testbank10.com€¦ · Web viewCHAPTER 1. What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals....

CHAPTER 1

What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

Chapter 1 Multiple Choice

1. A formal written enactment of a legislative body is known as aa. Crime.b. Theory.c. Deviant act.d. Statute.

Answer: DObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 3Level: Basic

2. People appear to be particularly fascinated by _________ crime.a. Violentb. Propertyc. Victimlessd. Common law

Answer: AObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 2Level: Basic

3. The view of crime as human conduct that violates the criminal law is drawn from a __________ perspective.a. Sociologicalb. Psychologicalc. Legalisticd. Philosophical

Answer: CObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 2Level: Intermediate

4. The process of ___________ makes some forms of behavior illegal.a. Legalizationb. Illegalizationc. Statutizationd. Criminalization

Answer: DObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 3Level: Basic

5. ____________ is human activity that violates social norms. a. Crimeb. Deviant behaviorc. Crueltyd. Adaptive behavior

Answer: BObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 3Level: Basic

6. Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is true?a. All deviant behavior is criminal.b. All criminal behavior is deviant.c. Deviant behavior and criminal behavior overlap.d. Deviant behavior and criminal behavior are identical.

Answer: CObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 3Level: Intermediate

7. The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized througha. General agreement of members of society.b. The existence of shared norms and values.c. A political process.d. None of the above.

Answer: CObjective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralistic perspective.Page number: 4Level: Basic

8. The __________ perspective is most applicable to homogeneous societies. a. Legalisticb. Consensusc. Pluralisticd. Political

Answer: BObjective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralistic perspective.Page number: 4Level: Basic

9. Which of the following individuals probably would not be considered a criminalist?a. Forensics examinerb. Polygraph operatorc. Fingerprint examinerd. Correctional officer

Answer: DObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

10. A police officer or probation officer is best described as aa. Criminologist.b. Criminalist.c. Criminal justice professional.d. None of the above

Answer: CObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

11. An academic or research criminologist generally holds a ____________ degree.a. Doctoralb. Lawc. Medicald. None of the above

Answer: AObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

12. Criminologists work for a. Universities and other academic institutions.b. Federal research agencies.c. Private research organizations.d. All of the above

Answer: DObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Intermediate

13. The number of personnel employed by private security agencies today is approximately ________ that of public law enforcement agencies. a. Halfb. Equal toc. Twiced. Four times

Answer: CObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

14. Which of the following is not one of the three elements included in Edwin Sutherland’s definition of criminology?a. The process of breaking lawsb. The process of making lawsc. How we react to the breaking of lawsd. The operation of the criminal justice system

Answer: DObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 6Level: Intermediate

15. Criminology isa. A field of study.b. A collection of theories.c. A profession.d. All of the above

Answer: DObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology. Page number: 6Level: Basic

16. Criminal justice emphasizes a. The application of the criminal law.b. The study of the components of the criminal justice system. c. Both a and bd. Neither a nor b

Answer: CObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 6Level: Basic

17. A(n) _________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. a. Completeb. Unicausalc. Integratedd. General

Answer: DObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 6Level: Basic

18. A(n) _________ is made up of clearly stated propositions suggesting relationships between events and occurrences being studied.a. Theoryb. Hypothesis

c. Componentd. Sample

Answer: AObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 6Level: Basic

19. _________ theories have potentially wider explanatory power than other types.a. Completeb. Unicausalc. Integratedd. General

Answer: CObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 7Level: Basic

20. The concept of ________ refers to the view that social events are interpreted differently according to the viewer.a. Social primacyb. Social relativityc. Causalityd. Politicization

Answer: BObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 8Level: Basic

21. Contemporary criminologists operate primarily from a _________ perspective.a. Psychologicalb. Biologicalc. Sociologicald. Medical

Answer: CObjective: Explain how criminology works with other disciplines and how it impacts the making of laws and social policy.Page number: 8Level: Basic

22. The Bureau of Justice Statistics is responsible for thea. Uniform Crime Reporting Program.b. National Crime Victimization Survey.c. National Incident Based Reporting Program.d. All of the above

Answer: BObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.

