PCM-slurry energy system and validate the

computer model using the experimental data.

(4) To carrying out economic and environmental analyses of the BIPV-PCM-slurry energy

system.

Table 1 - The diagrammatic project plan

Programme Tasks Year 1 Year 23

6 9 12 15 18 21 24

1 Conceptual design of the proposed BIPV module and modules-based energy system

2 Developing a computer model to optimise the system configuration and predict its operational performance

3 Construction and testing of a prototype solar façade system in laboratory

4 Economic and environmental and regional acceptance analyses

Reporting/Deliverables D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

M1

*

M2

M3

M4*

*

*

2

Meetings Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8

Over the two-year project duration, all the above tasks have been successfully completed and

these are briefed as follows:

Task 1. Conceptual design of the PCM-slurry adapting BIPV façade module and

associated heat and power system

Task 1 addressed the conceptual design of a novel BIPV façade module compatible to PCM

slurry, as well as associated heat and power system (see Fig. 1 - schematic diagram of the

novel energy system). The critical items are the BIPV module, PCM slurry and slurry-to-

refrigerant heat exchanger, which should be devised to enable effective heat transfer and

meanwhile, minimise the flow resistance when the slurry travels across the absorbing pipes.

Fig. 1 schematic diagram of the novel energy system

Apart from these three critical items, other system components were also addressed. These

include (1) connectors among the façade modules, (2) module fixing-up mechanism, (3)

slurry circulating lines; (4) coupling measure with existing grid and water heating system;

and (5) heat storage.

3

All these components are appropriately connected, integrated into the building façade, and

coupled into the existing building heat and power supply networks, thus forming a solar-

driven, highly energy efficient, and relatively lower cost energy generation and transportation

loop that can act as the complementary pair to the traditional building energy system.

The preliminary design and identification of the performance specifications of the system

components were completed; these are detailed in Table 2.

Table 2 Characteristic parameters of components

No Item Size /type structure Capacity Connection/installation Remarks

1

BIPV-PCM-Slurry module

1600*800mm

1.Glazing cover2.PV layer3.Serpentine tube with fins 4. Insulation5. Frame set

heat out put:0.735 kWelectricity: 150WU-value:<0.172W/m2.℃slurry flow rate:40-87.5 kg/hflow resistance:265-280kPa

Hang onto the wall surface using the standard cladding supporters;With stainless steel hoses to connect each other and to the main slurry line using standard pipe thread connections

Diameter of the absorbing pipes and other configurations of the module are to be validated and confirmed by the following modelling and experimental work

2 MPCM slurry

MPCM28,17-20um

Core material: paraffin, shell material: polymer, concentration:10%

Latent heat:213.5kJ/kgViscosity: 1.07-1.29mPa⋅sSpecific heat:3940-4060W/m.K

Physical stability should be inspected during operation

Detailed physical properties, for instance, viscosity, etc., will be measured afterward

3

Slurry-to-refrigerant heat exchanger

206*76*55mm/Stainless steel plate type

20 Flat plates >3000WCompact, Small installation space demand

light, compact, low resistance, low cost

4 Heat pump 1kW n/a Heat output:

4000W n/a

Condensing temperature:50-75℃evaporation temperature:15-25℃

4

5

connectors among the façade modules,

15mm hoses n/a 1/2'' standard pipe thread n/a

6

module fixing-up mechanism

hanging Studs and support n/a

Pressing, hanging and fixing

The BIPV module will be moulded with studs on its two side wings. During the installation, a standard wall-fixing support will be bolted into the wall, and the enclosure will then be pressed into the supports through the interfaces

7slurry circulating lines

7mm and 15mm copper/stainless steel pipes

Circular n/a standard pipe thread n/a

8

coupling measure with existing grid

DC/AC Micro-inverter

n/a 100W-30kW n/a

Electricity generated by the BIPV modules is prior s to be used to reduce the grid power usage

9

coupling measure with existing heating system

n/a n/a n/a n/a

The slurry to refrigerate heat exchanger is used as an evaporator

10 Heat storage

100L, cylinder storage tank for a BIPV module

1. stainless steel wall;2. >150mm mineral wool insulation

3600kJ storage capacity

connection scheme: as a Pass-by of slurry to refrigerant heat exchanger

Size, type, storage capacity and insulation performance are to be confirmed by the following modelling and

5

experimental wok

It should be addressed that the above performance data were developed based on the

fundamental knowledge and established experience by the researchers. These are subject to

correction, modification and update, through the subsequent computer modelling and

experimental works.

Task 2. Development of a computer model to optimize system configuration and predict

its operational performance

Task 2 addressed the computer model development and operation that are aimed to analyse

the power generation, fluid flow and heat transfer problems occurring in the BIPV-PCM-

Slurry system, which are detailed as below:

(i) Prediction of the operational performance of the PV/T module

(a) Impact of the PCM mass fraction and fluid flow state

Remaining a number of operational parameters fixed, i.e., solar radiation at 1,000W/m2, wind

speed at 1 m/s, ambient temperature at 20℃, fluid inlet temperature at 25℃ and mass flow

rate at 0.02kg/s, simulation was conducted under the condition of variable PCM mass fraction

in the range 0 (pure water) to 20%. The simulation results were presented in Figs. 2 to 9,

which illustrate the impacts of the PCM mass fraction onto the fluid flow state, PV cells’

temperature, serpentine piping’s pressure drop, and the module’s electrical, thermal, overall

and net efficiencies.

