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Chapter 14: The Gastrointestinal (GI) System
Digestion Overview Food enters the mouth, travels down the esophagus into the stomach, followed by the small
intestine, large intestine, and finally the anus, where it leaves the body.
Function of the GI tract1. ______________________________________________
Food taken in and digested mechanically by the mouth and chemically by digestive enzymes in the body
2. ______________________________________________ Nutrients from food (sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids) enter the bloodstream via the
walls of the small intestine and go to cells in the body Cells burn/breakdown (catabolize) nutrients, in presence of oxygen, to release energy Cells use amino acids to build (anabolize) large protein molecules for growth and
development
3. ______________________________________________ Solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed are concentrated (feces) in the large
intestine and pass out of the body
Anatomy of the GI tract Oral cavity: cheeks, lips, hard palate, soft palate, rugae, uvula, tongue, tonsils, gums, teeth, salivary
glands ___________________________________________(chewing) and ____________________________________________
(swallowing) break down and move food to stomach via the esophagus
______________________________________________________________ produce saliva that contains digestive enzymes that help break down food
Pharynx: also called throat Is a muscular tube or passageway for food to pass through the esophagus (and air to the
trachea) When you wall, a flap called the _____________________________________________________ covers the
trachea so food does not enter the windpipe
___________________________________________________ a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach Involuntary rhythmic muscular contractions called ______________________________________________
move the food down to the stomach
Stomach: Contains enzymes and acid to prepare food for the intestine Sphincters control the openings into (cardiac sphincter) and out of (pyloric sphincter) the
stomach. Digestion takes about 1-4 hours
Small intestine: Extends about 20 ft. Contains villi (microscopic projections) that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
3 parts: _______________________________________________________________________________________________
Large intestine: Extends about 5 ft, but 2x as wide as the small intestine Receives the waste products of digestion Absorbs most of the water from the waste and expels the waste in the form of feces
Liver: Produces bile Maintains normal glucose levels Removes poisons from the body
Gall bladder: Stores bile
Pancreas: Secretes enzymes to digest fat Secretes insulin that carries glucose into the cells to be used for energy
Clinical Divisions of GI tract
Diagnoses assoc. with GI tract
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Heart burn Backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus which causes a burning sensation in the
esophagus and chest Often due to abnormal function of cardiac sphincter which prevents it from
completely closing
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sore in the stomach lining, duodenum, or other part of the GI tract exposed to gastric juices.
Commonly caused by a bacterial infection
Hepatitis Hepatitis A
Infectious inflammation of liver caused by
_________________________________________________________________________ usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
Hepatitis B Infectious inflammation of liver cause by
__________________________________________________________________________ that is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
Hepatitis C Inflammation of liver caused by
___________________________________________________________________________ transmitted by exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually)
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AKA upper GI endoscopy
Used to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas
___________________________________________________________________ A tube inserted through the nose and into the stomach for a variety of purposes
Feeding Obtain specimens for analysis