Page number: 9Level: Basic

23. The __________ is considered by many researchers to be a more accurate measure of the actual incidence of crime in the United States.a. UCRb. NIBRSc. NCVSd. They are all equally accurate

Answer: CObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 9Level: Basic

24. According to the NCVS, _________ is the least likely crime to be reported to the police.a. Arsonb. Larcenyc. Motor vehicle theftd. Burglary

Answer: BObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 10Level: Basic

25. According to the NCVS, _________ crimes are most likely to be reported to the police.a. Violentb. Propertyc. Householdd. None of the above

Answer: AObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 10Level: Basic

26. One of the two most common reasons for not reporting violent crime is that the victima. Fears future victimization by the same offender.b. Believes the police will be ineffective in solving the crime.c. Is embarrassed over the type of victimization.d. Considers the crime to be a private matter.

Answer: DObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 10Level: Basic

27. Which of the following crimes was not one of the original seven UCR Part I offenses?a. Arson

b. Robberyc. Burglaryd. Aggravated assault


28. Which of the following is not considered a property crime by the UCR?a. Burglaryb. Robberyc. Arsond. Theft


29. The proportion of reported or discovered crime within a given offense category which is solved by the police is known as the __________ rate.a. Arrestb. Indexc. Clearanced. Indictment


30. Which of the following is not a reason why rape victims fail to report their victimization?a. Fear of the perpetratorb. Shamec. Fear of participation in the criminal justice systemd. Fear that the crime is not important enough to report


31. The category of crimes in NIBRS which corresponds most closely to the UCR Part I offenses isa. Part I crimesb. NIBRS key crimesc. Group A offensesd. None of the above

Answer: C

Objective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 12Level: Basic

32. The first major shift in crime rates in the United States since the beginning of the collection of official crime statistics was probably due to thea. Start of the Great Depression.b. Outbreak of World War I.c. Outbreak of World War II.d. Assassination of President John F. Kennedy.


33. Which of the following was not a possible cause of the decrease in reported crime that occurred between 1991 and 2007?a. New strict laws, an expanded justice system, and an increase in police fundingb. Changes in crime-fighting technologiesc. Economic expansiond. Social upheaval


34. Which of the following is not a finding of the National Youth Survey?a. Females are involved in a smaller proportion of crime than previously thought.b. Violent offenders begin lives of crime earlier than originally believed.c. Race differentials in crime are smaller than traditional data sources indicated.d. There is a consistent progression from less serious to more serious acts of

delinquency over time.Answer: AObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 14Level: Basic

35. According to the various professional groups, violence in television, music, video games, and moviesa. May lead to increased levels of violent behavior among children.b. May lead to decreased levels of violent behavior among children.c. May have no effect on levels of violent behavior among children.d. May lead to emotional sensitization toward violence in real life.

Answer: AObjective: Explain how criminology works with other disciplines and how it impacts the making of laws and social policy.

Page number: 15Level: Intermediate

36. According the National Crime Victimization Survey, which of the following crimes is least likely to be reported to the police?

a. Motor vehicle theftb. Burglaryc. Arsond. Larceny


37. Which of the following crimes is not a Part I offense of the Uniform Crime Report?a. Robberyb. Kidnappingc. Arsond. Motor vehicle theft


38. Which of the following statements is true? a. Crime increased in the United States from 1933 to 1941, mostly because of the

war.b. Crime increased in the United States from 1991 to 2010, mostly because of

unemployment.c. Crime increased in the United States from 1960 to 1980, partly because baby

boomers were getting older.d. All of the above statements are true.

