11'o'T It OIlU CTI01'I

AS in"'re" in Otl liq ... tool' ,nd PO" «0.'< Bri(i.h Empire eocomp.o'''''' ,he gl_ ' 00 carried whh it tool. of.1I t"""', amoog ,,'h ich were bi""",., and ' hei r bil>. From "pp"',i"",'c ly liSO- l gloO, and much I."'r ;0 , Engli'" bi", domin'ted wortmen,' 'oolki". """t roming fmm the m.k,,, 0( edgc (001. in Shefficld, Englond.

Th i' boo!; i, di"""ctl (0 Amenc.n rollckground "" .. on Ii.ng l'.oIograph. of .pec imen>. 1ho: ill""I";oo, .n: computer graphic, prep"red u"n1 Corel ·Draw 4.0 by dflow;og Q'" bi'mor> ;m'ge, ofM''''''k tool' ", .. ,ned 00 • n .. bed "',nn,,, ,nd .rc f.ithful '0 "",u. 1 'peein",n, in 'Il< ,utllo

, ENG U S Il RITSTOC K TOOl,S

t; UI.TIJR " L RA(K(; ROlJl'o" D

SU"';. Antlq"" EnglIsh tool , we oollect oM "ooy tod. y. ",eluding tOe ,ubj«. bi,Sloe' tool .. "'" oo r dir«t '"",ibk lin .. to oor f"", beare,,' lifew.y • . A, "UT bodie. c>rry lI>c genetic mal.ri.l, of 'c ,,' of tI,,,.,,.nd. of y ..... of bioJogic.1 ....,..try. "" h t«hoology Ill'< lon, . 00 romplu, The", w.., 00 unili"",,- evolutioo of t< (um of!1>< millennium, Roman inlltc spread to (Ot: Bri!ilIu'llY "' • •• lrea.ly f.,fly sop/>,stic" od 'n Engl.oo "'I>< R"""", Em pire beg.n (0 cru",ble and England w" .b>ndoned,

N,,>! c.me the S .. oo ;nv .. ioo during ,I>< Imt Ages when GemulIlic people> brought new cu,,,,,", and I.ngu'ge, Indig

, I

, Figur.l

THE POSITION OF THE BITSTOCK IN EVOLVING ENGLI SH SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL HISTORY

DATE EU ROPE AN EVENTS ERAS INFLUE NCE

' 900

1300

1700 1-- _

1600

--- -- -- --- -----1+--- -- --- ----

• " • < < " ~ < 0 " e < 0 " 11 00 <

1000 H -------------.00

.. 0

'"0

'"0

'"0 ~-I-- --- --- --- --- -- ---1-1-- --- --- ------

'"0 1--

-L --- --- --- --- -- -- -I 1-- --- --- -----

,

In ,he 1.1< 1400> A.D. IOc'" was a cu lturol. ,dcnlift< .• nd telo",n in 1607 aM from that ,ime ron h ""lIli,h lang"'ge.t>(! ,",,,,,", "",'. < eml>r",e.;I .00 enh.""od. An>eric'n lechoolOi;Y eve"tu.lly su'P'.scd thot of Britain in lI>c I .. , h.lf of til< ninc'",,"'o ~nl"ry A.D. and co",. k> dornin"" ,he wOOd for mIX" of tile I~..,ntic(h Oiogy come "'"" ' 0 Amenco,,,,, 'he very S«ds of Americao cultore , l.ni""lIC, and co"om> carne from Bri .. in '0 ," coloo"" in Noon A"""ie •. It came 10 lamo.delin, of.

• r=>rlory of En,I.oo [0 the " ... of ,he ,wen,ieth ed or "'00 w" Ooldin, the crank i, "" known .nd ... HI frevlock w .. 001 j"" = trictcd 10 E081.oo . Throughout the cooti",,", •• pm of '"'."em Eun.lP< c

Figu,.2 ETHNIC NINETEENTH CENTURY BITSTOCK PATTERNS

OF SE LECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES The British Isles Tradition Wood" bil",," wilh butt,nl.p 'i '9 "0

• EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH BITSTOCKS

AND BIT RETENTION METHODS

1, ,,0 Shell C~ ... ~ 8;lIIoc~ 1'09

..... Ied Wood,. SheIIloIcI lit.loc l ,,~

Londo. Wood •• Bil$1ock IHO

' "", • • ~~: Bil

• > ., ., " • • " . .. '" i'" '1 .-," ~

, . iii ~ 0" ," .; Z; ,-., t. .-c, " :;; ":;; ." x'

