{{States of MatterStates of Matter

At the atomic level At the atomic level allall matter is in matter is in motion – even solidsmotion – even solids

What is the difference between the What is the difference between the molecules of ice, water, steam/water molecules of ice, water, steam/water vapor?vapor?

States of MatterStates of Matter

Temperature• And what exactly is Temperature?Temperature?

• a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance

States of MatterStates of Matter

SolidsSolids

Every solid has a Every solid has a definite shapedefinite shape and and definite volumedefinite volume

The particles in a solid move very The particles in a solid move very slowly.slowly. In fact, they essentially are just In fact, they essentially are just

vibrating in placevibrating in place

LiquidsLiquids Add energy (heat) to Add energy (heat) to

a solid, and you will a solid, and you will get a liquidget a liquid

Particles of liquids Particles of liquids slide past each otherslide past each other

Liquid flows and Liquid flows and takes the shape of its takes the shape of its containercontainer IndefiniteIndefinite shape shape DefiniteDefinite volume volume

GasesGases Add energy (heat) Add energy (heat)

to liquid and you to liquid and you get gasget gas

Gases expand or Gases expand or contract to fill the contract to fill the space available to space available to them. them. IndefiniteIndefinite shape shape IndefiniteIndefinite volume volume

PlasmaPlasma

Add energy (heat) to gas and you get Add energy (heat) to gas and you get plasmaplasma

99.8% of our solar system99.8% of our solar system’’s mass is in the s mass is in the sun. The most common form of mass on sun. The most common form of mass on the sun is the sun is plasmaplasma

• Examples:– Fluorescent

lights– Neon signs– Northern Lights– Lightening

States of MatterStates of Matter Vocabulary:Vocabulary:

EvaporationEvaporation CondensationCondensation SublimationSublimation

http://hogan.chem.lsu.edu/matter/chap26/animate3/an26_035.mov

• Melting Point -The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

• Boiling Point- The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas

PlasmaPlasma TemperatuTemperatu

rere VolumeVolume

Heat of VaporizationHeat of Vaporization The energy required to change The energy required to change

from a solid to a liquidfrom a solid to a liquid

Heat of FusionHeat of Fusion The energy required to change The energy required to change

from a liquid to a gas.from a liquid to a gas.

Energy is Required to Energy is Required to change the state of change the state of

Matter Matter

Solid -Solid - molecules vibrate but cannot change molecules vibrate but cannot change position; definite shape and definite sizeposition; definite shape and definite size

Liquid -Liquid - molecules can move over and molecules can move over and around each other; definite volume but around each other; definite volume but indefinite shapeindefinite shape

States of MatterStates of Matter

Gas -Gas - molecules move around freely and molecules move around freely and separate from one another; no definite shape separate from one another; no definite shape or sizeor size

Plasma -Plasma - matter heated to such a high matter heated to such a high temperature that atoms begin to break apart; temperature that atoms begin to break apart; outer electrons are stripped awayouter electrons are stripped away

States of MatterStates of Matter

Solid Solid Liquid: Liquid: Liquid Liquid Gas: Gas: Solid Solid Gas: Gas:

Liquid Liquid Solid: Solid: Gas Gas Liquid: Liquid: Gas Gas Solid: Solid:

The TransitionsThe Transitions

MELTING

EVAPORATION

SUBLIMATION

FREEZING

CONDENSATION

DEPOSITION

The TransitionsThe Transitions

The State of Matter The State of Matter Depends on TemperatureDepends on Temperature

Water from your Water from your freezer starts as freezer starts as solid solid iceice

Add heat and you get Add heat and you get liquid waterliquid water

Add more heat and Add more heat and you get you get steamsteam (a gas) (a gas)

Add even more heat Add even more heat and you get and you get plasmaplasma

The more heat that is applied to an The more heat that is applied to an object the more energy it hasobject the more energy it has

The more energy an object has the The more energy an object has the more it will vibratemore it will vibrate

Particle motion (from slow to fast): Particle motion (from slow to fast):

Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Plasma Plasma

Why does Why does ENERGYENERGY (heat) (heat) change the State of Matter?change the State of Matter?

