{The French Revolution

Chapter 18

Frances Three Estates: Social system in which gave groups certain status

First Estate: Clergy .5% of population Owned 10% of all land DID NOT PAY TAILLE=tax

Second Estate: Nobles 1.5% of the population Owned 25-30% of the land DID NOT PAY TAILLE

Third Estate: everyone else (wealthiest merchant) to (lowliest peasant)

98% of population Owned 65% of land Pays 100% of the Taille Bourgeoisie: middle class merchants, bankers, lawyers, doctors, etc.

The French Revolution Begins

Bad harvests in 1787 and 1788

Slow down in manufacturing

Food shortages

Rising prices

Unemployment

Louis XVI: King of France who supported Americans in their revolution and caused the budget to skyrocket

Marie Antoinette: Queen of France known for extravagance

Financial Crisis

Estates General: meeting of all estates Majority of representation given to 1st/2nd estate 3rd estate wants to set up a constitutional government, and make

clergy/nobility to pay taxes Declared it would now be the National Assembly and they would draft

a constitution Doors locked when they return

Tennis Court Oath: 3rd estate swore that they would continue meeting until they had a new constitution

Bastille: 900 Parisians seize the historic prison/armory, Paris abandoned to rebels

Louis XVI: learns of the situation “Why, this is a revolt.” “No Sire” “It is a revolution.”

Estates-General to National Assembly

Declaration of the Rights of Man: Charter of basic liberties , inspired by the English Bill of Rights 1689 and the American Declaration of Independence and Constitution

“the natural and imprescriptible rights to man” to “life, property, security, and resistance to oppression”

Reflected Enlightenment thought

Olympe de Gouges: writer who refused to accept the exclusion of women

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Louis XVI: refused to accept the National Assembly and stays in Versailles

October 5th 1789: Parisian women storm the palace force Louis to accept the new decrees and return to Paris with them

The monarchs become prisoners in Paris

The King Concedes

Constitution of 1791: set up a limited monarchy with a Legislative Assembly which made laws.

Conservative Active Citizens: men over 25 who paid a certain amount of taxes Passive Citizens: equal rights but no votes Wealthy can only hold office Local government in charge of taxation

New Constitution

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Radical Revolution and Reaction

Chapter 18-2

- The Constitutional Monarchy of 1791 was not working - Rumors that the revolution was being suppressed - Food shortages - Military setbacks - Insecurity about the direction of the nation - PANIC AND FEAR lead to massacres in Paris, September 1792

New leaders such as Jean-Paul Marat, who ran a radical

journal, defended the Massacres

The Move to Radicalism

The National Convention is called together in September 1792 and is made up of young, anti-royal men.

Abolish the monarchy and establish “The French Republic”. Many of these representatives, or deputies, belonged to

political factions which had their own ideas on how the government should be run.

Girondins- Represented areas outside Paris, feared mob Jacobins- Represented the radicals, or The Mountain. Wanted

the King dead. The Jacobins convince the Convention to condemn Louis XVI to

death in January 1783.

The French Republic

“Louis was fastened onto the deadly plank of the machine they call the guillotine and his head was cut off so quickly that he could have hardly suffered. This at least is a merit belonging to the murderous instrument.”

The Guillotinehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQ7xMUf-CZk

Domestic Uprisings: Many outside Paris refused to listen to the National Convention

External Threats: European powers send armies to fight France after the King is killed.

The National Convention gives the Committee of Public Safety the power to deal with domestic threats.

Leader: Maximilien Robespierre - Over 40,000 “enemies” killed - 82% from the 3rd Estate! - Paranoia grips nation

The Reign of Terror: 1793-94

Robespierre wanted to totally remake French society into a “Republic of Virtue”

De-Christianized: Churches were re-established as “Temples of Reason”

Calendar remade- Year One now 1792, or first year of the Republic

Each month = 3 weeks of ten days Public rejected most reforms NC was able to form a large army of over 1 million, which

defeated European powers.

Robespierre’s “Republic of Virtue”

Robespierre executed at the Guillotine in 1794 National Convention tries to set up a more conservative

government No CPS New Constitution of 1795 Only land-owners (electors) can vote Two House Legislature 5-Man Directory appointed to lead executive branch New government was dysfunctional and in 1799 was

overthrown by….

The Directory

Napoleon Bonaparte: leader who brought the French Revolution to an end, and established his rule as an absolute emperor of France

Early Life Born in 1769 on the island of Corsica From minor nobility of Italy, not rich Scholarship for famous military school Lieutenant in French army Not liked because of his Italian accent

Military Success 1792 becomes Capitan 1794 becomes Brigadier General 1796 becomes Commander of French Armies in Italy

Defeated Italian/Austrian Forces, France controls northern Italy Consul and Emperor

1799 Napoleon part of a coup d’etat Overthrew the Directory set up the Consulate

The Rise of Napoleon

Open to page 598

Read about the domestic policies of Napoleon.

Complete the organizer

Napoleon’s Domestic Policies

1799 France at war with Britain, Russia, Austria Signs peace treaty in 1802 “The French Revolution is not finished, so long as the scourge of

war lasts, I want peace” 1803 Britain, Austria, Sweden, Russia and Prussia declare war

1805-1807 Napoleon’s Grand Army defeats armies 1807-1812 Grand Empire

Three parts French Empire Dependent States Allied States

Napoleon’s Empire

Napoleon wanted to spread principles of the French Revolution Legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom Destroy nobility/old order Offices open to those with ability Equality before the law

Spreading the Principles of the Revolution

Great Britain is a major political power Sea power Napoleon could not take over

Napoleon tries to destroy Great Britain by land. Continental System: stop British gods from reaching European

continent destroy Britain's economy, stop them from waging war. Failure

British Resistance

Nationalism: sense of unique identity of a group of people based upon common language, religion, and national symbols

France becomes a “nation” Issues with conquering other “nations” 1st people conquered hated an outside ruler 2nd power and strength in national feeling

How do you think the conquered nation’s reacted to Napoleon’s attempts to make them part of the French nation?

Nationalism

Disaster in Russia Russians refused to be in the Continental System Napoleon decided to invade

Knew if he didn’t punish them, other nations would follow June 1812

French Grand Army 600,000 invades Russian Army refused to battle

Retreated and burned villages and fields Set Moscow ablaze

No food forced Napoleon to start “THE GREAT RETREAT” Only 40,000 of 600,000 survived

March 1814 European states rose up Paris captured Napoleon sent to exile on island of Elba Monarchy reestablished, Louis XVIII

The Fall of Napoleon

People did not support monarch

Napoleon not ready to give up Slips back into France Soldiers sent to capture him

“soldiers of the 5th regiment, I am your Emperor… If there is a man among you who would kill his Emperor, here I am”

“Vive l’Empereur!” Napoleon returns to Paris in 1815

Russia, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia work to get rid of Napoleon “Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World”

Napoleon rallied troops Waterloo, Belgium June 18, 1815 Napoleon v. Duke of Wellington Napoleon defeated and sent to St. Helena

The Final Defeat

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy1B8rwMyqM

Napoleon PBS Documentary

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