, .. •• •• . > • '. U , , • • •• =v

Flg •• e l

"

t 0 , • " .< • • ~ " " , •

t

t

in Pigure 1. the 'ped"",n from the M,ry 11.0>1 cr.fu;"",n . 00 ",Id eommerc i.l ly. Roo:I;1 .hong .. took plore in bi"tock de, ign in SlIeff",ld during the I",t h.lf of the ei,hte< chock KlCkel. Thi, ","ern w .. to cooti n"" in'o the ,weluteth «n tury and len, of thoo •• nd, of braoo:. "' .. ,," made he.ring ,hi. 'ype of l.hli,bed in Rom,n and Vikins 'imn. oontinued '0 be used in Europe 011 au!:"" "ntil tl>< """'n' ",,>t, When bitstock, "en: de'eloped eire. " .D, 1.JOO.1400 i, " ... only klzi< ,we"''' t~ cenlUr;' (Fi ~u", 4). 'Throoghoot Au",i •. Sw,,, .. rl.oo.

Imrod""!",,,

Co."', D,,, EMI, Aal-tlotl£ C, ... , D,,. Coo.,.-"", C.ntp Sf""'" R",,",, S U, Chou"""'" S"""" D,,. Com""", S"""" B,,.

N"", Biu C""'''''''' N_ 0,,, S,sll Do".Ii" Oil>

G"' ~l BoI,

i i

C""'''''''' I'I:>.l Gom~l On, (0., .... '" "'11i»"'"'' Bi,._

Wo>l>..- C.'I

-"' ... ,-k"",," T_ ~,"""" ~at4"". Co. •• ,,~"" B""I_" _ .. Co._"i.', .. """ ' ...... c .. "" ... ,. S"" "It ,.1 '"""" C, ru .. l>f" "'" .. ... ,

rot""'''w, 0.- Srn_i ... 8 .. C_n._«w. "' ...... ' ......,,«1 S"'. TiM .. ,,,,,., 8.11 ..... -r- Tto-."," " . . Rif~T ... >

I. The 1'lt Ti .... in We""," Eo""", ar.l A""nt.

]. 01 .. , Form. fC,",", Hi" ____ .... ..... , .. .... . S. AdditionaJFotm.ofCem"B;t, .... ____ . ... ____ .. ... .. ____ .... , 9. Spoon H", ... 10. SII roc W_ and Sof, Metal 2 •. [),-;IJ Bi" 10< M ... I 27, 111 ....

Conli""n,.1 mind"'l eoocemin& M'lOCk lang ,hap< _"" tinued to f""u, on 'Il< u'" of n .... ang bit< ooi,in.lly deve loped 10 be in"'~od in WOCI. N(>I'(I", iron bit>lOn~ method of b" « tention t>p ho, in ,he metal"'ocOi nK ,~ •. A prime candidat" lor ,och origin. lies in th< .rmore,,' prolc .. ion where .mall iron-f'.me throoghool EulUjlC u!iCd ,n the me",lwoc" ng t~, "'en: f .. hioned '0 ""«pt bits with >quo", ,,,,,,,ml '.nS''' I< .. t two. hundred year< hefore they bee.",. the ".,td.>nI,yp< in !:Agland in the I .. , h.lf of the dgh ,coIh 'he", . nd in the U"itod 5,.lcp . .. tcly from 'OOse 01_ of ",,'ood used in ,he woodworking ,ru\o,.

