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Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other ...
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Transcript of Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other ...
History of (Western) Psychology
Pre-Scientific Psychology: Monism vs Dualism
Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other
Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and body were inseparable
Ancient Greeks Socrates and Plato:
• Used logic• Knowledge is innate
(we’re born with it)
Aristotle• Used data and
observation• Knowledge comes
from experience • First to examine
mental processes such as thought, motivation, and emotional catharsis
Europe Rene Descartes
• Found nerves in dissected animals
Bacon• first to use scientific
method Locke
• Argued for tabula rasa (blank slate)
Empiricism • Observation and
experimentation are most reliable method of knowing
Modern Psychology Wilhelm Wundt
conducted first experiment in 1879
Measured lag between perception and awareness
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/2012/07/31/the-birth-of-experimental-psychology-how-do-we-measure-beginnings/
Structuralism Goal = find
structural elements of the mind (not brain)
Edward Tichener used had subjects use introspection to describe experiences
Problems?http://heartofaleader.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/introspection-and-leadership/
Functionalism Looked at evolved
purposes of thoughts and emotions
Thought processes must be adaptive (based on Darwin)
Founded by William James (American)
http://epsychology.in/school-of-psychology.html
Gestalt Psychology Led by Max
Wertheimer Focused on
perception, insight, and problem-solving
Believed the whole is different from the sum of the parts
German rebellion against Wundt’s analytic mindset
http://www.whatispsychology.biz/gestalt-psychology-social-cognition-development
Psychoanalysis Started by Freud Focused on describing
and treating abnormal behavior
Problems come from previously unresolved conflict (unconscious)
Used dream analysis and free association in therapy
Behaviorism
Started by John Watson
Focus is on the observable and measurable
Describes how behaviors are learned and modified
http://ahp.apps01.yorku.ca/?tag=behaviorism
Humanistic Psychology Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow, 1980s Rebelled against behaviorism
and psychoanalysis Focused on current environment,
potential for growth, and needs for love and acceptance
Modern Subfields Counseling
psychology• Work with people
with everyday problems
• Academic, career, relationships, grief,
Clinical psychology• Work with patients
with ongoing mental, emotional, or behavioral problems
Psychiatry• Go to medical
school• Can prescribe
medication and other physical treatments
• Also use psychotherapy
Industrial-Organizational Advise
companies on organization, hiring, training, morale, and compensation of employees
Human factors psychologists study human/machine interaction• Product design