It is found that under the fixed mass flow rate of 0.02kg/s, the PCM mass fraction had direct

impact onto the fluid flow state. As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, when the mass fraction was in

the range 0 to 10%, the PCM slurry was in turbulent flow state; during which the fluid

viscosity grew and the Reynolds number fell with the growth in the PCM mass fraction. This

effect actually suppressed the growth of the turbulent fluid and somehow offset the heat

transfer enhancement caused by the phase changing. As a result, the temperature of the PV

cells slightly grew (Fig. 4), and the module’s thermal, electrical and overall efficiency fell

slightly (Figs. 6 – 8). In terms of the pressure drop, it remained a downward trend when the

6

concentration grew from 0 to 10%, simply because of the reduced Reynolds number that led

to the reduced pressure drop (Fig. 5). As a consequence, the net efficiency obtains a highest

value at mass fraction of 10%.

When the PCM mass fraction exceeded 10%, the flow was changed into the laminar

condition, owing to the increased fluid viscosity and significantly decreased Reynolds

number. It is clear that a turbulent flow led to the reduced PV cell's temperature and the

increased electrical, thermal and overall efficiencies than a laminar flow owing to its

enhanced heat transportation capability (Fig. 4 and Figs. 6 - 8). At the laminar flow

condition, the cooling effect was largely affected by the mass fraction; the higher the ratio

value was, the better the cooling effect that the slurry can achieve (Fig. 4). With regard to the

pressure drop, it remained an upward trend when the mass fraction grew from 15 to 20%, just

because of the remarkably increased viscosity that led to the increased pressure drop (Fig. 5).

As a consequence, the net efficiency reaches a lower value at the mass fraction of 20% at the

laminar flow condition. At 15% of mass fraction, the PV cells reached the lowest temperature

and consequently, the module’s thermal, electrical and overall efficiency reached the

maximum level. Furthermore, owing to the lowest pressure drop achieved at the 15% of mass

fraction condition, the module had the highest net efficiency (Fig. 9).

0 5 10 15 200

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Particle mass fraction, W/%

Dyna

mic v

iscoc

ity/μ/

mPa·s

0 5 10 15 200

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000


Re

Fig. 2. The Dynamic viscosity as a function Fig. 3. The Reynolds number as a function of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction

7

0 5 10 15 2036

37

38

39

40

41

42

43


PV te

mpera

ture, t

PV/℃

0 5 10 15 20100000

200000

300000


Pressu

re dro

p, Δp

/104P

a

Fig. 4. The PV temperature as a function Fig. 5. The thermal efficiency as a function of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction

0 5 10 15 2015.4

15.45

15.5

15.55

15.6

15.65

15.7

15.75

15.8


Electr

ical e

fficien

cy, η

el/%

0 5 10 15 2041

42

43

44

45

46


Therm

al eff

icien

cy, η

th/%

Fig. 6. The electrical efficiency as a function Fig. 7. The thermal efficiency as a function of of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction

0 5 10 15 2057

58

59

60

61

62


Overr

al eff

icien

cy, η

O/%

0 5 10 15 2057

58

59

60

61

62


Net e

fficien

cy, η

net/%

Fig. 8. The overall efficiency as a function Fig. 9. The net efficiency as a function of of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction

(b) Impact of the Reynolds number

8


speed at 1 m/s, ambient temperature at 20℃, and fluid inlet temperature at 25℃, simulation

was conducted under the condition of variable PCM concentration in the range 0 to 20% and

Reynolds numbers of 3,350, 2,600 and 1,800 respectively. The simulation results were

presented in Figs. 10 to 15, which illustrate the impacts of the PCM mass fraction and

Reynolds number onto the PV cells’ temperature, serpentine piping’s pressure drop, and

module’s electrical, thermal, overall and net efficiencies.

Figs. 10 and Figs 12 to 14 show the PV cells’ temperature fell with the growth in the mass

fraction and consequently, the module’s thermal, electrical and overall efficiency grew

accordingly. Inversely, the pressure drop of the PCM slurry across the serpentine piping grew

with the increase in the mass fraction (Fig. 11). As the combined effort, the net efficiency of

the module initially grew with the increase in the mass fraction and when the mass fraction

exceeded a certain value (named the ‘turning point’), the net efficiency presented a

downward trend. The turning points of the three flow conditions, i.e., Reynolds number of

1,800, 2,600, 3,350, are 15%, 10%, 5% respectively (Fig.15).