C< ~.'" craf" ," I"'glond ".,., "buk".nodly occ

" THE TWO PRINCIPAL BITSTOCK TOOL

TANG PATTERNS OF EUROPE ~

" , a .. i. F., B~ ' ''9 S~, p< Tht 11' .. To C.n,i. " VOl" l~. P ... en1 D.y

" " C < -• < ->

1700

1600

1500

" BITSTOCK TOOL TANG SHAPES THROUGH TIME

IN WESTERN EUROPE AND AMERICA

BRITISH ISLES AND AM ERICA

THE CONTINENT

, , WOODWORKING I i'lEI~lWO RKI NG WOOOWORKING I METALWORKING

TRADE S : l RAOES'-_ t---"TRIID1:S : TRA DEC'_,

< , < • < • • •

1400 1--

13001--

< , , • -< • , • • ~ > • , < , , ! • , 0 • • • • • • • < • • < < • • , • , 0 •

" OMIG1 N OF TilE WOIW. BIT

'n

Bi, m" ,og ... os • 'P«'i.hzed '.'"Ur""uri"J code .. ,,,, in tOe edge tool induSl'Y of En~l and . Although bi" "' ... mO!.." =ood in j>I'O< town of SOeffl< Id ..... ,de.1 for tile m.nuf"",u", of iron .1Id .. ee l tooh. 111< Don. SOe.f. f'or1e,. Ri,.lin •• 1Id Lo.ley Ri, ...... well •• tOei, ,mmed iate ttibu tari., had m.ny mW ..... wI>0 """' men .. u.ing , ilioosi, •• n often f.tal di",..." In , I>< polluted . i, of tile town and . mid I>< ... y ".".1 lead ond mete"1)' 'oxin, 00< " ' •• fooun.te '0 live'" be 2~ y • • " of'io_ D.niel Def"" who .i,iled the town in ' he C>fly c;gl" .. nth cont"1)' "'rote that "Th, ",.'. of Sh'Di e..-Iy • • 1612 Sl>< IOwn hod 14,531 in n.oi .. nl>, By 1851 til .. numbe, hod incre»ed to 13~.310 poehivc of industry .. it rro

" 'l'h rougOouI l0i><

in II>< ma"uf"","", of. tool wa. accomplished by hand. eMu I"",,"" " ' • • ,he £1andanJ of lile day .nd in 1843 it "'as .>l;maleu that 652 ooy •• oo 102 ~irl' ullli 'hcmc permeated the ",..,Ie St.::tr",ld industry; ,i>< whole porati"" was ",> for allY more or:lIlY "'" than ,be others,

The", w.'" I in > focg. '0 mini mize tile an"",", of beat ",.Ie 'hat woutd build up 00 them,

Grindin8 ' Roogh forg ing' W.I< tol en '0 lOe pindc", men ,,-ho ,., . 1"""" "" ri de I. rge .pinning 8rind,,000., Surf>=l of each bil WOS iR>

" bi" onoft bee,,,,,,, "", .. "",ally, ""ok. bit i , f",,1)(1 ",ith • ,,,;«cd ,h.nk or oos< bil> hove thei, pod. Iw;"ed.

PoIi,hinll' PoIl"'lng "' .. ,lie fin,l finishini SUg< f. Thi, ,,-.. >COOIIlplishe ",cr" "'" [0 he fu"'" o"d' .... 10 g;". ' !'Iei, '''rface a ",," .. color, this wos tl>e I." ".p bef"", bi" "'.R: clc...ro.oo p""ked for "' ipmen'_

Nor.1I bi" we", ,"bjc< roli,hin, "'Ge.nd we", medium-priced bi" "M. " .. ",-comd bi" were heal.d ,uffIcien tly '0 oIightly oxi di", ,be ,",face, • ""pM"e 'ler w~ich oddesc lhe mos' npen.i.'., 1hc " .. w..,01"",d sheen w., """' ly ... ' .... !ic bu, did re'ord ru>l uying ,r>o,li,i 1 «nt.,. """", ,hell,'nd 'po

"

Cc nler bj" h .... In01. , in flintlock mu,k« "oJ rilk >loe l> lor moontinil lod ~l.tc •. ,io ,hoving,""" the 1>0 .. ",>1>0

ind«d "'arc

Fig" ," 6

• -• • • • • • • , • • • • - 0 • • • • 0 • > • • • g; • • 0 • ., 0 0 • , • 0 " • 0 0 • 0 ". " • • F • 0 • • 0 • • - •• • • • • ; • • .~ 0 • - • · ~ • '. , . • ~:; !.g , • -.. • ~ ':0 • • • • ~ • • • • • • • ~ • -;i • 1i 0 • ,

;i ~ • • • • • , , • • > • • • , , • • > • • , • • • • •

•

/

" CENTER BITS

A. Earl y nat . tanged center bit f,om circa 1150- 1800 B, Early tape red square (.nged cenler bit . circa 1160- 1800 C. Sma ll (1 /4 -10. ) center bit D. Lar ge Center Bit (2 in .) cenler bit E. Ce nte r bit with lead ,cre w

