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Verbalization Text "The War Poem Mengkasar ": Cleave Apart Expression Heroism andMulticulturalism

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fridVerbalization Text "The War Poem Mengkasflr r': Cleave Apart

Expression Heroism and Multiculturalism

EryIsrvary" M.HumFaculfy of Arls University ofHasanuddin Makassar Indonesia

Email : eiswary'@Yahoo. com

AbstractThis paper examines the Poem War Mengkasar as traditional historiography based on realit-v and the stories of

humaniil' (not the stuff of rnyths and fairy tales) in which King described as the patriotic hero. gallant* brave,

never give-up, and not afraid to face his enemv. namely the Netherlands . People rt'ho are "Hsro" in this verse

Mengklsar War in the end the characier's being lost the war but still be followed and respected. The data source

of this research is the bsok "War Poetry' Mengkasar" by Skinner that consists of 534 stanzas are I'i'ritten in the

st-vle of lerical and Malay. S_wopsis This poem made writer based episodes of the war based on the disclosure of

significant events.Eiprcssion of hcroism can be found in the text at thc time of the King of various kingdorns each expressed its

,"udior5 against the Netherlands in the form of "oath of allegiance" is pert-omed approximately 25 king / leader.

Multiculmrll exprcssion, as indicated in the tert of this poem as historical evidencc that the King in his day *om

various regions continues to maintain the spirit of unity and are committed to t}e Sultan Hasanuddin (Sultan of

the Kingdim of Goa) to jointly defend the empire. Kingdom of Goa can reach its peak and is very_ porveifil

becausJof the compiexitlr of ethlic and tribal nations that support for the war in Makassar and *'ork together

agailst the Netheriands. iv{ulticulturalism is also indicated in the use of rveapons of war that comes from the

dut"tt. Uuta.. Java, Ambon and Makassar in the form of guns, cannons. srvords, javelins. sunderik, dagger,

permants, ships, boats.Wa. poeq' idengkasar substance rich i1 moral kaching is good and bad. Human Righ* relations behveen

nations, gender rotes, due to the bad war, and contains a messags that avoids a rl'ar betR'een nations v'ill crcate

li.orld peace.Keywords : PoemWar, Heroism and Multiculturalism

1. Introductionllle poem War.Mengkasar-based substance including historical poern because it tells about the ev'ents of history'poetrl' rwifien b1' Elci 'Amin (Scribes Sultan Hasanuddin) is trying to portra)' the reality of war avesomeness

that occurred irr Makassar. War poern written l\'Iengkasar predicted start arourd Jwe 1669 until June 1670

(skinneq 2008). The advantages ofthir po.*, in addition to having a high historical value can also provide an

oveilierv- of the r.vars even poetic st5'le of ifs telling, not nanative. This consistent pattem of rwiting poems

follow the rules of poetry that consists offow lines conraining foul syllables, and consists of at least nine to

tu'elve s1 llables with AAAA paflsrn.The poem War Mengkasar rwitten by Enci Amin, a clerk Suitan Hasanuddin (lived from 163l'1672)- This poem

rryas written in the Matay language commonly used in the early l7th centurl' and discussed as a thesis for Ph.D

program by Skinner at the Universit-v of London in 1961. Skinner discovered fwo copies of fhe manuscript poem

Wui ftL"gL*ar. The first script, is ms SOAs. No^. 40324, is part of a collection of Marsden manuscnpts

submittedt King's College, London, in 1835, thich was later transferred to the Library of the School of

Oriental and African Studics (SOAS) in 1920-21. Ms 40324 {in the book manuscript called S). The .sccond sctipt

(in this book rvere coded L) is Cod.Or. Bibl. Lugd. Leiden Universiteitsbibliotheek 1626 collcction. L is

incompletc manuscript, only 6 pages contained in this book (hlm.75-142), totaling 534 temple. L obtained

Univeisiteitsbibliotleek Leiden Miuscript of 1848. This manuscript copied b.v Comelia L Valendn in Ambon

in l7l0 (Skinner, 2008).The poetryWar Mengkasarcan be placed as rvell as'works of historical literature results. The poem consists of

534 versei tha.t each p*ugruph ronui*tr of four sentences. Length of 2,136 line poem tells &e war beh'i'een the

kingdoms VOC Goa-rnh[n toot place betweeu the years 1667-1668. This poem was written in Malay wi&

Ualay Classical lettrrs. Each senience consisted of four words, although there are five words but very rare'