Under the three selected Reynolds numbers, the most favourable operational condition is the

one with the Reynolds number of 2600 at the mass fraction 10%. The electrical, thermal,

overall, and net efficiency are 15.6%, 43.8%, 59.4%, 57.1% respectively. They are much

higher than the average values for BIPV panels (around 4.67%), the PV panels (around 10–

12% ) and solar thermal collectors (around 40%).

0 5 10 15 2030

35

40

45

50

55

60

Re=1800 Re=2600

Re=3350


PV te

mpera

ture,

tPV/℃

0 5 10 15 200

200000400000600000800000

10000001200000140000016000001800000200000022000002400000260000028000003000000

Re=1800 Re=2600

Re=3350


Pressu

re dro

p, ∆P

/ 104

Pa

Fig. 10. The PV cell's temperature as a function Fig. 11. The pressure drop as a function of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction

and Renault number and Renault number

9

0 5 10 15 2014

14.5

15

15.5

16

16.5

Re=1800 Re=2600

Re=3350


Electr

ical e

fficien

cy, η

el/%

0 5 10 15 2030

35

40

45

50

Re=1800 Re=2600

Re=3350


Therm

al eff

icien

cy, η

th/%

Fig. 12. The electrical efficiency as a function Fig. 13. The thermal efficiency as a function of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction and Renault number and Renault number

0 5 10 15 2045

50

55

60

65

Re=1800 Re=2600

Re=3350


Overa

ll effic

iency

, ηo/%

0 5 10 15 2035

40

45

50

55

60

65

Re=1800 Re=2600

Re=3350


Net e

fficien

cy, η

net/%

Fig. 14. The overall efficiency as a function Fig. 15. The net efficiency as a function of particle mass fraction and of particle mass fraction and Renault number Renault number

(c) Effect of the serpentine piping size


speed at 1 m/s, ambient temperature at 20℃, fluid inlet temperature at 25℃, mass flow rate

at 0.02kg/s, and Reynolds number at 3,350, simulation was conducted under the condition of

variable PCM mass fraction in the range 0 to 20% and serpentine piping diameter in the range

6 to 8mm. The simulation results were presented in Figs. 16 to 21, which illustrate the

impacts of the PCM mass fraction and piping diameter onto the PV cells’ temperature,

serpentine piping’s pressure drop, and module’s electrical, thermal, overall and net

efficiencies.

Fig. 16 and Figs 18 to 20 show, under a certain serpentine piping size, the PV cells’

temperature fell with the increase in the mass fraction and consequently, the module’s

10

thermal, electrical and overall efficiency grew accordingly. Inversely, the energy

consumption of the PCM slurry pump piping grew with the increase in the mass fraction due

to the pressure drop increase (Fig. 17). As the combined effort, the net efficiency of the

module initially grew with the increase in the mass fraction and when the mass fraction

exceeded 5%, the net efficiency presented a downward trend (Fig. 21).

Under the above pre-justified condition, increasing the serpentine piping’s diameter resulted

in decrease in the PV cells’ temperature and consequently, the module’s thermal, electrical,

overall and net efficiency grew accordingly. At the same mass fraction condition, the large

diameter of the serpentine pipe helped improve the energy performance of the PV/T module.

However, considering the increased cost caused by the increased piping size, an adequate

pipe size should be selected by taking into account both the economic and energy

performance aspects in relation to the module.

0 5 10 15 2025

30

35

40

45

50

55

6mm 7mm 8mm


PVcel

l's tem

perat

ure, tP

V/℃

0 5 10 15 200

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

6mm 7mm 8mm


Pressu

re dro

p, ∆P

/ 104

Pa

Fig. 16. The PV cell's temperature as a function Fig. 17. The pressure drop as a function of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction and internal diameter and internal diameter

0 5 10 15 2014

14.5

15

15.5

16

16.5

6mm 7mm 8mm


Electr

ical e

fficie

ncy,

ηel/%

0 5 10 15 2030

35

40

45

50

6mm 7mm 8mm


Therm

al eff

icien

cy, η

th/%

Fig. 18. The electrical efficiency as a function Fig. 19. The thermal efficiency as a function of particle mass fraction of particle mass fraction

11

and internal diameter and internal diameter

0 5 10 15 2045

50

55

60

65

6mm 7mm 8mm


Overa

ll effic

iency

, ηo/%

0 5 10 15 2030

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

6mm 7mm 8mm


Net e

fficien

cy, η

net/%

Slurry flow and its interaction with solar radiation within the BIPV façade module were

simulated and analysed. The heat and power generation and conversion processes associated

with the modules were simulated and computed using the classical photo-electronic and

conduction/convection/radiation equations and published experimental data relating to PCM

slurry. Analyses of the above simulation results concluded: (a) Under the three selected

Reynolds numbers and slurry concentrations, the most favourable operational condition is the

one with the Reynolds number of 2600 at the mass fraction 10wt.%. (b) Under the favourable

operational condition, the electrical, thermal, overall, and net efficiency are 15.6%, 43.8%,

59.4%, 57.1% respectively. They are much higher than the average values for BIPV panels

(around 4.76%), the PV panels (around 10–12%) and solar thermal collectors (around 40%);