, !;;;> ,-3!' '. -. " ,

•

• • • < , <

f o o ~ • ~

"

, , -

•

~ . ~. ' OTHER FORMS OF CENTER BITS

f lgur.7

c

A. Large cenler bit wilh twO) spurs. B. Cock plug bit used 10 lap barrels conuining liquid 10 insnll cock without major lou of barrel contento C. Saw medallion intening bit for in$\~l1ing major 50"" . cre w

" Fig ure ~

, ~ -s." ,

, ~"'l ,- of: - ,

ilS • < • 0 • 0

0 -- _ -< 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0

"

, SPOON BITS

A. Tapered brush spoon bit B. B,ushmal

Fig"'. 10

~ . . , -

iii , • , • • , u

iii • , • • • .~ • • u • 0 c • • • j;j • • c

iii • • • ~ • • •

• • , o

SHELL BITS

A. Common she ll bil B. Sash bar doweling shell bil C. Shell bil wilh lead screw D. Furniture eaoter bi t incorporating she ll bit wilh lead Icrew

•

iii -< • • g • " • •

,

iii ; ,

c

o

• ,r , • •

NOSE BITS AND POD GIMLET BITS

• • -

A. Common nose bit B, Suh bor doweling DDse bit C. Germanic panern pod gimlet D. Twist gimlet

, T

• • • , < • • , • , • • -, • •

,

• DOUBLE-

; • --0 • • •

,

, , , . '-

TWIST AUOE R BITS

A. Wallon builder', plale bit B. Shorl 'piral screw aUlle r C. MasoDry bit D. Crudely handforged double . twiJl aUller bit (Nole coun te rclockw ise rotation) E. Double·twist auger with Scotch-lip cUllinll hud

E

, < • -~ , • , " • •

,

• • • % • • ,

v • •

~ , 1 • -< g • •

• • • % • • ,

v , ~ • • • • • • •

iii , • • < • • , • • • 0 %

~ 0

• • • % • • ,

v • • • • : • 0 0

,

. _ ll."' _ _ o-~7:-' i

ADDITIONAL DOUBLE· TWIST AUGE R BITS

A. Au ger with Scotch-lip cu ttin g bead B. Auger with double . • pur c utt ing head

• • • < • ~ v • c • • • • • • ,

v

C. Aug . r wi th Gedge·s paltern colting bead D. Au ger with Wb itebouse·, pattern solid nose enning head E. Angu with Icnning.· • • tended lip enning h.ad

" D.C). Thi' de';i" ;. ,he .. me 'hig" o f Ran...., Cook", Pa'cn, ;",Jed in A",.Ii"bl • • ,~ i" II i" W i' h Whi" hQ~"'. I'." .. n C.uinIU .. d (),;e of the mol< i"friiUi"ll double.tw jSl "'flO'" . uger> ,,'cr ;"'.n'oo i . Ii>< ",lid, ,,,,,", auj,er

thal ..... tile ""'ichild of ComeTi •• W~il.~>< of Bridgoo,,'n. Con"""., Eni10nd (Fig"'" 8.0). Not only did"" pate"' t~i, Iype of bit in England !xl, he 01", took """ thrt:e: ""lents for it in ,he United St .... (No . 88.760, April 6. 1869: No. 9 ' ~J. ju"" I~. 11i69; .. >< of Whitc.ree. Prodoction of ,he", bit> on boIh ,ide, of ,he A~.n(ic "..-Iy ended .ftor ,wen'y 01" Ihiny yc"--'. Although 'i ngle bit>.re found from (im< '0 (ime on ltoe an'ique '001 rn."'." 1",,,,,, ly diffICul1 to Ioc.,e .nd ocqu"e ,

I>."hl •• (-..' " B' ,. With 11. ., .. " J en" l ~r" r a n ,," C~" I "lI II .. ~ ""rh.". ltoe ">0>1

; •

B

; • • ~ • .: • • •

';; , c • • " • • • , • • -

• • -

: • • , • •

o SINGLE_TWIST BITS

Figur .1 4

• • ~ , • • • • -• • " " • • • *

• < • • • • , • • -• • • " • • • c ii5: • ;i :i • * ii5: • •• " • • < • • c • • .&.." ~ " •• • • • • ,. , •• !; • -• • • c