Stanzas ofpoefiry attributed to the equation vocals at the end. A writing skills needed to integraie the hislorical

facts, the uie of diction and expression of the beauty of words in the text. The number of text syait a f€at in itself

that iras the uniqueness and superioritl, because today's general historical work n'ritteu in narratrve form, so it is

very difficult to find historical stories n'rifien in verse or poetrr"

nre aata source of this paper is the text of poems War C.Skinner Mengkasal dissertatiorr based on data that have

been published by KTiV Jakarta in collaboration rvith Inninarva in 2008. This poem rvas rwi-tten by Makassar

background when ryar occurs but does not show any text verbalization language lexical lexical Makassar except

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the title and call for Kings and refeience to a paIticular person. Skimrer concludes that there is use of somespelling and I'ocabulary used in the text of the poem proves equation MaJa1, Minangkabau, rvhich is also used inJohor, Riau, Aceh and Banjar and Kutai. Based on the us€ of the names used are also the ideal figure shows theHindu Javansse culture references (like Ravana Bhima, Ghatotkacha). Sultan Hasanuddin as the King of Goaw'hen it is lifted Enci Amin representing lhe Malay community as a cled< Gowa Sultan Hasanuddin arvards alsoprove ethnic diversi|' and rvill aot discriminate on race and tribe in running his government. This verse alsohelped prove the existence of the Malays (Johor and Malacca) in South Sularvesi n'ho l,,as instrumental in fhedevelopnent of culture, religion and ideologv. This realit; also indicates a pattem of life Multiculturalisn in thearchipelago, particularly in Makassar.

2. ABriefHistoryof I' THEPOEM WAR MENGKASAR"The Poem War Mengkasar li,ritten by Arnin Enci Makassar Peranakan Malay Johor^ Enci is nalionalism title ofthe kingdoms of Johor and the Malay Peninsula; Enci Amin ancesoors ale migrants fircm Johor rvho had beenmanied to women Makassar."Poetq.- Mengkasar War" is seen as a rl,ork of historiography as Enci Amin express tek poetry- in the form of averbal order of Makassar war based on significant historical sverits which he considers to be disclosed bv hisinner experience of birth.He unites wifh an awareness of describing events as they are actually. Enci Amin promised several times rvantedto write honestly. As Muslims Enci begin his poem with basmalah say. which means the narne or in the name ofGod^ That way when he intend to write poetry as worship to God and accountable in the hereaffer. In order thathc rvrites praise and affection for the Sultan, the horoes. nobility and heroism of thi people in particular andallies Mengkassar Makassar in general.Another reason is the authols life in the palace, he is a person close to the king, as a scribe r,l.ho recorded thenegotiations / agreements rnade by the Sultan Hasanuddin with the Dutch.The Poem War Mengkasar consists of 534 shnzas are written in the style of lexical and Malay. Slnopsis Thispoem made writer based episodes of the war based on the disclosure of significant events. Slnopsis poemconsists ofnine sections and consist of sub-stories- which can be itemized as follows:

l) Preliminaryo Compliments (Doxology): verse l-12I Praise and p ersembahan to the Sultan of Goua (verse 13-24)r Apolo$,author {verses 25-28)

2\ The war beganr Preparation and depatture VOC expedition to Makassar (couplet 29-40)r Makassar people pledge allegiance to the Sultan and the expression of hatred to the VOC

(couplet: 4l-66)r Exchange of letters bet*'een the Sultan-nith VOC (couplet: 61-91)

3) VOC expedition io Buton: the defeat of the troops under thE command of Makassar KaraereBontomarannu (couplet: 92- l 3 5)

4) VOC expedition visited the Moluccas. Sultan of Temate joined the expedition (couplet: 136-143)o The praise for the Sultan ofGoa {couplet: 144-148)

5) Rebellion Bugis (couplet: 149-206). Sultan ofTallo beat at Able Bugis (couplet: 149-174)' Sultan ofTallo beat the Bugis in Pattiro (couplet: 175-183)r The winner fi;-turxed to Makassar (184-203)

6) The first MakassarWar (couplet: 207423). VOC Fieet arrived around Makassar: Bantaeng attacked (207-222\- Envof insulted Speelman (2Xa39)- Prepare Makassar attack {240-247)- Battle on the first day - the mufual-bombardment (248-782)- The bombing continues (283-290't- Author ask remembered (291-292)- Efforts VOC for broken Stones masters {293-306)- VOC attack E song Gal t 8-19 August 1667 (307-324)- VOC landed in Stones: fierce baftle raging (325-365)- Casualties Makassar (367-385)- Negotiations peace; panic (386401)

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- Flattery Sultan forGoa and Tallo'(402414)- Peace agreed (415-{23)

7) VOCs in Ujung Pandang (verses 424459)424435: VOC settled: Makassar people sick436448: some Karaeng of Makassar defected to VOC and joined in the attack on Sanrabone

449459: Reinforcements s€nt from Makassarto Sanrabone under Jarannika Karaeng leadership.