(c) the module was sized to 1600mm x 800mm, by taking into account the factors of

electrical and thermal output, transportation and installation etc; (d) the conventional base-

plate of PV module was replaced by an absorbing-pipes-attained sheet, which helps increase

heat transfer. The layer set-up is thus configured as glazing cover, PV lamination, absorbing-

pipes-attained cooper sheet, and insulation (e) copper absorbing pipe in serpentine is an

appropriate choice in terms of slurry transportation, phase change and heat absorption from

the PV layer; (f) recommended internal diameter of absorbing pipes is 7 mm; (g) adjacent

modules can be connected through a stainless steel hose with standard pipe thread;

(ii) Simulation of the s lurry-to-refrigerant heat exchanger

Plate Heat Exchangers have a high heat transfer rate compared to other types of heat

exchangers due to their larger heat transfer area. They are composed of a number of thin

metal plates stuck together into a ‘plate pack’. Plate Heat Exchangers, having wide range of

Fig. 20. The overall efficiency as a function of particle mass fraction and internal diameter

Fig. 21. The net efficiency as a function of particle mass fraction and internal diameter

12

applications in pharmaceutical, petrochemical, chemical, power, industrial dairy, and food &

beverage industries, are effective in heat transfer, easy to maintain, compact in size, and low

cost.

The compact plate heat exchanger is considered to be an appropriate unit conveying heat

transfer between the slurry and refrigerant. Heat transfer and fluid flow within an exchanger

were simulated using the developed analytical model under the identified operational

conditions, i.e., slurry inlet temperature: 31℃, slurry mass flow rate 0.02kg/s, refrigerant

inlet condition: 15℃, and refrigerant mass flow rate: around 0.012kg/s. Analysis of the

simulation results indicates that (a) for the specific operational conditions, a 203mm×75 mm

×55 mm (height × width × thickness) of heat exchanger is appropriate, which contains 20

adjacent channels with the total heat transfer area of 0.3m2; (b) heat transfer rate varies from

200W to 3000W, depending upon the flow state; and (c) flow resistances on slurry and

refrigerant sides are 0 – 206 Pa and 0 – 180 Pa respectively, dependent upon the flow rate,

flow state and PCM mass fraction of the slurry.

(iv) Integrated System

An analytical model for the integrated system was established and used to simulate the

energy performance of the novel PCM-slurry compatible BIPV system. Taking the

efficiency, system COP as the major measures, comparison among these systems was

undertaken under different operational conditions. Analyses of these results indicated that (a)

the overall Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the system was 8.22 under the weather data

of London’s summer typical day, which was nearly fourfold of the conventional air-source

heat pump water heating system (ASHP), and around twice of the integral-type solar assisted

heat pump system (ISAHP) ; (b) the size of the system is flexible to adapt the scale and

function of buildings. During this simulation, only a small system comprising one BIPV

module was considered; while the large scale system is expected to achieve even better

performance, by making the appropriate connection (e.g., in parallel or in series) between the

modules.

Task 3 Construction and Laboratory Testing of the Prototype BIPV-PCM-slurry Energy

System

13

(i) Construction of the Prototype BIPV-PCM-slurry Energy System

A prototype BIPV-PCM-slurry system and associated test rig were then constructed at the

Energy Technologies Laboratory of University of Hull. The major system components

including the BIPV-MPCM-slurry module, compressor, condenser, evaporator, pump, water

tank were appropriately connected into a system that could effectively convert solar energy

into electricity and hot water, as shown in Figs. 22 (a), (b), and (c). To enable precise

measurement of the system operational parameters, a number of dedicate measurement

instruments were implemented into the system, while the solar simulator is placed against the

BIPV-PCM-Slurry module. Table 3 presents a list of experimental instruments including their

images and technical specifications.

(a) The testing rig - front view

OutletSolar simulator

Inlet

Shelf

Module

Expansion vesselAir Vent

14

(b) The testing rig - back view (Compressor/water tank) (c) The testing rig - back view (Pump)

Fig. 22. The testing rig

A steel framework and other associated accessories were also integrated into the test rig, as

shown in Fig. 22 (b) and (c).

Table 3. Experimental instruments used in system measurement

Instrument/Device Specification Quantity Location

Solar simulator

Atlas(SolarConstant 4000Radiation unitInclusive 4000W lamp and UV-Filter)

2 In front of the module

Pyranometer LP02-TR (Hukseflux) 1 On the bracket of the module.

