2- ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY1. Producer (autotroph): organism that can

capture energy directly from the sun.

Ecology-the study of the

relations between organisms and with their environment

Name: _________________________________ 19- TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

2. Consumer (heterotroph): organism that must eat other organisms for energy.- Primary consumer: eats producers- Secondary consumer: eats primary consumers- Tertiary consumer: eats secondary consumers

3. Carnivore: eats meat4. Herbivore: eats plants5. Omnivore: eats meat and plants6. Detrivore: eats detritus (dead organic

matter)7. Decomposer: breaks down dead organic

matter8. Trophic Level: A step in a food chain or food

web (producers, for example)9. 10% Rule: Only about 10% of the energy

available in one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level

10. Nitrogen fixation: a process in which bacteria turn nitrogen gas (N2) into a form of nitrogen that plants can use (ammonium)

11. Denitrification: a process in which bacteria can turn nitrogen from dead plants (ammonium) into nitrogen gas (N2)

12. Biotic: Living13. Abiotic: Non-living14. Resource: any necessity of life

- Renewable: can be replaced- Non-renewable: can’t be replaced

15. Predation: occurs when one organism captures and feeds on another organism

18- HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM

1. Which situation would most efficiently decrease the size of a field mouse population?

A. decreased death rate and emigrationB. decreased birth rates and immigrationC. increased death rate and immigrationD. increased death rate and emigration

2. CO2 is important in our atmosphere because it is required for photosynthesis and it traps some heat, keeping Earth warm. However, scientists speculate that excessive CO2 production is a problem because it –

A. leads to higher global temperatureB. disrupts the natural cycling of other

greenhouse gasesC. adds too much CO2 to the oceansD. leads to uncontrollable photosynthesis

3. Which of the following examples would best illustrate exponential growth?

A. The fish population in a pond is determined by the number of minnows available.

B. Trees multiply until nutrients run out.C. Bacteria multiply uncontrollably in a culture.D. Lions hunt for scarce game in the jungle.

3- ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY16. Symbiosis: any relationship where two

Year Human Population

In what year do you think Earth’s population will stop growing? 1950 2,555,360,

9721960 3,039,669,

3301970 3,708,067,

1051980 4,454,607,

332Why do you think the Earth’s population will stop growing?1990 5,275,407,

7892000 6,078,684,

3292010 6,812,009,

3382030 8,127,277,

5062050 9,078,850,

714

CAUSE EFFECT- Polluted water supplies- Threatened species habitats in lakes and streams- Accumulation of greenhouse gases in atmosphere- Increase in global temperature- Loss of forest habitats- Loss of oxygen-

organisms live closely together- Mutualism: relationship in which both species

benefit- Commensalism: relationship in which one

species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

- Parasitism: relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed

17. Succession: the series of predictable changes that occurs to a community over time- Primary succession: succession that occurs on

land surfaces where no soil exists- Pioneer species: the first species to populate

an area (often this is lichen or moss)- Secondary succession: succession that occurs

after a disturbance (like a fire) changes an existing community without destroying the soil.

18. Immigration: movement of individuals into a population

19. Emigration: movement of individuals out of a population

20. Population density: number of individuals in a specific space

21. Limiting factor: the factor that has the greatest effect on keeping down the size of a population

22. Exponential growth: occurs when a population grows at a constant rate

23. Logistic growth: occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth- Carrying capacity: the number of individuals

that a given environment can support

producing plants- Erosion

Word Bank: DEFORESTATION ACID RAIN GREENHOUSE EFFECT

4- LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Ex: Amino Acid

_______________

Ex: Protein

_______________

Ex: Mitochondria

______________

Ex: Heart Cell

_______________

Ex: Heart Muscle

_______________

Ex: Heart

_______________

Ex: Circulatory System

_______________

Ex: Human

_______________

Ex: Students at Bowie

_______________Word Bank:

cell organism organ monomer tissue

17-EXPONENTIAL AND LOGISTIC GROWTH

Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially.

