© T. M. Whitmore Today Especially vulnerable populations Children 4 faces of hunger ...
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Transcript of © T. M. Whitmore Today Especially vulnerable populations Children 4 faces of hunger ...
© T. M. Whitmore
Today• Especially vulnerable populations
Children
• 4 faces of hungerStarvation/FamineMalnutrition/UndernutritionMicro-nutrient deficienciesNutrition-depleting illnesses
• Time trajectories of hunger
• Geographies of hunger
© T. M. Whitmore
Especially vulnerable populations I
• Increased likelihood of malnutrition and more serious consequences
• Women in general due to cultural traditions that privilege food to males
• Pregnant womenPoor nutrition low birth weight babies
Developmental problems for baby physically and mentally
Reduced resistance to diseases Less able to breast feed ( less
resistance for the baby as well)
© T. M. Whitmore
Especially vulnerable populations II
• Lactating womenPoor nutrition seldom greatly interferes
with ability to produce milkBut, poor nutrition does deplete the
mother's body of necessary nutrientsIf nutrition is not better between end of
lactation and next pregnancy spiral down to chronic anemia etc.
• ElderlyAbility to fend off infections is reduced
with great age and malnutrition hurts that as well
© T. M. Whitmore
Especially vulnerable populations III
• ChildrenMalnutrition in infants and children very
problematic if timing coincides with critical growth processes Up to age 5 risk is greatest
Especially at weaning age (approx 2 yrs)Due to impure water used to make
weaning foods (not sufficiently boiled due to lack of fuel) and general low hygiene => Kids die from diarrheal diseases and
dehydration and malnutritionWeaning foods are typically
not nutrient-rich enough (e.g., maize gruels)
© T. M. Whitmore
Four Faces of Hunger I• I. Starvation/Famine
Widespread to complete lack of protein/calorie nutrition
A small percentage of global hunger – perhaps 1% at risk annually
Leads to increased mortality (usually to infectious diseases not starvation per se)
Great social disruption => increased problems with diseases and access to food
In any famine not all starve – the well off can buy food -- thus NOT usually only a simple shortage
© T. M. Whitmore
Four Faces of Hunger II• II. Malnutrition/Undernutrition
Seasonal or periodic P/C under-nutritionMost serious effects on kids and special
needs adults (pregnant and lactating women, the elderly)
measures of malnutrition in children Stunting - stature too short for age/sex
(adjusted for local norms) => chronic Wasting – weight too light for age/sex
(adjusted for local norms) => acute
© T. M. Whitmore
Four Faces of Hunger III• III. Micro-nutrient deficiencies
Vitamin and mineral shortagesSometimes called “hidden hunger”
• IV. Nutrition-depleting illnesses Secondary malnutritionMost common nutrient depleting
diseases are infant/weanling diarrheas – 5 million deaths annually world wide
© T. M. Whitmore
Global Hunger• Global situation late 1990s
• Data drawn from FAO’s SOFA report 2007
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a1200e/a1200e00.htm
• The International Food Policy Research Institute:
• http://www.ifpri.org/media/20071012GHI.asp
• The concept of “food security”
© T. M. Whitmore
Global Trajectories of Hunger I• Proportions undernourished (or food
insecure)Late 1970s ~ 28%Late 1990s ~17%Thus, some real progress Millennium Development Goals and not
met
• Micro-nutrient deficienciesIron: 40% of global southIodine: 12% of global southVitamin A: 14% of kids in global south
© T. M. Whitmore
Global Trajectories of Hunger II• Absolute numbers undernourished (or food
insecure)1970s ~ 900m; 2000 ~ > 800 m => decrease of ~ 100m in absolute
numbers (but smaller %)
• Children 1993 ~ 200 m; now ~ 175 m
• World food summit target (MDG) in 2015 => 400mCurrent trajectory => 475-500m by 2015Progress in some places, regression in
others
© T. M. Whitmore
Regional differences malnourished or food insecure
• Global South (i.e., the global poor)Sub-Saharan AfricaE. Asia, SE Asia, & PacificSouth AsiaLatin America & CaribbeanNear East & N. Africa
• Developed Economies (mostly N America)
Source: FAO
Source: FAO
Number of malnourished children, 1993, 2010, and 2020Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations.
Source: FAO SOFA 2007
Source: IFPRI Global Hunger Index 2007
Source: FAO SOFA 2007
Countries with food shortfalls – requiring assistance