Power sensor WB1919B35-S and WBP112S91 (Weibo, China) 2 module power output (DC),

compressor input (AC)

Pressure Transmitter 3100R0010G01B000,10bar, 0-5V(Germs Sensors) 2 Inlet and outlet of the module

Flow sensor 200psi Pressure, 0.5-5 (Germs Sensors) 2 Inlet and outlet of the module

Fowmeter R025S116N (MicroMotion) 1 Compressor outlet.Thermocouples T type 15 Module’s backplane

Temperature Probes (RTD)

PT100 RTD probes 90/00543945(Jumo, UK) 8

Heat pump evaporator section, vapour line, module’s inlet/outlet

(slurry side), liquid line, heat exchanger inlet/outlet (refrigerant

side), water tank

Pump

Water tank

Compressor

15

Rheometer Paar Physica MCR 300 (Paar Scientific) 1 For measuring viscosity of the

MPCM slurry

Data logger AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES - 34972A(2 A3901 modules) 1 Record data with computing unit

(ii)Laboratory testing, results analyses and computer model validation

(a) Impact of solar radiationBy varying the solar radiation from 525 to 825 W/m2, while remaining other parameters

unchanged (i.e., Re – 2930, PCM concentration – 10%, other same as above), impact of solar

radiation to operational performance of the module and associated energy system was

investigated, detailed as below:

The testing results were presented in Figs. 23 to 27, which indicate the impacts of solar

radiation onto the module electrical and thermal efficiencies, module back plane temperature,

system pressure drop, and system total coefficient of performance (COPBIPV/T). Fig. 25 and

Figs 23 to 24 show the back plane temperature increase with the growth in the solar radiation

(I) and consequently, the module’s electrical and thermal efficiency fell accordingly.

Inversely, the pressure drop of the MPCM slurry across the system piping fell with the

increase in the solar radiation (Fig. 26). The system total coefficient of performance

(COPBIPV/T) would grow as a consequence of decrease in pressure drop and increase in back

plane's temperature, but it would fall as a result of decrease in the module electrical and

thermal efficiencies, as the combined effort, the system total coefficient of performance

(COPBIPV/T) grew with the increase in the solar radiation (Fig.27), which indicated that

electricity consumption decrease resulted from decrease in pressure drop and increase in back

plane's temperature was dominant in the total system performance.

16

500 550 600 650 700 750 800 85013

13.5

14

14.5

15

Solar irradiance/W/m2

Electri

cal eff

iciency

, %

500 550 600 650 700 750 800 85065

67

69

71

73

75


Therma

l effici

ency, %

500 550 600 650 700 750 800 85020

25

30

35

40


Back

plane'

s temp

earatu

re/℃

500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850230000

240000

250000

260000

270000

280000

290000

300000

Sloar irradiance/W/m2

Pressu

re drop

, ×104

500 550 600 650 700 750 800 8505.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5


System

COPB

IPV/T

Fig. 27 System performance (COPBIPV/T) as a function of solar radiation

(b) Impact of slurry flow condition (Re)

Fig. 23 Module electrical efficiency as a function of solar radiation

Fig. 24 Module thermal efficiency as a function of solar radiation

Fig. 25 Module temperature as a function of solar radiation

Fig. 26 System pressure drop as a function of solar radiation

17

By varying the slurry flow Reynolds number from 1742 to 3389, while remaining other

parameters unchanged (i.e. I – 625 W/m2, PCM concentration – 10%, others same as above),

impact of slurry flow condition (Re)to the operational performance of the module and

associated energy system was investigated, detailed as below:

The testing results were presented in Figs. 28 to 32, which indicate the impacts of flow

condition, Reynolds number (Re) onto the module electrical and thermal efficiencies, module

back plane temperature, system pressure drop, and system total coefficient of performance

(COPBIPV/T). Figs. 30 and Figs 28 to 29 show the back plane temperature fell with the growth

in the Reynolds number (Re) and consequently, the module’s electrical and thermal

efficiency grew accordingly, because growth in the Reynolds number would enhance heat

transfer. Inversely, the pressure drop of the MPCM slurry across the system piping grew with

the increase in the Reynolds number (Fig.31). The system total coefficient of performance

(COPBIPV/T) would grow as a result of increase in the module electrical and thermal

efficiencies, but it would fall as a consequence of growth in pressure drop and fall in back

plane's temperature, as the combined effort, the system total coefficient of performance

(COPBIPV/T) grew with the increase in Reynolds number (Fig.32), which indicated that the

growth in electrical and thermal efficiency resulted from the heat transfer enhancement was

dominant in the total system performance.

1500 2000 2500 3000 350055

60

65

70

75

80

Re

Therma

l effici

ency, %

1500 2000 2500 3000 350013

13.5

14

14.5

15

Re

Electri

cal eff

iciency

, %

Fig. 28 Module electrical efficiency as a function of Reynolds number

Fig. 29 Module thermal efficiency as a function of Reynolds number

18

1500 2000 2500 3000 350020

25

30

35

40

45

Re

The a

bsorb p

late's te

mpera

ture, ℃

1500 2000 2500 3000 35000

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

Re

Pressu

re drop

, ×104

1500 2000 2500 3000 35005.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

Re

System

COPB

IPV/T

Fig. 32 System performance (COPBIPV/T) as a function of Reynolds number

(c) Impact of PCM concentration (w)

By varying the MPCM mass fraction in the slurry from 0wt.% to 10wt.%, while remaining

other parameters unchanged (i.e. I – 625 W/m2, Re – 2930%, others same as above), impact

of the PCM mass fraction (w) to the operational performance of the module and associated

energy system was investigated, detailed as below:

The testing results were presented in Figs. 33 to 37, which indicate the impacts of MPCM

particles mass fraction onto the module electrical and thermal efficiencies, module back plane

temperature, system pressure drop, and system total coefficient of performance (COPBIPV/T).