8) Both Makassar War (verse 460-513)460471: VOC attack Sanrabone to be broken472477: Trade Representative British bumed; VOC attacks were repulsed478-486: the battle conhnues487-513: raid agairrst Makassar defense certer lefl; fort destroyed; Makassar troops retreated to Goa.

9) Cover (verse 514-534).514: moral story515-519: Warpeace agreemfllt last of Makassar.52A-524: conclusions the author525-534: the author reveals his identity and apologize for last time .

3. Heroism Expression in the Poem'l{ar MengkmarThe most concrrte expression of hcroism described in the to.t is r*hen the King of various kingdoms each

expressed its rcadiness againstthe Netherlands in the form of expression of the oaft of allegiance . In the tcL:t it is

stated that approximately 26 King Sultan Hasanuddin subordinatEs ll,ho utter readiness agaitrst the Netherlands.

Adaun kings are: l.Karaeng Popoi 2. Karaeng Lengkes, 3. Karacng old garage, 4. Karaeng Madjanang brother

Sultan, 5. k**ng Pajalingang, 6. Karaeng Bonto Sungu, 7. Karaeng Balo, 8. Karaeng Mandale, 9. Karaeng

Mamu, 10. Karaeng Uatrta il. Kutu"ng Patung4 12. Karaeng Tompong 13. Karaeng Ketapang, 14" Karaeng

Jaranik4 15. Mareila Daeng, 16. Karaeng Adniral, 17. Karaeng Sanderabone. 18. Datu [,enang, 19. Karaetgpatene, iO. Outu Amar Kings" 21. Datu Maharajalela., 22. Marupa Daeng" 23. King Bontoal4 24. King Mandar"

Balanipa, 25. King Lubu. 26. Daeng ri Boko Old Syahbandar.Oath of allegian.. ir * expression Heroic and courage of the king, the people and the commander described the

temple began on 4l -66. Expression heroic poem begins with:(12) Akun titah baginda Sultan

Siapatah baik kita tilahkanTanyafum kehendak Welands sYsitilnHendak berkelalzi bita kman

The phrase poem abovs illustrates horv the courage of all the people and its king u-ere consulted *&ile the Sultan

of Goa, anJbe ready against the Netherlands lWelanda)- if attacked. The nahrre of fhe heroic king also described

respectively in the follorving stanza.(44) Menyahut baginda Keraeng Ketapang

Keraeng We jangan hatimu bimbangJikalau Welanda hendak berPerangKita kampungkan skalian orang

(47) Llengaru pula' Keraeng LengkesMencabut sunrletik serta memehisJikalau sekedar Welanda dm BugisDoripada tertawan remaklah habis

(49) Keraeng Bonto Maianang smtdara SuksttSilmymya seperti harimau jantanBarang ke rnana patik ditituhkanWelands don Bugis saia kulswan.

(58) Daeng Mabela muda Tang sabarIa bercakap menYamPaikan destarBerknt Tuhan Wahid Al-kaharPatikpan tidak ngeri dan genlar

(64) Akan cakap anak raia yang muda-mudaH erdak b erperang dengan We lawlaRupa sikapnya sePerti garudaSekaliannya anak soudara baginda

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( 6 5 ) B era tu s -t' atu s hulub alan g y ang p cthl aw anDi bmuah duli raja Bangsau,anBerkata claulat y6ng dipefiuanSekslian bercakap hendak ntelawan

The expressions above ar6 some words of the oath of allegiance that is recorded in flle text of the poem.