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Physical and Physical and Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

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ElementElement: pure : pure substance, only substance, only one type of one type of atomatom

CompoundCompound: two : two or more or more elements elements chemically chemically combinedcombined

Pure Pure Substances: Substances:

cannot cannot physically physically separateseparate

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ElementElement: pure : pure substance, only substance, only one type of one type of atomatom

CompoundCompound: two : two or more or more elements elements chemically chemically combinedcombined

Mixtures: Mixtures: can separate can separate

physicallyphysically

Homogeneous Homogeneous MixturesMixtures

Substances can be easily Substances can be easily distinguished and separateddistinguished and separated

Ex: sand and salt, iron and Ex: sand and salt, iron and sugar, sand and gravelsugar, sand and gravel

Substances are well mixed Substances are well mixed and appear the same and appear the same throughoutthroughout

Ex: SolutionEx: Solution

Heterogeneous Heterogeneous MixturesMixtures

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Describe substances Describe substances undergoing physical changesundergoing physical changes

Ex: density, color, texture, Ex: density, color, texture, conductivity, malleability, conductivity, malleability, ductility, boiling point, ductility, boiling point, melting pointmelting point

Chemical Chemical PropertiesProperties

Describe substances Describe substances undergoing chemical undergoing chemical changeschanges

Ex: flammability, Ex: flammability, corrosiveness, volatilitycorrosiveness, volatility

Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

Same substance remains Same substance remains after changeafter change

Used to separate mixturesUsed to separate mixturesEx: pounding, tearing, Ex: pounding, tearing, cutting, dissolving, cutting, dissolving, evaporating, melting, evaporating, melting, boiling, pullingboiling, pulling

If you break a bottle, you still have If you break a bottle, you still have glass.  Painting your nails will not glass.  Painting your nails will not stop them from being fingernails.  stop them from being fingernails.  Some common examples of physical Some common examples of physical changes are: melting, freezing, changes are: melting, freezing, condensing, breaking, crushing, condensing, breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending.cutting, and bending.

Some, but not all Some, but not all physical changes can be physical changes can be reversed.reversed. You could You could refreeze the water into refreeze the water into ice, but you cannot put ice, but you cannot put your hair back together your hair back together if you donif you don’’t like your t like your haircut!haircut!

Special types of Special types of physical changes where physical changes where any object changes any object changes state, such as when state, such as when water freezes or water freezes or evaporates, are evaporates, are sometimes called sometimes called change of state change of state operationsoperations..

Chemical ChangesChemical Changes

Results in new substance with new Results in new substance with new propertiesproperties

Also known as a chemical reactionAlso known as a chemical reaction Ex: burning, digesting, fermenting, Ex: burning, digesting, fermenting,

decomposingdecomposing FLAMMABILITY: A materialFLAMMABILITY: A material’’s ability to s ability to

BURN BURN in the presence of OXYGENin the presence of OXYGEN REACTIVITY:REACTIVITY:

How readily (easily) a substance How readily (easily) a substance combines chemically with other combines chemically with other substances.substances.

Chemical Change Chemical Change EvidenceEvidence

1. Precipitate forms (solid)1. Precipitate forms (solid)2. Gas evolves (bubbles)2. Gas evolves (bubbles)3. Color change3. Color change4. Energy change4. Energy change

Exothermic = releases energyExothermic = releases energyEndothermic = absorbs energyEndothermic = absorbs energy

5. Odor produced (sometimes)5. Odor produced (sometimes)

Which has higher reactivity? A Which has higher reactivity? A 14 karat gold ring or a cheap 14 karat gold ring or a cheap metal ring from the vending metal ring from the vending machine at the grocery store? machine at the grocery store? What is your evidence?What is your evidence?

When you burn a log in a When you burn a log in a fireplace, you are carrying out a fireplace, you are carrying out a chemical reactionchemical reaction that releases that releases carbon.  When you light your carbon.  When you light your Bunsen burner in lab, you are Bunsen burner in lab, you are carrying out a chemical reaction carrying out a chemical reaction that produces water and carbon that produces water and carbon dioxide.  dioxide. 

Common examples of Common examples of chemical changes that chemical changes that you may be somewhat you may be somewhat familiar with are; familiar with are; digestion, respiration, digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, photosynthesis, burning, and burning, and decomposition. decomposition. 

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Burning Paper•CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Digestion of food•CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Sugar dissolving in water

•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Iron turning red when heated•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Evaporation•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•A pond freezing in winter

•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Melting ice•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Cutting wire•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Painting fingernails•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Cutting fabric•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Baking muffins•CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Shattering glass•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Decomposition of old leaves

•CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•Wrinkling a shirt•PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change?

•An old nail rusting•CHEMICAL