Psychoanalytic TraditionSigmund Freud

Sigismund Freud

May 6, 1856

Freiberg, Moravia

theories often a product of the zeitgeist

The beginnings…

Victorian Era

behaving properly doing good works

sexuality was taboo

Freud

Victorian tendency to “split”

public self private and secret self

split = neurosis of the day

openly discussed sexuality offensive to many

Freud

Amalie Freud (Freud's mother) eight children Freud the oldest and her favourite Freud born out of wedlock? played a key role in Freudian theory

Meet the Parents

Jakob Freud (Freud's father) Jewish wool merchant Freud's views of his father were mixed Oedipus complex "sons unconsciously desire to kill their fathers" Freud's father was married three times

Meet the Parents

1881-1882 doctor of medicine research focus (neurology)

psychiatry to make a living and get married

1884-1885: experiments with cocaine 18 hour days, 24 Volumes of writing

Chronology

1886: Marries Martha Bernays

6 children (3 boys and 3 girls) one of which was Anna Freud

1887-1888 : interested in hypnotherapy

abandons in favor of ______________________

Chronology

1893-1894: with Josef Breuer

"father figure"

helped F get established

Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)

Chronology

Anna - 2 years in therapy

hysterical neurosis

developed the TALKING CURE

by talking Anna's symptoms disappeared

Anna O.

origins of hysterical symptoms are in childhood sexual seduction

experiences are repressed

Seduction Hypothesis

1895: analyze one of his own dreams

Manifest Content

Latent Content

Chronology

Anna Freud born

1896: first use of term "psychoanalysis“

starts to develop neurotic symptoms

1897: begins his self-analysis

1900: Interpretation of Dreams published

Chronology

1906: Jung and Freud Correspond

1909: Journey to America

1913: Break with Jung

Chronology

1918: loses his entire fortune

1923: oral cancer are detected

smoking 20 cigars a day, 33 operations

in pain, continues to work

Chronology

1930: A heart attack

1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor Freud corresponds with Einstein

1938: anti-semitic persecution

Nazis burned Freud's books

Chronology

Sept. 23rd, 1939 dies

Freud’s Death

The ideas..

The man…

Reactions to Freud

Psychic Determinism Internal Structure Psychic Conflict Mental Energy

Tenets of Psychoanalysis

Psychic Determinism

Consciousness

Preconscious

Unconscious

sexuality and life instincts :

aggression and death instincts:

Types of Instincts

Brain v. Mind

Brain – physical organ

Mind – ID, EGO, SE

Internal Structure

Superego –

Ego –

ID –

Psychic Conflict

ID (translated as "the it")

uncivilized, selfish, illogical, impulsive, pleasure-seeking

at birth, the mind consists entirely of ID

works according to the ___________________________

The ID

the EGO (translated as the "I")

rational, realistic

reality principle =

The Ego

function of the EGO

balance between demands reality, the ID and Superego

Compromise Formation

moral, perfectionistic (unrealistically)

the superego (translated the "over I")

standards about what is right and wrong

irrationally demanding in its strive for moral perfection

superego consists of two parts: ego ideal and conscience

ego ideal -

conscience -

The Superego

conflict results in anxiety

realistic anxiety

neurotic anxiety

moral anxiety

To cope… we use defense mechanisms

Conflict

Psychic energy of mind is called Libido

Energy is finite

Energy must be vented

Mental Energy

Catharsis Hypothesis

Mental Energy

Libido invested in stages◦0ral◦Anal◦Phallic ◦Latency◦Genital

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Believed in moderation…

ProblemsUnderinvestmentOverinvestment

Results in FIXATION

Freud’s Theory

Erogenous zone: mouth, lips, and tongue

Quality of care giving an issue.

IDEAL: moderate care trust, given and receive, self-reliance

BAD: too little care BAD: too much care

Oral (0 to 18 months)

unhealthy development:

◦ oral passive personality

◦ oral aggressive

Oral Phase

control over anal sphincters

Parents play a key role in toilet training How this is handled is crucial…

IDEAL: Moderate praise

◦ healthy development: personal autonomy, independence, initiative without guilt

Anal : (18 months to 3 years)

children want to become independent.

“ME DO” – learns self-control

Learning the meaning of the word “NO”

“Terrible Twos”

Anal

BAD: too high expectations (too harsh) BAD: no expectations…. (too lenient)

unhealthy development:

◦ anal-retentive

Anal Stage

complicated and controversial stage

adjustments to opposite sex are made

Oedipus and Electra complex

Males and Females resolve this stage differently.

Superego develops by the end of this stage

Phallic (ages 3-6)

Inspired by Greek legend

Oedipus = “swollen foot”

King of Thebes (Oedipus) unconsciously kills father and marries mother

Little boys want to kill their fathers and sleep with their mothers

Can’t happen… so little boys identify with father

Oedipus Complex

“Penis envy”

“The Love Doctor” did not understand women

“What do women want”?

“The Dark Continent”

Electra Complex

Emerging sexual feelings during stage Emerging conscience

resolution dictates how you handle sexuality as an adult

Sexual uptight (rigid, guilt-prone, condemning) Sexually “loose” (phallic personality)

Bottom line…

Cooling off period no localization of libidinal energy sexual interests replaced by social ones

Sexual drive is “sublimated” to school, hobbies, friends and sports

Weakness of theory

Attraction can occur as early as the 4th grade before sexual maturity

Latency (ages 6-12)

marked by the development of emotional ties with member of the opposite sex

Focus outward, instead of inward

Learn to love and work = mental health

Genital (ages 12+)

Defense Mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms

Psychoanalytic

George Valliant

◦ Mature - sublimation◦ Neurotic – sexualization◦ Immature - regression◦ Narcissistic – distortion

◦ See Kaplan and Sadock

Different Categories

Two goals…

1) Gain insight (intellectual awareness)

2) Change behavior (move aware from repetitive compulsions)

How does this work in therapy?

Repression: Primary and Secondary

Primary -

Secondary -

Ego Defenses

Dissociation:

Ego Defenses

Identification:

Ego Defenses

Displacement:

Ego Defenses

Distortion:

Ego Defenses

Idealization-Devaluation:

Ego Defenses

Isolation of affect:

Ego Defenses

Passive-Aggressive:

Ego Defenses

Projection:

Ego Defenses

Splitting:

Ego Defenses

Projective Identification:

beliefs about another are translated into behavior that confirms the original belief

This requires an explanation…

Ego Defenses

Rationalization:

Ego Defenses

Reaction formation:

Ego Defenses

Regression:

Ego Defenses

Schizoid fantasy:

Ego Defenses

Sexualization:

Ego Defenses

Somatization:

Ego Defenses

Denial -

Ego Defenses

Omnipotence -

Ego Defenses

Sublimation:

Ego Defenses