Answer: CObjective: Summarize statistics and trends in U. S. crime rates.Page number: 12Level: Intermediate

Chapter 1 True/False

1. People are fascinated by crime because it is inexplicable.a. Trueb. False


2. A behavior can be a crime even if there is no law defining that behavior.a. Trueb. False


3. The legalistic perspective recognizes that laws are social products.a. Trueb. False


4. All forms of deviant behavior are violations of the criminal law.a. Trueb. False


5. Some types of common and accepted behavior may be illegal.a. Trueb. False


6. It is possible for a behavior to be illegal in one jurisdiction but legal in another.a. Trueb. False


7. The consensus perspective applies primarily to homogeneous societies.a. Trueb. False

Answer: AObjective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.


8. In the U. S., we have achieved a shared consensus regarding what should be criminal.a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.Page number: 4Level: Basic

9. A criminalist studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

10. Most criminologists who hold doctoral degrees teach criminology or related subjects in colleges and universities.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: AObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

11. The term criminology is believed to have been coined by Edwin Sutherland.a. Trueb. False


12. A definition developed from linguistic analysis of the term criminology focuses on criminology as a discipline.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists. Page number: 6Level: Basic

13. Criminology focuses on the causes of crime and does not consider possible solutions to the crime problem.

a. Trueb. False


14. Criminology is primarily a collection of theories, rather than a profession.a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists. Page number: 6Level: Basic

15. Theoretical criminology attempts to explain criminal behavior.a. Trueb. False


16. A general theory of crime focuses on explaining one specific type of criminal behavior.a. Trueb. False


17. Crime is a social construction.a. Trueb. False


18. Crime does not affect everyone equally.a. Trueb. False

Answer: AObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.


19. Criminology is an interdisciplinary profession.a. Trueb. False


20. Most contemporary criminologists operate from a biological perspective.a. Trueb. False


21. The collection of crime statistics is a relatively new phenomenon. a. Trueb. False


22. Uniform Crime Report data is published in the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics.a. Trueb. False


23. The UCR and the NCVS have standardized their definitions of crimes so that they are the same.a. Trueb. False


24. The NCVS obtains data by interviewing victims of crime.a. True

b. FalseAnswer: AObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 9Level: Basic

25. According to the NCVS, less than 50 percent of all crimes are reported to the police.a. Trueb. False


26. According to the NCVS, the crime most likely to be reported to the police is motor vehicle theft.a. Trueb. False


27. The actual occurrence of all crimes that are reported to NCVS interviewers is verified before they are included in the data.a. Trueb. False


28. The UCR reports data on a total of twelve Part I offenses.a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured..Page number: 10Level: Basic

29. Kidnapping was added to the list of Part I offenses reported by the UCR in 1979.a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 11

Level: Basic

30. A crime is cleared when an arrest has been made.a. Trueb. False


31. It is not necessary for an offender to be convicted of a crime for the crime to be counted as cleared by the FBI.a. Trueb. False


32. UCR data are based on reported crime.a. Trueb. False


33. The UCR program has been criticized for seriously overestimated the true incidence of crime in the U.S. a. Trueb. False


34. NIBRS is incident driven. a. Trueb. False


35. For NIBRS Group B offenses, only arrest data are reported.a. True

b. FalseAnswer: AObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 12Level: Basic

36. Crime rates increased as a result of World War II. a. Trueb. False


37. The crime shift that began in the 1960s may be linked to the postwar baby boom.a. Trueb. False


38. The crime index increased significantly between 1991 and 2007.a. Trueb. False


39. Legalized abortion may have contributed to recently observed reductions in crime.a. Trueb. False


40. According to recent self-report studies, females appear to be involved in a much higher proportion of crime than previously thought.a. Trueb. False


41. According to recent self-report studies, race differences in crime are smaller than the UCR would suggest.a. Trueb. False


42. Self-report studies typically focus on adult criminality. a. Trueb. False


43. According to various professional groups, prolonged viewing of media violence can lead to emotional desensitization towards violence in real life.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: AObjective: Explain how criminology works with other disciplines and how it impacts the making of laws and social policy.Page number: 15Level: Basic

