study of changes that occur as people/animals change & mature through interaction of nature &...
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![Page 1: study of changes that occur as people/animals change & mature through interaction of nature & nurture continuity view –gradual development discontinuity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072005/56649cca5503460f94992ef6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
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DEFINITION
study of changes that occur as people/animals change & mature through interaction of nature & nurture
continuity view –gradual development
discontinuity view –succession of changes in STAGES
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DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES & CRITICAL PERIOD
Developmental States: period of life initiated by distinct transitions (changes) in physical/psychological functioning
Critical period: when an individual is most receptive to certain changes Ex: toilet training, crawling, walking,
talking, reading
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MATURATION Definition: unfolding of genetically
programmed processes of growth influenced by nature & nurture
Process of learning to cope & react in an appropriate way
Does not necessarily happen along with aging or physical growth a situation a person deals with helps prepare them for the next
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ORDER OF PRENATAL GROWTH 1.) conception 2 weeks = ZYGOTE (fertilized
egg)
2.) cell division attach to uterine wall (outer cells placenta, inner cells EMBRYO)
3.) Nine weeks = fetus
4.) Placenta nourishes fetus & blocks TERATOGENS: substance capable of interfering with fetal development
5.) 250,000 neurons form each minute!
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Prenatal Video
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NEONATAL PERIOD (NEWBORN)
limited instincts/involuntary sensory behaviors
grasping reflex – respond to touch rooting/sucking reflex – respond to
touch near mouth & cheek
postural reflex – sit with support
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INFANCY PERIOD
rapid, genetically programmed growth
perceptual skills develop tremendously
language acquisition – social interaction & hearing prepare infants to learn languages
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LANGUAGE AND INFANCY inborn pattern of steps to understand vocab.
& grammar (Chomsky – Broca’s area of brain is programmed)
BABBLING– sequence of sounds; ALL sounds same!
ONE-WORD STAGE– overextension is common (“doggie” refers to all animals)
18 mo. – learning accelerates – asking questions to learn new vocabulary: naming explosion
TWO-WORD STAGE– range of meaning extends greatly & categories are common
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MORE LANGUAGE
TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH– short, simple sequences of nouns & verbs
SYNTAX–sentence structure
SEMANTICS– meaning of words (i.e. add “ed” for past tense, “s” for plural, “ing” for action, etc)