SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES

1. Observation- noting down daily occurrences in nature ; and directly received by the senses.Kinds:

a.Quantitative- numerical (how many and how much)

examples: Typhoon Isang was the 9th typhoon that hit the Philippines. Typhoon Isang has a wind speed of 90 kph.

b. Qualitative- descriptive (what)

Examples:The clouds are dark and heavy.The plants have yellow and falling leaves after the typhoon.

A fact learned directly from the senses.

Sight Smell Touch Hearing Taste

Observations are not

•an inference (“I think”),

•A question (???),

•or evidence (“the data supports”)

Quantitative—observations involving measurements such as length, mass, or volume. (quantity= how much? Numbers)

Qualitative—observations of properties such as texture, shape, or color (comparing to known). (quality= what’s it like?

Qualitative – describe with wordsHot , red, large

Quantitative – describe with numbers100° , 10 meters, 3.46 grams

Scientists prefer quantitative Easy to agree upon No personal bias

Write the time and date of the observation

Record observations at the time they were made;

Make both quantitative and qualitative observations.

2. Inference (Interpretation) - explanation of the observationExamples:a. O – The mango is soft, awful, watery, black, and with 10 maggots. I – The mango is rotten.b. O – The fruit is round and small. I – The fruit is cherry. I – The fruit is lychee.

c. O – The clouds in the sky are dark and heavy. I – The clouds will bring rain.

3. Prediction – forecasting an event Kinds:a. interpolation (within the observed data)b. extrapolation (beyond the observed data)

safe prediction is based on pattern/regularity.Example:

O – The heavy rains pours persistently. Prediction – Classes will be suspended during the day.

4. Variables – factors that are tested and affect the result of the experiment. Kinds: a. Constant –kept the same in all trials, not changed; b. Manipulated (independent variable)– changed/varied; c. Responding (dependent variable)– effect of the manipulated variableThere must be only one MV at a time.

Example:a)An egg was tested if it will float in the water with 5 tbsp of salt. CV- egg, water; MV – salt RV – egg floats b)Two inflated balloons were exposed to sunlight to describe the movement of molecules when they are heated.•CV – balloons; MV- sunlight RV – moving molecules

Data 1

Data 2

An experiment has been conductedon the effects of ground ipil-ipil seeds on the rate of growth of tilapia. The fish were fed by increasing amounts of ipil-ipil seeds for one month. Below is the result of the experiment.

Mass (Feeds) in

kg

Mass (Tilapia) in kg

5 10010 20015 30020 40025 50030 60035 70040 800

a. What will happen to the earth with the given amount of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere? What is your prediction? b. In 2020, what do you think is the amount of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?

c. What are the variables in the experiment (data 2)? CV – MV – RV –d. Why do we need to have only one manipulated variable at a time?