,

A. Single-s piral barefoot bit B. Gedge·. Patent sing le-s piral bit C. Whitehouse·, PateDt single · twist bit D. Single_.piral bit with downward 'Pu, and load SCrew Le wi s' PateO! of lune 1. 1869 E. Solid-center bit with .ingle 'pira] except ror .hort additional web on tb e cutting head, Dimmit's Patent of Octber 2t. t884

• ~ ,

• 0 ., " "" il

" ••

( ( )

f ront Vie"

-• • '!i -• • • --, • ." -0 " • • • -•

,,,~

--~ . .. , -

.:g • > -• --• • • : • 0 -- • • • • • • • - • • • • -• , • • • -, 0

Side VI .. Fronl Vi. "

•

, EXPANSIVE BITS

A. Anderson·, patented upansive bit B. Small unmarked e.pansive bit C, Large unmarked expan,ive bit D. Clark·. patented upan.;ve bit

Figure 15

,ig"'" 16

" " : - l,r " , .. " " -0 : ---, , " ,. " • ,. -0 e' ,

" .-.:~

, •• ". " . , ", 0 ~. ~

• • : , u • • ~ • ~ • • • -• • 0 • , "

c WASHER CUTTERS

A. Early handforged washer culler with ,liding lock wedge B. Handforged washer cuttor with locking boi( C. Piano makers nonadjuslab1e washer cullu D. Manufactured washereune, with two adjuSlmeDts

, •

"

.... " L~>1V"

310'd09

fig" " 17

7;~ • • • • , . . " • • .-x ' ••

• o

.~ • • o (·.oe·.·.·~

"

-". • • •

WASHER CUTTER AND HOLE CUTTERS

End Vi ••

•

______ ooI""'l . ~ ,

A. Bonney type wuher coUe. B. Boro le incremeotal hole culler C. Unmarked e~p.n"iye hole cutler D. Muddle's e~p.n.iv e hole co!!e.

.Iid ing vaver Iw- whic Ked in pi"". by ..... '" (fig"'" P,C), n.e .p«imought by CQlle-Amerih p",1l.IOV

One ' p«imon (Fi~"re 18,B) h., two ,"ch .utl

-

c\! , V ": 80n.8U1l0"

Made Wit ' 6 il

•

•

"

-, 0 • • • -G

,

!.t.,. -- - --~--~ o ~ ,

BUTTON BIT AND CIRCLE ROUTERS

fig'" 18

-, 0 • ; ~

,

A. BUllon bit for making bone bunons B. Ci rcle router wilh Iwo CuUeTS ofunhown funclion C. Circle ,nuler wilh One culter of unknown funcI;on s ive hole culler. BOlh B and C most likely .erv ed as bulton bin

" these tool. i. U"~DOWn 10 ,hi. in>1;~atoc bulliley I' kely ",,,,«I as ootloo bi,,_ Such hi" .,.. " ' remdy ran:.nd seldom secn even in ,cehoolofical mu",""",

REAMER S ' -OR W OOD AN ]) MET A l .

En¥ijsh """"''''. >o"""imed 00 more aoc;enl form. that .'er ,h .. cuI in both clock ... ;", and counte",lockwi", dircC1000. of "" .. 000. Tip. of ,",illop> arc yory I"'inlok c",.ted by ""'h' tool of'cn OC

1I.II_m" .. " ~h,"! Rum . .. A relali," ' y ""mmoo Erlgli.h ,eon"" fo< us< 00 .... ,,1 i, ,he h.lf·mcon 'ype (Fillore

19,C). Thi, tyl'" of , ...... , 00.. '0 met.1 what . "",lIop 00.. to "ood. Such reamers .... ma

Flg".,9

-4® i j

c

" • • " -c • " , , • < " - " ~ , , , " -- < " . ., .'" •

~:::: • • '" , 8" ~ ~ % -

, " ,

REAMERS FOR WOOD AND METAL

A. Scillop for wood B. Cock bit for tapering holes in ~cg$ and barrels C . Half· mOOD metal reamer D. Square metal reamer

End VI ••

o

•

..

