IMPERIAL CONFLICT – IMPERIAL CONFLICT – 1689-17381689-1738

War of League of Augsburg – 1689-97 (King William’s) – reestablished balance of power GB & FRf

War of Spanish Succession - 1702-1713 (Queen Anne’s ) - GB gets Nova Scotia

Paid for war by borrowing – paid back to co. over long period of time – Debts grew large, taxes increased

Country or “Real Whig” ideology –

threats standing army & increase property tax to landholders rights to consent to taxes – born out of national interest & patriotism

IMPERIAL CONFLICT – IMPERIAL CONFLICT – 1689-17381689-1738 Because of their location Iroquois aligned with GB – did not protect them from FR

Grand Settlement of 1701 – Iroquois remain neutral – play both sides of fence and be a geographical buffer

Benefitted Europeans – GB negotiated for land on frontier belonged to Delawares & Susquehannocks

Also claimed land in ORV, blocked GB from coming over Appalachian – only reason still useful to FR until 1740’s

KING GEORGE’S WARKING GEORGE’S WAR 1739/44-48 spread again to North America NE chance to attack Canada – capture Louisbourg 1745 –

control of St. Lawrence NY continued to trade FR over Lake Champlain – GB had

to give up Louisbourg for treaty – GB unhappy with role of NY – did not want this to happen again

FR suffered even worse – PA traders moving west & VA in ORV after 1748

FR built series of Ft’s Lake Erie to Pitt. – trapping Iroquois Iroquois able to control NA in ORV – GB moving in and

trading weakened them as well 1744 Treaty of Lancaster – trade rights to VA & dispute over how much – 1754 Lt. Col. GW sent out to protect VA interests

RIVALS FOR AN EMPIRERIVALS FOR AN EMPIRE 1750 – France and GB chief rivals for empire British and French were both interested in the Ohio River

Valley Had been fighting for power in Europe Spilled over into America British cleared land, grew crops

FRANCE’S NORTH AMERICAN FRANCE’S NORTH AMERICAN EMPIREEMPIRE

1608 – Quebec 1st permanent settlement – Samuel de Champlain

By 1754 New France had grown to 70,000 including entire Miss. Valley (1 million for GB)

Mostly fur traders & catholic priests neither look to settle

Friendlier relations with Natives – Huron's, Ottawa's, Ojibwa’s – led to military alliances

BRITAIN FIGHTS AN OLD BRITAIN FIGHTS AN OLD ENEMYENEMY 1754 – rivalry re-ignited – French built Ft. Duquesne

(Pittsburg) British had given 200,000 acres wealthy farmers – GB sends militia to evict French

Lt. Gov. of VA Dinwiddie called upon George Washington, an officer in the Virginia militia, to raise a force against the French

George Washington (22 year old officer) – set up Ft. Necessity (40 miles) – battled French and forced Washington to surrender 1st Battle of French and Indian War

ALBANY CONFERENCEALBANY CONFERENCE

Drafted the Albany Plan of Union Developed by a

committee led by Benjamin Franklin

Proposed that the colonies unite to form a central government vs. French and Indians

Was approved by the delegates; rejected by the colonial legislatures

EARLY FRENCH VICTORIESEARLY FRENCH VICTORIES (1755) British commander-in-chief

General Edward Braddock arrived in Virginia with troops Joined with local militia GW served as his aide

Together, they headed west, intending to attack Fort Duquesne

Just short of the Fort, Braddock’s troops were ambushed by French and Native American forces Braddock was killed Surprised British, many fled – Washington stayed and fought &organized a successful retreat colonist began to questions British Army

EARLY FRENCH VICTORIESEARLY FRENCH VICTORIES Ft. Necessity – GW surrenders Battle of the Wilderness – Gen. Braddock and

GB regulars defeat and Braddock mortally wounded

Gen. William Shirley & 2,500 recently recruited colonists reach Fort Oswego - attack Fort Niagara at the western end of the lake -mass desertions - abandon campaign

Fort Oswego - French forces, under the Gen. Montcalm capture Fort Oswego, strengthening French control over the Great Lakes.

(1756) Fighting between Britain and France spread to Europe [Seven Year’s War]

The British still split their energy, time, and troops on North America & Europe

(1757) William Pitt William Pitt becomes prime minister of Britain Believed that the entire British Empire was at

stake. Persuaded Parliament to raise taxes and borrow

money to fight the war…it worked

The three main thrusts of British strategy are shown here. In 1758, British forces struck in several directions

French strongholds in the West - Ft. Duquesne

Louisbourg in the East

Finally, in 1759, they attacked Quebec and Montreal.

(1759) British fleet commanded by General James Wolfe sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec City Wolfe took his troops up

a steep cliff Fought Montcalm, the

French General Both Wolfe and

Montcalm were killed The British were

victorious – Quebec surrendered

THE TREATY OF PARISTHE TREATY OF PARIS The Treaty of Paris was

drafted in 1763 to end the French and Indian and Seven Year’s Wars

France turned present-day Canada over to Britain

Surrendered its claim to all lands east of the Mississippi River.

Britain also returned Cuba to Spain in exchange for Florida.

Issue for Colonists?????

VICTORY BRINGS NEW VICTORY BRINGS NEW PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

Ottawa leader Pontiac recognized French loss bad for Native Americans

NA attack and capture 8 British Ft. – British give smallpox infected blankets – by 1765 sign treaties

British Govt’ issues the Proclamation of 1763 – banned settlement's W of Appalachian Mts.

Issue for Colonists????

The French and Indian War & Proclamation seriously strained relations between the British and the American colonists. Mass – British tensions over smuggling and searching homes British thought that the colonists did not provide enough

support for the long and costly war that Britain had fought to protect them.

Left Standing Army in the colonies (10,000)

George Grenville – 1763 new PM Passed Sugar Act 1764 – lower tax on Molasses, duties on

imports – Smuggling trials in more serious courts The American colonists were shocked by the weakness of

British military tactics.

Issue for colonists???