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*The relative measure of the amount of water vapor in the air
*Psychrometer
*Water vapor affects the density of the air.
*Cold air is heavier than warm air.
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* A body of air that has the same temperature and humidity throughout.
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*If a large body of air sits over an area of land or water for a long period of time, it will take on the characteristics of the land or water beneath it.
*Temperature
*Humidity
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*Air masses over the equator will have high temperatures.
*Air masses over polar regions will have low temperatures.
*Air masses over water (maritime) will have high humidity (moisture content).
*Air masses over land (continental) will have low humidity (moisture content).
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*Air masses tend to form in areas with little wind.
*Remember, they sit over an area for a long period of time without moving.
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*Air masses that form over water are called maritimemaritime.
*Air masses that form over land are called continentalcontinental.
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*mTmT – maritime tropical
*cTcT – continental tropical
*mPmP – maritime polar
*cPcP – continental polar
*cAcA – continental arctic
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*mTmT – warm, moist air
*cTcT – warm, dry air
*mPmP – cold, moist air
*cP cP – cold, dry air
*cAcA – super cold, dry air
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Convection!Convection!
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*Warm air rises, and cold air moves in to replace it.
*A circulation pattern is formed.
*Causes air and water currents to form
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Density!Density!
*Warm air rises.
*Cool air sinks.
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How do different air masses form?
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*HurricanesHurricanes
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*What is a hurricane?
*Hurricanes are tropical cyclones.
*They form in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific Ocean.
*Their winds spiral outward in a counterclockwise, circulation pattern.
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*What conditions must exist for a hurricane to
form?
* Low to medium winds blowing in the same direction
*5–30 degrees north of the equator in the ocean
*Ocean surface temperature of greater than 80 F that extends down to about 150 feet deep (50 m)
* Lower atmosphere must be moist
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*How do hurricanes form?
* The air mass above the tropical waters takes on the temperature and humidity of the water beneath it.
* Incoming winds force the air upward.
* The warm, moist air rises, forming water vapor and clouds.
* Above the storm, the winds flow outward.
* Outside winds blow inward, and the cycle repeats.
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*How do hurricanes move?
*Hurricanes turn to the right, away from the equator, because of the Coriolis Effect caused by Earth’s rotation.
*You will learn about this phenomenon later in the lesson.
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*Where does the energy for a hurricane originate?
*The Sun heats the oceans.
*Warm air rises, and as it cools, it releases energy, fueling the hurricane.
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*Why don’t hurricanes form in higher latitudes?
*The temperature of the oceans is not warm enough.
*The distance is too far from the equator.
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*Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina
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*Reflective QuestionReflective Question
How do oceans play a role in the development of weather systems including hurricanes?
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*WindsWinds
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*The movement of air in a horizontal direction
*What is wind?
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*The uneven heating of the Earth causes differences in air pressure.
*What causes wind?
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*The Sun’s energy is more concentrated at the Equator and spread out more over the poles.
*Air over the equator is warm and less dense and has lower pressure.
*Air over the poles is cold and denser and has higher pressure.
*Why does this happen?
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*As warm air at the equator rises, cooler air from the poles will move in and replace it.
*Air pressure moves in a pattern from high to low.
*Why does this happen?
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*As warm air at the equator rises, cooler air from the poles will move in and replace it.
*Convection
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*The density changes caused by temperature changes create convection cells.
*These cause circular patterns of air that circulate over the whole planet.
*Global Convection
Currents
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*Where the convections cells meet, prevailing winds and jet streams form.
* They blow from one direction over a certain area of the Earth’s surface.
*Global Wind Belts
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*Jet Stream
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*Jet Stream*Forms high in the upper Troposphere between
two air masses of different temperatures*Higher temperature difference = faster speed*Due to the Coriolis Effect, it flows around air
masses.*Polar Jet:* It dips southward when frigid polar air masses
move south.* It tends to stay north in the summer months.
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*Jet Stream Animation
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vanished/jetstr_five.html
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*Named for the direction from which they blow:* Polar Easterlies Polar Easterlies – High latitudes blow east to west
toward the equator
*WesterliesWesterlies – Mid latitudes blow west to east toward the poles
* Easterlies (Trade Winds) Easterlies (Trade Winds) – Low latitudes blow east to west toward the Equator
*Prevailing Winds
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*Prevailing Winds
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*Pressure belts form in between the wind belts.