• • , • • ,

• v ~ • • • > '! ,

• , • • , ~

• • • • • • • • • • • • • , • •

,

REAMERS FOR METAL

A . Early round Upcred loo,hed J •• me, B . Short uporod toothed reamer C. Harden', pat

• •

aULLET MOLD CHERRIES

.-- - --...J""l .-~r , -

Fig. ,. 2,

A. C,afuman _made cherry fo' mot i nl buokohol mold , B. Cherry fo, maki., ,ifle ball mold. C. Cherry fo' makinl mu,ke' b all mold. D . Cherry fo, makin a conical bulle' mold, E. mUIr";O" of bulle, mold

" o>« f>l ioo. IIO flr.d. ,." of y • >crew, The "PI'O'ile eoo of lhe culle, < -,h. ped ""ad that i< .h'!pCD roth'heel to~c't.:r """u",ly.

f i'l " olZ

I

i

,

• •

DOWEL ROUNDERS

A . Scotli,h do ... el reundcr wi,b rcmo .. ble blade B. 00 ... 1 fOunder with cup _,haped c"ltin, he . d and ;n'e,ul culler C . Dowel rouoder .. i.h conic.l cultin , h ood . nd inte, r.1 ."ttu

• Hollo. A'i or

Or Do. ,' I'.o.,d

" 1001 . nd coon",,,;n ' we,.., uni.ro .., both boring ond rou",",,;",i", coold be accomp lIshed in one "",,"1;00.

Fl., C unl.",l nk,

The .imp"" IDd remap< !be < 11, and centor bi"" SOC" rounltry , lightIWi" 000 _i(ely ""tied eWing lip:!. catalog. li! . ;ore .hey are """,..lIy 'gFlOfcd by collce'.,.... Larf< ""'" shoold .. II '" premium price. ,

Hal Count

" • , ,

-':' , • • • ~

"

" • , , , , • -• • -! • -• • •

~ -,~ • " • ~ -• • • • '~ • •• -. ~ .!! • • 1;> ..; "-· " --• , -

[~""' 'N. (II , ..... ....

•

COUNTERSINKS FOR METAL AND WOOD

-• " ~ " " • 'li • •

........ ..... "''''' ... .... ,

A . Fl. , countc,,;nk for n • • " ", ... 1 B . Fl., countersink with flute> on both cultin , cd, • • for n •• on met., C . Early h.ndfof, .d .nd filed ,o • • hood conn,.,,;nk for Wood .nd .oft mel.,. D. Roocb •• d couDt.nink for .... oo d ond .oft muol . Il. Sn.il count ... ink f". wood ond lOft meta ll

" S.oll '.0.'.";"1.

A_he, common type 01 Engli.h ooonl."ink ;, , .... ,n,iI mooel (figure 24£) "ften rdcrrcd 10.' a ,n.ilOOm coontcr.link. n.c.. ha, ... come.1 < too 11'''" offered in .j, ",,e, ."

"

,

•

• or -~

COUNTE!!SIN II S FOR WOOD AND SOFT METAL

•

, • j ~ ; ,

A. Ccnnte"ink by eatOn b ... d on Au Wheele,', U.S. Potent No . 101.796 of Apri l 12. 1870 B. BrO"lhlen", potented eO"olenic k an.chme.t. p.tented May 31. I 880 C . Countersink made by C.D. Moolli.,.r, London D. Unmarked counte rsin k E. Bo.t bit holdu and

" 2S.E). ll>ese were "'" do,lgned lot , .. ,0".11" ;00 of >CTCW, btlt for n. il •. lDey were employed in boring til< pl:li\ks of ,mall 00aI. to M. n, ils. II i . Simply .n adapter that .110 .. · •• bil of 'mall cl i."",,,, 10 Oe i""pod secure ly on a biC"ock e •• bil be'"-,,,," them. n..re are ,w" "ngled Cu"er> Of "'''per> that """"]1< cight",nth con'.f)' .

H.ndl"f~.d Smit h,· Il,it" A typicol h.rldforged metal drill bit (Figure l6.8) i, "'ther roggtd in 'we,,:once

eomp>RX1 to. bit fOf use 011 W«l by ,un;m ith •• dockmakcf>. _rid other CfIr"men whooc won tlcm.ontl

..

-• • " • • , , < 'i , ~ • v

S • - • • --; • ~ , • • • ~ • •

, , i

e • , • • • • • , • .:§ , • • • • , , • • • • • , < • • • " • • • • • • , •

, ~ . . , -• ,

DRIL L lil TS FOR METAL

A . Early . mith', drill B . HandfOlled . mith', dr ill C . Small meto' drill ,do'led from t U8er bit D. Sbort hondfor,.d smith ', drill E. Commercially manufoo,u,ed ,milb '. drill

, , , " • • • • ~ •

"

, • • " " " • • ~ •

Ih,..;-C",UII!