4. Multiculturalism Expression in the Poem War MengkasarMulticulturalism e{'rnologically conrprised of tno words, namelv "multi" 'plural'and culturalism 'cuhure'.

plural ierm implies that diversified, because pluralism is not just a recognition of the manifold but therecognition has politieal implications. social , economics and culhrre. In the traditional sense of multiculuralismhas hl'g main characteristics: fust. the need for recognition. Second. the legitimacy of cultural diversif orculfural pluralism. In the first rryave of multiculturalism is the essetrce of the stmggle of the behavior of different

cultures (the other). (Tilaar in Efarasti, October 11, 201l)Multiculturatism is not a discourse, but rather an ideology that must be fought because it takes as an ethical

Establishment of democracy. human rights, and the rrelfare of society. Multiculfuralisn't as an ldeology does nol

stand alone apart from other ideologies. Muliiculturalism requires a concept ofbuilding to be used as a reference

in order to understand in social life. In addition, multiculturalism should be willing to review &e various issues

that contaitr ideolog-v. politics, democracy, rule of larv. justice, job and business opporhnities, human rights,

cultural rights of minority local community. ethical principles and moral and increased quality productivity.(Suparlan 2009 )Multiculturalism condiuons inrlisated in t5e text of the poem Mengkasar War, as historical cvidence to maintain

the spirit of unity among one another king w'ho had srvorn allegiance to the Sultan of Goa (Sultan tlasanuddin)

and ready to fight against the Dutch (VOC) in ordcrto maintain the empire.Kingdom of Goa can teach its peak and very influential because ethnic plwality support. It is evident frorn the

many ethnic and hibal peoples involved in helping during the war in Makassar and slmergize against theNetherlands. Ethnic pluralism multiculturalism is to illustrate the involvement of sel'eral kingdoms of various

tribes engaged in warfare in addition to ethnic N,lakassar and Bugis alone other ethnic identified as: Buton,

Temate, Ambon. Sumbalv4 Bim4 Javanese, Minangkabau, Mandar- Malay. and of course Nether{ands.Multiculturalism is erpressed conditions irr text poem examples described in the following:(1 l9) Buton itu mengtangkaniagung

Berebutlah ia turunt n eramryngJihalatt tidak moyangnya datang menolongRaja dmt menterinyd futbis terpotong

(1 25) Akan Mengkasar Bima SambawaSeorangpun tidak lagi teltaw.,Daripada talatnya akan pungga**aPisau rautnya pun tidak terbtwa

(l 33) Menyahut bage Kapitan JeparaBaiklah kita sekalian bicaraOrang pun tiada ada sengsaraDapatlah kita b e rki ra-kira

(1 34) Diiawab oleh Kapitan .feponSuruhlah panggil Meluku dat AtrbonKitalah lama sudah di ButonBeras punhabis khabamya konon

(140) Jawa Kelana CiJi MandarcahAda sedibit hatinya susahPihr baginda tunduk tengadahSebab bercakap terlaniur sudah

{146) Syahi Alam raja yang adilRaja khaffih sempuma kamilWali Allah sempurna wasilLagr ariJ'lagi mukamil

(148) Sangat berani baginda sultanH endak melaw an We landa sYai tanMinanglmb ou d en gtm pera nakanSikapnya itu bulwn htwtan

Greanress and power of the ancient kingdom of Goa, as evidenced by ou,nership of 13 bastions. Goa is a royal

kingdom ghich has stronghold in the rvorld. The name of the fort arc spread along the south coast to the north of

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Makassar is:1 Fortress Manngarak Boombang, Tallo2. Fortress Edge Land, in Paotere3. Ujung Pandang forhess {Fort Rotterdam), around Lo*ri (nor"v)4. SombaOpu5. Panakkukang fort (nearthe beach Barornbong)6. Forfress Garassik (Somba Opu fortress guards)7. Fortress Barombong (region Barombong)8. Forfress child Goa (Taeng area Gowa)9. Forkess Galesong (around the palace area ofKing Karaeng Galesong)10. Fortress Sanrobone (located in the areakab.Takatar)11.. Fortress Mariso {localed between Fort Somba Opu and Maccinik Sombalak)12. Fortress Kalegorva (Burial place of Suitan Hasanuddin region)13. Forkess Balaborok

Multiculfuralism is also indicated irr the use of rveapons of war that comes from the Dutch" Malay, Jala, Ambonand Makassar such as: guns. cannons, srvords.javelins, sunderik. dagger, armor (lamine), pennants and severaltools including \r'ar ships , used boats Makassar occurred during the rtu-ar. Cannons. ships and amament beingused there is the production ofDutch and local products. According to historical records rvhen the golden age ofthe kingdom of Goa in Makassar rnade factory rifles produced at that time fhe people of Makassar. In addition tothe guns. also known as the dagger is not onl1, made of steel or iron, but the dagger is made &om a mixture ofclay foam wav€s and very pointy edges and knorrn as the "<Iugger rakt'asak".