_________________________ occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.

As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops.

_________________________ occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth.

The __________________________ is the number of individuals that a given environment can support. A B

1. In which graph above is the population growing with unlimited resources? _______

2. In which graph above is the population growing with limited resources? _______

3. The human population has been growing at a constant rate for many years. Which graph above would represent human growth until now? _______

- Eventually, there will be too many humans for the available resources on the planet. It is believed at that point, the human population will reach its ___________________________.

Ex: Austin_______________

population organ system polymer community organelle

16- POPULATION GROWTH Three factors affect a population:

1. The ______________________2. The ______________________3. The number of people that enter and

leave a population- Immigration:

___________________________- Emigration: ____________________________

Population density = ________________________

1. What is the population density of Arlington?Population = 500,000 peopleArea = 100 sq. miles ___________________ = ppl/ sq. mile

The factor that has the greatest effect in keeping down the size of a population is called a _______________________.

DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTORS

DENSITY- INDEPENDENT

LIMITING FACTORS

- Which graph above would represent human growth at that time? (A or B) __________

5- FOOD CHAINS The main source of energy for life on Earth is

__________________. Producers are organisms that can capture energy

directly from the sun. They can also be called __________________.

Consumers are organisms that must eat other organisms for energy. They can also be called __________________.

- Primary consumers eat __________________________.- Secondary consumers eat ________________________.- Tertiary consumers eat ___________________________.

In the food chain above,1. Which organism is a producer? _________________2. What is zooplankton? ________________________3. Which organism is a secondary consumer?

________________________4. What is the squid? ___________________________

CARNIVORES eat _______________________

HERBIVORES eat ________________________

OMNIVORES eat _________ and __________

DETRIVORES eat ________________________

DECOMPOSERS break down _______________________

Humans are _____________Worms are ______________

Affected by the number of individuals in an environment

Not affected by the number of individuals in an environment

Examples: Examples:

THEY ARE VERY IMPORTANT Fungi are _______________

6- FOOD WEBS In most ecosystems, feeding relationships are more

complex than can be shown in a food chain. Each step in a food chain or food web is called a

____________________.- Producers make up the __________ trophic level.- Consumers make up the ____________________

_____________________________ trophic level.

15- TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE1. A lava flow from a volcanic eruption destroys a

forest and leaves behind a layer of rock. Before plants can begin to grow again, what event must occur as a part of primary succession?

A. Large trees that provide shade must take root.B. Animals must return to the areaC. Lichens and mosses must be blown into the

environment.D. Heavy rain must wash pollutants from the area.

2. In coral reef ecosystems, the clown fish live in tentacles of sea anemone. The clown fish uses the sea anemone, whose toxins they are immune to, for protection from their predators. The sea anemone is neither helped nor harmed by the clown fish. What type of symbiotic relationship is this an example of?

A. Competition C. MutualismB. Commensalism D. Parasitism

3. Sylvilagus audoboni is a rabbit species that lives in dry desert regions, while the species Sylvilagus palustris lives in aquatic marshes. Which adaptation

Color the food web above, designating a color for each category:

Producers Secondary Consumers

Decomposers Tertiary Consumers

Primary Consumers Quaternary Consumers

Note: if an organism can be more than one, color it half and half.14- SUCCESSION

Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes to the community.

This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ___________________________.

Succession that occurs on land surfaces where no soil exists is called _________________________________. The first species to populate an area is called the _________________________________. Often this is lichen.

1. What do we call the final community? _________________________________________________________

would most likely benefit S. palustris, but not S. auduboni?

A. an ability to swimB. being active at nightC. building a nest immediately after matingD. burrowing to avoid predators

7- ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS Only about _______ of the energy available

within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.

The rest of the energy is released into the environment as ______________.

- A _____________ is a measurement of how much energy is stored in a food.