'" ,

T HREAD CUTTINO TAPS FO R WOOD AND METAL

A. Tbr .. d

.......... ~ .. , •• ou .. .............. ~ ,

- .!!."'- I"'! --~ • , • -• • • • • • • • • 1 • • • , • • •• i

., • • ii n i • • • • • , , • • , ~ •

, • • i

, ~ • • • , • • • , • • • • • • •

~ • • , , • •

~ ~ • i • • ~ • , • , , • • , ,

• , , •

j , , ... • I

• ~! • I

, • i , . ' ~ ij • • • •

• , , , TURNSCRIlW OR SC REWD RI VE R BITS

A . Common '",n . cr.w for bi'''ock, 8 , Turn •• r.w wi," M Otplu' imp"'~cd . bonk C. Billiard t.bJe '.,n,e .. w D. Bi furcated lu'n.er .... for ",. on bond .. ", .pIil nut. E. HanMor,cd bif"fO"ed .cr .... d.iv.r fOT 'i,,(oct h •• d plate. F. Bir.,o .. ed . «cwdrivc, for bi'''ad h.ad pl aIn rcfo'Jed from aUJer bit G. Pe«.,,;oo (i , corm nipple drive, for inot.Uin, or removin l i, " ; I;On nipple

,

, , •

•

"

•

".~--.. ~-~-. --- , . -NUTRUNNERS

"UDDeT MOIled DU B CTudely ban hie c u t iTon "UDDeT . f m. lI .. b ' DdfoT,

..

• ANGLE DEVICE

A. Cheatcrm.n', .DII. dev;o. ~ •• d ~ •• d to bore holu ol . ngle. nol po"ible wilh bitstock .lone B. Ch."orrnan', anile de.ice in u'.

! l

• , , • , ] • • • • •

~.,,,. HoI< ..... -" ....

iii , ! •

0 • &

" • 0 • • •

•

"" I,

, . So" ioo OJ! _00

" FI9,.·10

loI ... IfJl.,o. M",o. 5." With iii ... 1 .... 11.0

O.,.iI ¢f 00 • • 1101';'9 MuOIo. a."

10. "", .. I"

SASH DOWELING BOX

"""~ .. " ,,; Vi ... ()f ""to • • " .". "" ... Hoi.

S .. h do .... lin' bo x u.d to hQld win~o'" monlon b.n ud bOle dowe l hoi •• in their end, with extreme preci.ion

DATE

1820

I 850

1865

1880

1909

1909

•

" •

" •

" •

" • "

,

• ,

THE CHANGING COMPOSITION OF A STANDARD SET OF ENGLISH BITS THROUGH TIME

, ,

• •

~ o , j • • -

, , ,

SOUR(! DATA FRO" PR I ( ~ t illS AND (A1AlMS FROM UlO· 1'101

• • " o

"'

,

,

"

• :E , • " ,

u

• , ] ,

, , , , ,

• • , • • • • " ,

u

, ,

,

, , ,

• • , • • • " ,

u ; • , , , , ,

,

•

" ] • • • ~

, ,

, ,

, ,

,

, ,

•

, ,

,

, , , ,

, " • • • , • • • • • , ,

, ,

, ,

, " , • , •

" -, ,

,

, ,

HolO tho , •• ti,,;II of 11';"1-.1. bit> to ... 1. u~ • nud.,d .. t • ••• ," ,.gh ,~. '1"," . nd f r.~","'1 of bi" .IT~ ; • • w chon i'd O"o.~, Ii • •.

• 1; • • " • • " "

" " "

, • •

CLASSES OF ENGLISH BITS BY TYP E AND SIZE MAR KETED m ,« Om Fro. WI .... N"p'm ..... I .. , ,td . (01" ' 1. ' .0. [ . ,' , ... l o..flr.l •. lol l ...

~ BIT TYPE

~ -i'- -1'-m" ~ ( , "" Sit, , " , , " " " ; ~ l"c

De,. o.. " "i B;"

~: ""'" §=~ " •

I"''' Bit,

., .. B", I . .. . ... 5'"

~ ~Ie!e." ],.;" ".'