44. The concern over the relationship between media violence and violent juvenile crime is an example of how criminological research may impact social policy.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: AObjective: Explain how criminology works with other disciplines and how it impacts the making of laws and social policy.Page number: 16Level: Basic

45. Crime has been increasing steadily since the mid-1990s.a. Trueb. False

Answer: BObjective: Summarize statistics and trends in U. S. crime rates.Page number: 13Level: Basic

46. The National Crime Victimization Survey asks individuals if they have committed a crime in the past six months.

a. Trueb. False


47. Arson is an Index Crime on the Uniform Crime Report.a. Trueb. False


Chapter 1 Fill in the Blank

1. _________ is human conduct that violates the criminal law.Answer: CrimeObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 2Level: Basic

2. The __________ approach to crime assumes that powerful individuals can impose their definitions of crime on lawbreakers.Answer: LegalisticObjective: Differentiate between crime, deviance, and delinquency.Page number: 3Level: Basic

3. The __________ perspective suggests that behaviors should be criminalized when members of society generally agree that such laws are necessary.Answer: ConsensusObjective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.Page number: 4Level: Basic

4. The pluralistic perspective of crime recognizes the importance of __________ in modern societies.Answer: DiversityObjective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.Page number: 4Level: Basic

5. A(n) __________ is a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime.Answer: CriminalistObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

6. Twice as many law enforcement personnel work in ______________ than in public law enforcement.Answer: Private securityObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 5Level: Basic

7. The word criminology is believed to have been coined by _________________.Answer: Paul TopinardObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 6Level: Basic

8. Criminology gives prominence to questions about the ______________________________.Answer: Causes of criminalityObjective: Describe criminology and the role of criminologists.Page number: 6Level: Basic

9. ____________________ is the subfield of criminology most often found in colleges and universities.Answer: Theoretical criminologyObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 6Level: Basic

10. __________ theories provide potentially wider explanatory power.Answer: IntegratedObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 7Level: Basic

11. Crime is fundamentally a social __________.Answer: ConstructionObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 7Level: Basic

12. Social _________ refers to the view that social events are interpreted differently by different people.Answer: RelativityObjective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 8Level: Basic

13. Many contemporary criminologists operate from a(n) _______ perspective.Answer: Sociological Objective: Summarize the theoretical perspectives of criminology.Page number: 8Level: Basic

14. The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted by the ________. Answer: Bureau of Justice Statistics/BJSObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 9Level: Basic

15. The Uniform Crime Reporting Program is run by the __________.Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation/FBIObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 9Level: Basic

16. The Part I offenses formed the FBI’s _______.Answer: Crime Index

Objective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 10Level: Basic

17. ________ was added to the list of Part I crimes in 1979.Answer: ArsonObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 11Level: Basic

18. A crime is considered to be _________ when an arrest has been made.Answer: ClearedObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 11Level: Basic

19. The ________________ is the proportion of reported or discovered crimes within a given offense category that are solved.

Answer: Clearance rateObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 11Level: Basic

20. The most important feature of NIBRS is that it is __________.Answer: Incident-drivenObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 12Level: Basic

21. The crime shift that occurred during the 1960s involved a dramatic __________ in most major crimes.

Answer: IncreaseObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 12Level: Basic

22. Beginning in 1991, crime began to ________.Answer: Decrease/declineObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page number: 13Level: Basic

23. The _________ of crime refers to the large number of unreported crimes not found in the official statistics.

Answer: Dark figureObjective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.


24. The use of rigorous social scientific techniques to develop knowledge in the field of criminology is known as __________________________________.Answer: Evidence-based criminologyObjective: Explain how criminology works with other disciplines and how it impacts the making of laws and social policy.Page number: 15Level: Basic

Chapter 1 Matching

Match each criminological perspective listed in Column 1 to its description in Column 2.

1. General theory a. The notion that social events are interpreted differently according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of the initiator, observer, or recipient of that behavior.

2. Integrated theory b. The scientific study of crime, criminal law, the criminal justice system, police, courts, and correctional systems.

