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10/25/14 1 { Unit 2: History of Earth Geologic Time, Evidence, Simultaneous Coevolu<on of Earth’s Systems and Biological life Earth Forma<on Geologic Time Crea<ng a <meline Evidence to support it Coevolu<on of Earth’s Systems and Biological life Unit 2 Overview First, how old do you think Earth is? How do you think it was formed? Rewrite these two ques<ons on your bell ringer sheet and answer them. How old is Earth? Precambrian Informal <me unit that spans nearly 90% of Earth’s History Includes these Eons: Hadean (hot, volcanic, “helllike”) Archean (early signs of life) Proterozoic (earliest cells with nuclei) Age of Earth and Evidence for it Evidence we know: Crustal Rock mineral Zircon by Abs. Age Da<ng Solar System Meteorites, Moon samples Age of Earth and Evidence for it Formed very early in Earth’s history when a massive solar system body the size of Mars collided with Earth called the Giant Impact Hypothesis How was the Moon formed? Extremely hot, (Hadean) 3 Sources of HEAT/ENERGY: Earth’s gravita<onal contrac<on Radioac<vity Bombardment by asteroids, meteorites, and other solar system bodies Early Earth…What was it like? Accumula<on of small, rocky bodies in orbit around the Sun Earth started to collect these bodies and it grew in size and mass. MASS MATTERS! Increased mass, increased gravity Raised Earth’s internal temperature Earth’s GravitaLonal ContracLon

Transcript of Unit 2 Notes - Weeblygharibess.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/4/6/13466856/unit_2...10/25/14 2!...

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Unit  2:  History  of  Earth    

Geologic  Time,  Evidence,  Simultaneous  Coevolu<on  of  Earth’s  Systems  and  Biological  life  

² Earth  Forma<on    ² Geologic  Time-­‐  Crea<ng  a  <meline  

² Evidence  to  support  it    ² Coevolu<on  of  Earth’s  Systems  and  Biological  life  

Unit  2  Overview    ² First,  how  old  do  you  think  Earth  is?  How  do  you  think  it  was  formed?  ²   Rewrite  these  two  ques<ons  on  your  bell  ringer  sheet  and  answer  them.  

How  old  is  Earth?    

² Precambrian-­‐  Informal  <me  unit  that  spans  nearly  90%  of  Earth’s  History    

 ² Includes  these  Eons:  

² Hadean  (hot,  volcanic,  “hell-­‐like”)  ² Archean  (early  signs  of  life)  ² Proterozoic  (earliest  cells  with  nuclei)  

Age  of  Earth  and  Evidence  for  it  ² Evidence  we  know:  

² Crustal  Rock  ² mineral  Zircon  by  Abs.  Age  Da<ng  

² Solar  System  ² Meteorites,  Moon  samples  

Age  of  Earth  and  Evidence  for  it  

² Formed  very  early  in  Earth’s  history  when  a  massive  solar  system  body  the  size  of  Mars  collided  with  Earth    ² called  the  Giant  Impact  Hypothesis      

How  was  the  Moon  formed?  ² Extremely  hot,  (Hadean)    

² 3  Sources  of  HEAT/ENERGY:  ² Earth’s  gravita<onal  contrac<on  ² Radioac<vity    ² Bombardment  by  asteroids,  meteorites,  and  other  solar  system  bodies    

Early  Earth…What  was  it  like?  ² Accumula<on  of  small,  rocky  bodies  in  orbit  around  the  Sun  

² Earth  started  to  collect  these  bodies  and  it  grew  in  size  and  mass.  ² MASS  MATTERS!  Increased  mass,  increased  gravity    ² Raised  Earth’s  internal  temperature  

Earth’s  GravitaLonal  ContracLon  

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² Decay  of  radioac<ve  isotopes    

² Certain  ones  were  more  abundant  in  Earth’s  past  ² Uranium-­‐238    

² More  radioac<ve  isotopes,  hoaer  it  is    

RadioacLvity    ² Stuff=  asteroids,  meteorites,  objects  from  solar  system    ² Asteroids:    Carbon  or  mineral-­‐rich    

² Now  most  are  in  Kuiper  Belt    ² Meteorites:  Hit  the  Earth  (Atmosphere  helps)  

² Impacts  from  these  objects  generated  a  ton  OF  THERMAL  ENERGY  ² Moon  forma<on  caused  parts  of  Earth  to  melt  

² Cooling  has  helped  form  atmosphere,  oceans  

Bombardment  of  STUFF  ² How  do  you  think  density  relates  to  “Early  Earth”    ² Write  down  your  answer  in  complete  sentences  on  your  Bell  Ringer  Sheet    

“Bell  Ringer”  10/15  

Early  Earth    h$p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mcC8kFacrk

² There  are  two  ways  to  relate  <me  in  geology:    

² Rela<ve  Age  Da<ng    

² Absolute  Age  Da<ng    

Geologic  Time      

RelaLve  Age  DaLng    

² Placing  events  in  a  sequence  based  on  their  posi<on  in  the  rock  record    

² Younger  rocks  on  top  of  old  rocks    ² Index  Fossils  are  fossils  of  plants  or  animals  that  are  specific  to  only  one  <me  period    

² By  studying  the  type  of  rocks  and  type  of  fossils  imprinted  within  those  rocks,  scien<sts  can  es<mate  what  environment  was  like  during  that  <me  period  long  ago.    