Figs. 35 and Figs 33 to 34 show the back plane temperature fell with the growth in the mass

fraction and consequently, the module’s electrical and thermal efficiency grew accordingly,

because growth in the mass fraction would result in increase in heat transfer rate. Inversely,

the pressure drop of the MPCM slurry across the system piping grew with the increase in the

concentration ratio (Fig. 36), because growth in the mass fraction would result in increase in

Fig. 30 Module temperature as a function of Reynolds number

Fig. 31 System pressure drop as a function of Reynolds number

19

viscosity of the slurry. The system total coefficient of performance (COPBIPV/T) would grow as

a result of increase in the module electrical and thermal efficiencies, but it would fall as a

consequence of decrease in pressure drop and back plane's temperature, as the combined

effort, the system total coefficient of performance (COPBIPV/T) grew with the increase in the

mass fraction (Fig. 37), which indicated that the growth in electrical and thermal efficiency

was dominant in the total system performance.

0 5 1013.5

13.6

13.7

13.8

13.9

14

14.1

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.5

Mass fraction/wt.%

Electri

cal eff

iciency

, %

0 5 1065

70

75

Mass fraction/wt.%

Therma

l effici

ency, %

0 5 1025

30

35

40

45

Mass fraction/wt.%

Back

plane'

s temp

eratur

e/℃

0 5 100

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

Mass fraction/wt.%

Pressu

re drop

, ×104

Fig. 33 Module electrical efficiency as a function of mass fraction

Fig. 34 Module thermal efficiency as a function of mass fraction

Fig. 35 Module temperature as a function of mass fraction

Fig. 36 System pressure drop as a function of mass fraction

20

0 5 105.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

9.5

Mass fraction/wt.%

System

COPB

IPV/T

Fig. 37 System performance (COPBIPV/T) as a function of mass fraction

(d) Computer model validation To validate the computer model, the laboratory testing of the constructed system was

conducted under the equivalent conditions to the simulation. The measurement results were

recorded, analyzed and compared with the results of the simulations under the equivalent

operational condition (same as the above experimental condition), thus giving a set of

diagrams containing both experimental and simulation data, detailed as below.

Fig. 38 shows the comparison of the simulated and the measured module electrical efficiency

at varied Reynolds numbers (Re) in range 1742 to 3389. A good agreement was found

between the modelling and experimental data with the average error scale of 0.56%. Fig. 39

shows the comparison of the simulated and the measured module thermal efficiency at varied

Reynolds numbers (Re) in range 1742 to 3389. A good agreement was found between the

modelling and experimental data with the average error scale of 1.63%.

1500 2000 2500 3000 350013

13.5

14

14.5

15

measured simulated

Re

Electri

cal eff

iciency

, %

1500 2000 2500 3000 350055

60

65

70

75

80

measured simulated

Re

Therma

l effici

ency, %

Fig. 38 Comparison of module electrical efficiency between measurement and simulation

Fig. 38 Comparison of module thermal efficiency between measurement and simulation

21

Fig. 40 shows the comparison of the simulated and the measured back plane’s temperature at

varied Reynolds numbers (Re) in range 1742 to 3389. A good agreement was found between

the simulated and experimental data with the average error scale of 2.86%. Fig. 41 shows the

comparison of the simulated and the measured pressure drop at varied Reynolds numbers

(Re) in range 1742 to 3389. An acceptable agreement was found between the modelling and

experimental data with the average error scale of 5.59%.

1500 2000 2500 3000 350020

25

30

35

40

45

measured simulated

Re

Back

plane'

s temp

eratur

e, ℃

1500 2000 2500 3000 35000

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

measured simulated

Re

Pressu

re drop

, ×104

Fig. 42 shows the comparison of the simulated and the measured system total coefficient of

performance (COPBIPV/T) at varied Reynolds numbers (Re) in range 1742 to 3389. A good

agreement was found between the simulated and experimental data with the average error

scale of 2.31%.

1500 2000 2500 3000 35005.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

measured simulated

Re

System

COPB

IPV/T

Fig. 42 Comparison of system performance (COPBIPV/T) between measurement and simulation

Fig. 40 Comparison of back plane’s temperature between measurement and simulation between measurement and simulation

Fig. 41 Comparison of pressure drop between measurement and simulation

22

(e) Conclusions of Task 3The experimental prototype was constructed and tested under the laboratory condition with

the aim of examining the operational performance of the prototype BIPV-PCM-slurry system.