1. If there were 200 kCal of energy available in the first trophic level, how many kCal of energy would be available in the second trophic level? _______ In the third? ________ In the fourth? _______

______________________________ occurs when a disturbance (like a fire) changes an existing community without removing the soil. What organisms are intermediate species above? ________________________________________________________

8- THE CARBON CYCLE Matter is neither created nor destroyed. It is

________________ within and between ecosystems. Through photosynthesis, autotrophs take up carbon

dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to create glucose. Fill in the equation for photosynthesis below:______ + ______ + __________ __________ + ______

Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by breaking down glucose and creating carbon dioxide. Fill in the equation for cellular respiration below:__________ + ______ ______ + ______ + ______

13- COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Community interactions like competition,

predation, and various forms of symbiosis can powerfully affect an ecosystem.

______________________ occurs when one organism captures and feeds on another organism.

Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called ______________________.

Relationship in which both species benefit.

Relationship in which one species benefits

and the other is

1. Which activities listed above are human activities

that disrupt the carbon cycle? ________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which of the terms above describes dead organic matter than can be used as fuel? ____________________

3. What part of the leaves allow carbon dioxide to enter the plant? __________________________________________

4. What tissue of the stems moves sugars made in the leaves to other parts of the plant? ________________

12- BIOMES AND ADAPTATIONSBiome Adaptation Picture

TROPICAL

hot and wet

Under the cover of trees, animals are loud to defend territory and attract mates

GRASSLANDAnimals live below ground to survive

neither helped nor harmed.

Relationship in which one organism

benefits and the other is harmed

9- THE NITROGEN CYCLE All organisms require nitrogen to make ___________

___________, which in turn are used to make ________________.

Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up _______% of the Earth’s atmosphere, but only certain types of bacteria can use this form of nitrogen directly.

These bacteria can turn N2 into a form of nitrogen that producers (plants) can use (called ammonium) through a process called ___________________________.

When these plants die, decomposers return ammonium to the soil. Other soil bacteria can convert this ammonium back to nitrogen gas through a process called __________________________________.

mostly dry and windy

windy conditions

Hooved animals

DESERT

very dry

Plants, like cacti, store water or have deep root systems

Many animals nocturnal

TEMPERATE

hot in summer, cold in winter

Trees lose their leaves in the winter

Migration

TAIGA

cold, short summer

Pine trees have evergreen needles

Mammals have heavy fur coats

TUNDRA

sub-zero

Blubber

Animal diversity is low

10- TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE1. Which of the following shows the correct order of

levels of organization within a plant?

A. PolysaccharideGlucoseChloroplastLeaf CellB. Glucose PolysaccharideChloroplastLeaf Cell

1. Nitrogen containing compounds and other nutrients are absorbed by what part of the plant? (roots or leaves) _____________________

2. These nutrients (as well as water) are moved to the other parts of the plant by what tissue in the stems? (xylem or phloem) ______________

11- RESOURCES Ecosystems are influenced by a combination

of biological and physical factors.BIOTIC FACTORS ABIOTIC FACTORS

_______________ factors _______________ factorsExamples: Examples:

Any necessity of life is called a ____________________.UNLIMITED LIMITED RESOURCES

C. Glucose ChloroplastPolysaccharideLeaf CellD. Polysaccharide GlucoseLeaf CellChloroplast

2. HAWK LIZARDS INSECTS SAGEBRUSH

In the food chain above, which type of organismis not shown that is very important to the stability

of the ecosystem?

A. producer B. consumer C. herbivore D. decomposer

3.4321

In which direction does energy flow through the energy pyramid shown above?

A. 4, 3, 2, 1 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 1, 3, 4 D. 3, 4, 2, 1

4. In the carbon cycle, through what process does carbon move from the atmosphere into organic matter?

A. deforestation C. combustion B. respiration D. photosynthesis

RESOURCESSomething you can’t

run out ofSomething you can

run out ofExamples: Examples:

If two organisms try to use the same resource at the same time, ____________________ occurs.RENEWABLE RESOURCES

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

Something that can be replaced

Something that can’t be replaced

Examples: Examples: