+Warm-upTurn to the next two pages in your

interactive notebooks.

Label the Left page “Major Plant Groups Investigation” and date

Label the Right page “Major Plant Groups” and date

+

The Plant Kingdom:Major Plant Groups

+Major Plant GroupsOne of the major traits used to classify

plants is the presence or absence of vascular tissue.

Vascular tissue conducts water and other materials in some plants.

Two types of vascular tissue:Xylem and Phloem

Plants that have vascular tissue are called vascular plants.

Plants that do not have vascular tissue are called nonvascular plants.

+ Another important trait in classifying plants is whether they produce seeds.

All nonvascular plants are seedless and reproduce by producing gametes in one stage of their life and spores in another stage.

Some vascular plants reproduce by gametes and spores and others gametes and seeds.

 Plants can be divided into three major categories:

Nonvascular PlantsSeedless Vascular PlantsSeeded Vascular Plants

+ Plants

Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants

Mosses Liverworts Hornworts Seedless Plants Seed Plants

Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

+

Nonvascular PlantsIn nonvascular plants, water and

other materials are transported by diffusion.

Characteristics of nonvascular plants:Fairly shortParts that look like roots, stems, or

leaves, but since they have no vascular tissue, they cannot have these organs.

Inefficient conducting systems restrict these plants to living near water or in shady places.

+

+

+ Liverworts and HornwortsNamed for their shapes that

resemble: livers and horns.–wort comes from an Old English

word that means “plant or herb.”These small and flattened plants

live in moist, shaded areas.Like mosses, they have thin leafy

structures attached by rhizoids, and transport water by diffusion.

A good place to find them is along a forest stream on rocks and they frequently grow among mosses.

+ Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular plants are capable of growing taller and

living in drier areas. Seedless vascular plants still rely on water more

than the seed-producing plants. Examples of Seedless Vascular Plants

Club Mosses and Horsetails One type of club moss is ground pine, which has

been used in past Christmas decorations and its spores were used as flash powder in early photography.

Horsetails have silica in some of their cell walls, and are abrasive. American Pioneers used these plants to scour pots and pans. These plants have also been used in “folk cures” and sometimes for food.

+ FernsFern leaves are called Fronds.

Come in shapes resembling deer antlers, snake tongues, four-leaf clovers, and fans.

The Boston fern is the most familiar type.

Fronds are attached to an underground stem called a rhizome.

+Warm UP: Finish answering the following

questions in your interactive notebooks.

What structures conduct materials in leaves?

What is the key component of plant cell walls?

Are chloroplasts the only type of plastid found in plant cells? Explain your answer

Which is older, the heartwood or sapwood?

Name the cell type that is extremely long, tapered, and strong?

+ Roots grow from the rhizome into the soil

As fronds emerge from the rhizome, they first appear as tight coils.

Young fronds are called crosiers or fiddleheads.

Spores are produced on the lower surface of many fronds.

+ Seed PlantsSeed plants do not rely on water for

reproduction.Can be found in both wet and dry

environments.Reproduce by seeds and not spores.Seeds vs. Spores

Spores are tiny, single-celled, with few energy reserves and only a cell wall to protect them.

Seeds are multicellular and contain a young plant called an embryo and usually have abundant energy reserves and one or more barriers to protect them from the environment.

+ Two main types of seeds:Gymnosperm and AngiospermGymnosperm means “naked seed”

Include: pine, spruce, gingko trees, and cycads.

Most common gymnosperms are the conifers.

Angiosperm means “covered seed”Seeds produced on these plants

are completely surrounded by a protective covering called a fruit.

Fruits develop from flowers.