The pre-defined testing conditions are: solar radiation in the range 525 to 825 W/m2, ambient

temperature of 29.5oC, heat-pump evaporation and condensation temperatures of 15 and

70oC, refrigerant flow rate of 0.012kg/s, water inlet temperature of 24.75oC and water flow

rate of 0.0042 kg/s. Under the above condition, the system could provide 585-895W of heat

in form of hot water of 60oC, 97-150 W of electricity. The average overall COP of the system

is 8.14; while the solar efficiency of the BIPV-PVM-slurry module is 83.8%. The impacts of

solar radiation, flow state (represented by Reynolds number, Re), MPCM particles mass

fraction on operational performance of the module and associated energy system were

experimentally investigated under the selected operational conditions. The testing results

indicated, the module’s electrical and thermal efficiency decrease and system’s coefficient of

performance (COPBIPV/T) increase when increasing solar radiation from 525 W/m2 to

825W/m2; The module’s electrical and thermal efficiency and system’s coefficient of

performance (COPBIPV/T) increase when increasing Reynolds number (Re) from 1742 to 3389.

The module’s electrical and thermal efficiency and system’s coefficient of performance

(COPBIPV/T) increase when increasing the MPCM particles mass fraction from 0wt.% to 10wt.

%. Comparisons between the modelling and the experimental results suggested that the

model could achieve the acceptable accuracy in predicting the system’s operational

performance, with the error scale in the range 0.37% to 8.8%.

Task 4 Economic and environmental analyses of the BIPV-PCM-slurry energy system

In this task, the economic & environmental benefits of the new BIPV-PCM-slurry energy

system for use in European buildings were investigated. This involved (1) analyses of the

capital and operational cost of the BIPV-MPCM-slurry energy system; (2) calculation of

increase in the capital cost and saving in operational cost of the system relative to the

conventional BIPV, PV/water and conventional heat & power systems; and (3) estimation of

the payback period and life cycle cost saving of the system relative to the conventional ones.

Furthermore, the carbon emission reduction potential of the system for the use as a

replacement of the conventional heat and power systems, BIPV or BIPV/water systems

across the European regions was analysed. Through detailed economic and environmental

analyses, the conclusions were drawn as below:

23

Feasibility: The new BIPV-PCM-slurry system is more suitable for southern European

region than northern. The energy output of the system in the northern part is much less than

that in southern part. Taking the Madrid and Stockholm as the examples that can represent

the typical southern and northern European climatic conditions respectively, the annual

electricity and heat yields of the system in Madrid are 367.4 kWh and 1986.3 kWh

respectively; while the system yields in Stockholm are only 202.7 kWh and 1034.8 kWh.

This indicates that the system is more energy productive in southern Europe than that in

northern Europe, mainly owing to the higher solar radiation and ambient temperature of

southern part relative to the northern part.

Economic and environmental benefits: For a Madrid building with the potential to install

the BIPV, BIPV/water and BIPV-PCM-slurry systems, the relevant payback periods are 41.3,

7.6 and 4.7 years respectively. For a Stockholm building with the potential to install the

BIPV, BIPV/water and BIPV-PCM-slurry systems, the relevant payback periods are 41.3, 7.6

and 4.7 years respectively. Both cases in combination indicated that the BIPV-PCM-slurry

system demonstrated that greater economic benefits than the other two systems.

The life cycle costs (LCCs) per kWhe output in the three systems varied with the climatic

conditions. In Madrid which has a typical southern European climatic condition, the LCCs

per kWhe output for the BIPV, BIPV/water and BIPV-PCM-Slurry systems are 0.39 €, 0.15

€, and 0.34 € respectively. In Stockholm which has a typical northern European climatic

condition, the LCCs per kWhe output for the three systems are 0.85 €, 0.23 €, and 0.05 €

respectively. Compared to the other two systems, the BIPV-PCM-slurry system can obtain

the greater benefits in terms of return-for-investment.

The CO2 Emission Reductions potentials of the three systems are also climatic dependent.

For the southern European climatic condition represented by Madrid, the carbon emission

reduction values of the three systems relative to the conventional heat and power systems are

1.6 tons, 14.2 tons, and 26.3 tons per annum respectively. For the northern climatic condition

represented by Stockholm, the carbon emission reduction values of the three systems relative

to the conventional heat and power systems are 0.8 tons, 7.5 tons, and 13.2 tons per annum

respectively, which are much smaller than that in Madrid. Of the three comparable systems,

the BIPV-PCM-slurry system presents the greatest potential in cutting the carbon emission to

the environment.

24

Summary of the progress of the researcher training activities/transfer of knowledge

activities/integration activities

22th Jan 2013:

Attending Endnote Training course

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended Endnote Training course. Endnote is becoming the global standard

referencing software and is important for anyone who writes journal or conference papers, theses or

dissertations, Mr Paul Chin from Skills gave a talk to the staff and students in Hull including the

researcher.

10th April 2013:

Attending a seminar

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended an EESE seminar presented by Steve Clarke from Smart Wind, who is

also the visiting professor at Hull University. He involved in a discussion on the research and funding

issues relating to the offshore wind energy.

9th May 2013:

Involving in the Hull University’s showcase affair.