*Prevailing Winds
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0 o Equator 30 o S 60 o S 90 o S30 o N60 o N90 o N
MoreDirect Sun Hot
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*The winds from the poles blow toward the equator.
*The winds from the equator blow toward the poles.
*Global Wind Belts
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……then why is it defined as the then why is it defined as the horizontal movement of air?horizontal movement of air?
Does the Earth stand still?Does the Earth stand still?
*If wind is moving north
and south, …
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*As the Earth rotates counterclockwise, the winds bend and curve around the Earth.
*Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis, an engineer and mathematician, described this effect as an inertial force in 1835.
*The Coriolis Effect
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*In the Northern Hemisphere, winds bend to the right of their direction of travel.
*In the Southern Hemisphere, winds bend to the left of their direction of travel.
*Let’s try a little investigation to see how this works.
*The Coriolis Effect
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*Weather patterns and systems move in a circular motion due to the bending of the winds caused by the Earth’s rotation.
*The Coriolis Effect
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*Our Earth is always seeking balance.
*In an effort to find balance, there is a continuous cycle of patterns.
*What is the driving force behind the changes that create these patterns?
*Equilibrium
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How are winds How are winds produced?produced?*Reflection
Question
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Ocean CurrentOcean Currentss
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Warm currents flow away from the equator.
Cold currents flow toward the equator.
*Ocean Currents
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*Sun
*Wind
*Coriolis
*Gravity
*Factors Influencing
Currents
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*Energy from the Sun heats the water.
*Warm water is less dense that cold water.
*Warm water rises, and cold water sinks.
*As warm water rises, cold water moves it to replace it.
*Sun
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*Convection Cycle
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*Just as wind moves from high pressure to low pressure areas, so does the water.
*Winds blow across the surface of the water, causing friction.
*The water piles up because the surface currents flow slower than the winds.
*Wind
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*Wind
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*As water piles up and flows from high pressure to low pressure, gravity will pull down on the water.
*This forms vertical columns or mounds of water.
*The Coriolis Effect causes the water to curve.
*Gravity
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*Causes water to move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere
*Causes water to move to the left in the Southern Hemisphere
*The Coriolis Effect
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*The Coriolis Effect
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*Make up 10% of oceans’ water
*Up to maximum depth of 400 m
*Surface ocean currents are caused by the surface wind patterns.
*Surface Currents
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*Surface Currents
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*Gyres
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*Oceanic Gyres
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*A strong surface current
*Begins at the tip of Florida
*Flows up the eastern coastline of the U.S.
*Crosses the Atlantic Ocean
*Causes warmer climate in NW Europe
*Gulf Stream
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*Surface waters blow to the right of the wind.
*As less dense, surface water moves off shore, cold, deep, denser waters come to the surface to replace them.
*Upwelling
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*Upwelling
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*The Great Ocean Conveyor:
Helps maintain Earth’s Balance
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*Make up about 90% of oceans’ water
*Differences in density cause them to move.
*Differences in density are related to temperature and salinity.
*At high latitudes, they sink deep into the ocean basins.
*Temperatures are so cold, they cause the density to increase.
*Deep Water Currents
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*How are ocean currents How are ocean currents produced?produced?
*Reflective Question
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Abnormally high surface ocean temperatures off the coast of South America
Causes unusual weather patterns across
the globe
*El Nino
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*Starts because the easterly trade winds weaken and allow the warm waters in the Western Pacific to move east toward South America
*This changes where the convection current occurs.*Causing rain where it usually doesn't
occur and drought where it usually rains
*El Nino
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*El Nino Winter
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*El Nino Summer
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Abnormally low surface ocean temperatures off the coast of South America
Causes unusual weather patterns across
the globe
*La Nina
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*Ocean currents move more slowly than winds.*Oceans hold more heat than the atmosphere
and land.*Cold currents will cause nearby coastlines to be
cooler.*Warm currents will cause nearby coastlines to
be warmer.
Where do the cold currents come Where do the cold currents come from? The warm currents?from? The warm currents?
*Ocean’s Effect on Climate
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*Predictable Patterns How do these currents affect the climate of the coastline?
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*How do our oceans impact How do our oceans impact climate?climate?
*Reflection Questions
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