3. Criminal justice c. Of or having one cause. Theories posing one source for all that they attempt to explain.

4. Social relativity d. A theory that attempts to explain most forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach.

5. Criminologist e. A person trained in the field of criminology who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior.

6. Theoretical criminology f. A specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime.

7. Unicausal g. An explanatory perspective that merges concepts drawn from different sources.

8. Criminology h. The scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their manifestations, causes, legal aspects, and control.

9. Criminalist i. The type of criminology that is usually studied in colleges and universities, describes crime and its occurrence, and offers explanations for criminal behavior.

1 D2. G3. B4. A5. E6. I7. C

8. H9. F

Chapter 1 Essay

1. Explain the consensus perspective and the pluralist perspective as they relate to defining criminal behavior.

Answer (should include points such as):Under the consensus perspective, members of society agree what behavior is criminal. It is applicable to a homogeneous society.The consensus perspective works better in a society with shared values and norms.

Under the pluralist perspective, diversity is recognized.Criminal behavior is defined through a political process.

Objective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.Page number: 4Level: Basic

2. There are three recognized sources of crime statistics in the United States. List and discuss those three sources. Where does the information come from? Which source of statistics provides the most accurate picture of the extent of crime in the United States?

Answer (should include points such as):The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.Households are surveyed asking if anyone had been victimized.Gets at the crimes not reported to the police.It has been criticized for possible overreporting.

The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).Police departments submit their information to the FBI.The UCR highlights index crimes.The UCR has been criticized for underreporting and overreporting.

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is seen as an expansion of the UCR.The NIBRS collects more data regarding each incident than does the UCR.

NCVS provides the most accurate picture of the extent of crime in the United States.

Objective: Summarize the various ways crime is reported and measured.Page numbers: 9 – 12Level: Intermediate

3. Changes, or shifts, in crime have been charted since official crime statistics were first collected in the 1930s in the United States. Outline the significant shifts in crime by indicating the time frame, the direction of the change, and the possible explanations for the changes. You should have four shifts.

Answer (should include points such as):

The first shift begins in the early 1940s.Crime decreased at this time.Possible explanations included the beginning of WWII and young males serving in the war.Young males would be responsible for most of the crime but were away for the war.

The second shift begins in the early 1960s.The males that had fought in WWII were home and birth rates increased. By the early 1960s, these baby boomers were in the crime prone age bracket.

The third shift started in the early 1990s.Strict laws and an aging population may be used to explain the decline in crime at this time.Unemployment also declined with the implied correlation to crime.

The fourth shift is occurring now.There is an increase in the teenage population occurring.Economic uncertainty.Prison overcrowding, resulting in inmates being released early, may be used to explain a recent increase in certain crimes.

Objective: Summarize statistics and trends in U. S. crime ratesPage numbers: 12 - 13Level: Intermediate

Chapter 1 Critical Thinking

1. When determining what should be considered criminal behavior, the pluralist perspective recognizes the importance of diversity. Because of society’s diversity, some behavior may spark debate. How is that debate resolved? Is it right that one group’s wishes are more important than another group’s? Is that reality?

Answer: Should include these potential items.

Conflict theoryWhich group’s idea of right and wrong is more important?The wealthy and the politically powerful What about the opinions of the lower class?

Objective: Explain how the consensus perspective differs from the pluralist perspective.Page number: 4Level: Difficult

2. Theoretical criminology offers explanations for criminal behavior. However, there is no grand theory that answers all questions when it comes to behaviors. With the popularity of evidence-based criminology, can you see the development of more comprehensive theories that provide more complete answers to behaviors?

Answer: Should include these potential items.

Evidence-based criminology has more to offer in explaining the realities of today’s world.Many of the previous theories were not based on scientific evidence.If evidence-based criminology provides better methodology, the theories should provide better answers to behavior.

Objective: Explain how criminology works with other disciplines and how it impacts the making of laws and social policy.Page number: 15Level: Difficult

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