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu (MC fellow) involved a University showcase affair for scientific researches. This

provided him with an opportunity to demonstrate his research to the local people in HULL, including

technical and non-technical personnel. Through the exhibition of poster and experimental

interpretation, the visitors would be able to understand the general knowledge of the renewable energy

technologies and their applications in day-to-day life.

26th August 2013:

Attending an international conference (SET 2013)

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended an international conference entitled ‘The 12 th International Conference

on Sustainable Energy Technologies (SET 2013)’ hosted by Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He

gave a technical presentation introducing the preliminary findings of the project and attended several

sessions to discuss the project related questions.

5th-6th Sept 2013:

Involving a technological and business opportunity seminar.

Dr Zhongzhu Qiu participated in a seminar involving discussion of the technological and business

development with a group of professionals from the UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden,

25

Denmark, USA, Hong Kong, and Chinese mainland; he made effort to introduce the research concept

into the participants.

Aug-Sept 2013:

Giving lectures and supervising doctoral and master students.

Dr Zhongzhu Qiu gave lectures in Shanghai University of Electric Power (SUEP) and participated in

several seminars held in China and supervised 2 PhD and 8 MSc students in SUEP in the subjects of

sustainable energy technologies and their applications in buildings; these activities helped disseminate

the project findings to his original country, China.

9th December 2013:

Attending an Inaugural Lecture

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended the Inaugural Lecture presented by Professor Xudong Zhao; during

which, he made useful communication with the Lord Mayor of Kingston upon Hull, Councillor

Nadine Fudge, as well as many academic staff, and PhD/Msc students within the Hull University and

beyond. His research formed part of Professor Xudong Zhao's presentation context.

2th Feb 2014

Workshop Training

Dr Zhongzhu Qiu attended a workshop training programme organised by the University of Hull,

which is designed for the staff involving laboratory activities, addressing health and safety related

issues. This helped him to proceed the laboratory work in relation to the project

14th Apr 2014

Attending a Lecture

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended the lecture presented by Professor Henggen Shen, Donghua University,

China, where he made useful discussion with Professor Shen and other attendee in relation to solar

energy usage and thermal energy storage by use of microencapsulated phase change material slurries,

which is part of his research work under the EU Marie Curie Programme.

20th May 2014

Attending a Lecture

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended the lecture presented by Professor Jie Ji, University of Science and

Technology of China, who is one of the most famous researchers in the area solar energy utilization;

during which, Dr Qiu made useful communication with Professor Jie Ji and other attendee on the

issues associated with solar energy utilization and the feasibility of thermal energy storage by use of

26

microencapsulated phase change material slurries, which helped disseminate the research results

delivered from this project.

5th July 2014

Attending a Lecture

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu attended the lecture presented by Professor Jihuan Xu, Tongji University of China;

during discussion, Dr Qiu disseminated the idea about the feasibility of solar thermal energy storage

by use of microencapsulated phase change material slurries. Again this helped disseminate the

research results delivered from this project.

16th Oct 2014

Involving in a site inspection on building energy conservation retrofit

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu involved in a site inspection on building energy conservation retrofit at History

Centre of Hull; Dr Qiu prepared a preliminary proposal on the feasibility of building energy saving

retrofit and application of solar energy. He intended to apply part of the research outcomes from this

project into the practical engineering project in Hull.

December 2012-November 2014:

Supervising both PhD and MSc students

Dr. Zhongzhu Qiu involved in both PhD and MSc students supervision within Hull and beyond: To

maximise the impact of this fellowship project, a PhD student and a MSc student have been brought

into the project working with the fellow. As the students' study topics are in line with the overall

objective of this fellowship project, these students are jointly supervised by Prof. Zhao and Dr. Qiu.

Dr Qiu also gave lectures to his home university (Shanghai University of Electric Power) at a regular

base, at roughly every 6 month. This helped transfer the knowledge and expertise he obtained from

the project to the educated youths in China.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Based on the project, several refereed research papers have been published or submitted, detailed as

follows:

1. Zhongzhu Qiu, Xudong Zhao, Samira A. Ali, Peng Li, Microencapsulated Phase Change Material

(MPCM) Suspension: Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid? Proceedings of 12th International

Conference on Sustainable Energy technologies (SET-2013), Hong Kong, Aug 26-29th, 1014-

1019

27

2. Zhongzhu Qiu, Xudong Zhao, Samira A. Ali, Peng Li, " Theoretical Investigation of the Energy

Performance of a Novel MPCM Slurry Based PV/T Module ", Energy, accepted with minor

correction.

3. Zhongzhu Qiu, Xudong Zhao, Samira A. Ali, Peng Li, " experimental Investigation of the Energy

Performance of a Novel MPCM Slurry Based PV/T Module ", to be submitted to 'Energy'.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Over the two years project duration, the incoming researcher had a very good cooperation with host

institution that has generated significant outcomes, including 3 papers, 2 EU proposals, 1 PhD and 1

MSc training, and numerous public presentations.

The progress of project went very well in line with the proposed project plan. By the end of the

project, all tasks have been successfully completed.

28

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