5. ConclusionsAnotier advantage of the substance of the poem War historiography Mengkasar is traditionally based on realityand humanity stories, not stories mlths and fairy tales. The king and the psople who fought againstthe Dutch astold in the verbal te 1, nol the author's imagination but based on the facis narated, so rhe king as a patf iotic h€ro,gallant brave,nevergive up, and notafraid to face the enemy is reported based on the events thathave occuned. If in fairytales usually the hero {hero) alwa.vs be on the winning side, then the hero in the War Poetrv Mengkasarexperienced defeai after a devastating attack but remains an exempliu)- figure. Form of defeat er?erienced roother airn to uphold the values of humaniry that people are not rnors victims.Excellence Mengkasar War poem from the perspective of multiculturalism 1o enlighten the public about themanv benefits of ethnic diversity. Mission tert explicitly teaches poetry to the rvorld community that the hostilityand conflict because is motivated greed will lead to misery" both morally and materially. Multicultunl societythat is supposed to uphold the values of humanity, is sometimes overlooked bv the lust of power that is bothmundane and matErial. The essence of multiculturalism is respect for diversity. Differences o*.ned along withthe uniqueness of each r-ith varied hues. if the rryell_will bear kmitted peace. Etlrric diversity that peacefulcoexisterce rvill create a vibrarrt communiS'full of dpamics.This lyic trxt verbalization is also a learning medium that is universal. Education and enlightenrnent on thehistor-v, literature, and religion arc mutuall-v collaborate in a soparate scicnce text contribute to its r$ad€rs. Inaddirion, the substance of the poem laden with teaching good moral values and bad, human rights. relationsbetwecn nations and ethnic nature of gender rolcs, the bad effects of rvar or elhnic conflict, and tnost importantlygive lessons to hurnans that establish peace befween ethnicitl'can create peace between nations- which in tumcreates rvorld peace.

ReferenceAfid dan Witoelar', Wimar. 4 Marei 2007. Soal Multikulturalisme. http:l/paramadina.wordpress.comBudianta, Melani. l5 Agustus 2008. Sastra dan Iateraksi Lintas Budal'a. Jakarta: Maialah Ma1,a Pusat Bahasa.Eriy.anto. 2003. Analisis Wacana: Pengantal Analisis Teks Media. Jogakarta: LkiS.Fairclough, Nonnan. 1998. Critical Discourse Anal.vsis: The Critical Stud"v of Languagc. USA

Longman. Inc.Harahap, Ahmad Rivai. 2006. Multikulturalisme dan Penerapannya dalam Perneliharaan

Bergama. Mcdan : LPKB Penvakilan Medan.

; Addison Wesley

Kerukunan Umat

Mahpur, Moharnmad. 8 Maret 2008. Hibriditas dan Menyoal Kearifan Lokal. PUSPeK Averroes.Maslikhah. 2007. Qua Vadis Pendidikan Multikultur Rekonstruksi Sistem Pendidikan Berbasis Kebangsaan

Salatiga: STAIN Salatiga Press.Paeni, dkk. 2003, Katalog Induk Naskah-Naskah Nusantara Sulawesi Selatan. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Republik

Indonesia.Piliang. 8 Februari 2007. Sasha Multikultural. Hanghrah Digital Library.

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Santosc, Anang. 2003. Bahasa Politik Pasca Orde Baru. Jakarta: WedatasraWidya Sastra.Skimrer, C (Ed). 2008. SyairPerang Mengkasar. Jakarra"* KITLV,2008Su8anto. 16 Agustus 200?. Refleksi HUT RI ke-62, Bergndonesia) dengan Kesadaran Multikultural.

ww1*" surya.co.id^veb.Suparlan, Parsudi. 9 Mei 2008 Menuju Masyalakat lndonesia yang Multikultuxal.'http://averroes.or.id

History Life Aufhor: Dr. Ery Iswarl', M.Hum, was Makassar, December 19 1965. Her education graduatedfrom Doctoral Linguistics. Her Occupation: l.ecturer in Faculty of Humanities (Literature), HasanuddinUniversity, Makassar, Indonesia. Her Position: Chairman of the Deparfrnent of Regional Literature Faculty ofLiterature Unhas {2005-2009), Chairman of the Regional Language Teacher Courses Faculty ofLetien Hasanuddin University (2009 - present). Her Experience: Short Course (l semester) at the IntenrationalFreun University, Germany. 2000. Guest Lecfui'er for 6 months at the University Kebangsaan Malaysia.

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