² Do  all  animals  and  plants  leave  behind  fossils?    ² If  not,  how  can  this  lead  to  misleading  info?  

RelaLve  Age  DaLng  

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RelaLve  Age  DaLng    ² In  a  sequence  of  undeformed  sedimentary  rocks,  the  oldest  beds  are  on  the  boaom  and  the  youngest  are  on  top  

Law  of  SuperposiLon    ² Sedimentary  layers  are  horizontal,  or  nearly  so,  when  originally  deposited.    

² Layers  that  are  not  horizontal  have  been  deformed  by  movements  of  the  Earth’s  crust.    

Law  of  Original  Horizontality  

² Groups  of  fossil  plants  and  animals  occur  in  the  geologic  record  in  a  definite  and  determinable  order.    

² A  period  of  geologic  <me  can  be  recognized  by  its  respec<ve  fossils.    

Principle  of  Faunal  Succession  ² Geologic  features,  such  as  faults,  and  igneous  intrusions  are  younger  than  the  rocks  they  cut.    

Principle  of  CrosscuZng  RelaLons  ² A  rock  body  that  contains  inclusions  of  preexis<ng  rocks  is  younger  that  the  rocks  from  which  the  inclusions  came  from.    

Principle  of  Inclusion    

² There  are  two  ways  to  relate  <me  in  geology:    

² Rela<ve  Age  Da<ng    

² Absolute  Age  Da<ng    

Geologic  Time      

Absolute  Age  DaLng    

Absolute  Age  DaLng    

² Placing  a  specific  <me  or  date  to  an  event  or  rock    

² Radioac<ve            Decay    

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RadioacLve  Decay    ² Over  <me,  radioac<ve  elements  break  down  into  other  isotopes  or  other  elements.      

² The  <me  it  takes  for  these  materials  to  break  down  to  half  its  original  amount  is  called  HALF  LIFE.  

RadioacLve  Decay  

² Isotope  ² Forms  of  chemical  elements  that  differ  in  the  number  of  neutrons  in  their  atomic  nuclei  

² Half  Life  ² Time  required  for  half  of  an  element's  atoms  in  a  sample  to  change  to  the  decay  product.    

² In  each  half-­‐life  only  half  of  the  remaining  radioac<ve  atoms  decay,  no  maaer  how  large  the  sample  is.    

Abs.  Age  DaLng  Vocab  ² Decay  of  radioac<ve  isotopes    

² Certain  ones  were  more  abundant  in  Earth’s  past  ² Uranium-­‐238    

² More  radioac<ve  isotopes,  hoaer  it  is  

² hap://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpnIxlDVmHw    

RadioacLvity    ² How  does  radioac<ve  decay  work?    

² If  an  isotope  is  radioac<ve,  it  will  break  down  naturally  into  a  lighter  element  called  a  decay  product.    

² This  process  occurs  at  a  predictable  rate  and  can  be  used  to  determine  how  old  an  object  is.  

RadioacLve  decay  +  Half  Life    

² Look  at  the  diagram  which  represents  the  radioac<ve  decay  of  uranium-­‐238.  

²   The  shaded  area  represents  the  decay  product  which  is  lead-­‐206.    

² The  half-­‐life  of  uranuim-­‐238  is  4.5  billion  years,  since  this  object  has  gone  through  two  half-­‐lives  it  is  9  billion  years  old.    

Uranium-­‐  238   RadioacLve  Decay  PracLce  

² If  there  is  20  pounds  of  a  radioac<ve  material  whose  half  life  is  5  years,  how  many  years  old  is  the  material  if  there  is  5  pounds  when  scien<sts  measure  how  much  is  leo?  

RadioacLve  Decay  Data  

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² Barium-­‐122  has  a  half-­‐life  of  2  minutes.  A  fresh  sample  weighing  80  g  was  obtained.  

² If  it  takes  10  minutes  to  set  up  an  experiment  using  barium-­‐122,  how  much  barium-­‐122  will  be  leo  when  the  experiment  begins?  

Half  Life  PracLce    ² A  SKELETON  IS  FOUND  TO  CONTAIN  1/8TH  OF  ITS  ORIGINAL  RADIOACTIVE  MATERIAL.  ² How  many  half  lives  have  gone  by?  

Example  

1.  If  100  grams  of  pure  Carbon-­‐14  starts  to  decay,  how  much  Nitrogen-­‐14  (N-­‐14)  will  be  created  in  11,400  years?    

 2.  A  200  gram  rock  sample  is  found  to  contain  

25  grams  of  Potassium-­‐40  (K-­‐40.).  Half  Life  of  Potassium  is  1.3  billion  years.        àWhat  is  the  age  of  this  rock?    

Half  Life  PracLce  

² Using  both  Rela<ve  Age  and  newer  Absolute  Age  Da<ng  techniques,  scien<sts  have  put  together  a  <me  scale  of  the  history  of  the  Earth.  

Geologic  Time  Scale  

Co-­‐evoluLon  of  Biologic  Species