7/14/2019 Vol 7, No 3 (2017)

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Vol 7, No 3 (2017)September

Table of Contents

ArticlesAn Analysis of Braking Energy Regeneration in Electric Vehicles

Soumya Mandal5770

999-1006

Economic Analysis of Biomass Gasification-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Gas Turbine Hybrid Cycle

Hassan Ali Ozgoli, Hossein Ghadamian, Mohammad Pazouki

58141007-1018

Implementation of Wind Powered Switched ReluctanceGenerator System

R Jayapragash, C Chellamuthu

58181019-1027

Experimental Study of a Flat Plate Solar Collector Equipped WithConcentrators

SARIHASSOUN ZAKARIA, ALIANE KHALED, HENAOUIMUSTAPHA

58241028-1031

Design and Analysis of Dual Output Flyback Converter forStandalone PV/Battery System

Dr. Jayalakshmi N. S., Dr. D. N. Gaonkar, Amrut Naik

58251032-1040

Experimental Implementation Controlled SPWM Inverter basedHarmony Search Algorithm

mushtaq najeeb ahmed, Muhamad Mansor, Ramdan Razali,Hamdan Daniyal, Jabbar A. F. Yahaya

58321041-1052

A Review on Optimal Inclination Angles for Solar ArraysDhanesh Jain, Mahendra Lalwani

58331053-1061

Thermophilic Biogas Digester for Efficient Biogas Productionfrom Cooked Waste and Cow Dung and Some Field Study

Nirmal Halder

58441062-1073

A Comparative Study Between the Nearest Three Vectors andTwo-Level Hexagons Based Space Vector Modulation Algorithmsfor Three-Level NPC Inverters

Zouhaira Ben Mahmoud, Mahmoud Hamouda, Adel Khedher

58451074-1084

Comprehensive Assessment and Mitigation of HarmonicResonance in Smart Distribution Grid with Solar Photovoltaic

Pramod Kumar Bhatt, S. Y. Kumar

58471085-1096

Generation of Horizontal Hourly Global Solar Radiation FromExogenous Variables Using an Artificial Neural Network in Fes(Morocco)

Hanae Loutfi, Ahmed Bernatchou, Rachid Tadili

58521097-1107

5899

International Journal ofRenewable Energy Research-IJRER

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7/14/2019 Vol 7, No 3 (2017)

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Design and Implementation of Improved Fractional Open CircuitVoltage Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm forPhotovoltaic Applications

Bharath K R, Eenisha Suresh

1108-1113

Fuzzy Optimization of a Photovoltaic Pumping System:Implementation and Measurements

Hichem Othmani

59011114-1124

Phase-Frequency Controlled In Virtual Synchronous Converterfor Low-Voltage Microgrid-Inverter Synchronization

Md Ruhul Amin, Shamsul Aizam Zulkifli

59051125-1137

Effect of heating rate on the slow pyrolysis behaviour and itskinetic parameters of oil-palm shell

Fredy Surahmanto, Harwin Saptoadi, Hary Sulistyo, Tri AgungRohmat

59061138-1144

Analysis of the feasibility of Combined Concentrating SolarPower With Multi Effect Desalination for Algerian Coast

Mohammed laissaoui, Driss Nehari, Djamel OUINAS

59081145-1154

Indirect Sliding Mode Power Control associated to VirtualResistor based Active Damping Method for LLCL-Filter-basedGrid-Connected Converters

marwa ben said, Wissem Naouar, Ilhem Slama-Belkhodja, EricMonmasson

59391155-1165

HCCI Combustion in a Diesel Engine Using Oxygenated Fuelsand Various Operating Parameters – A Review

Gangeya Srinivasu Goteti, Selvan. P. Tamil

59401166-1173

Modeling and Simulation for Bifurcations of SSR in Large WindFarms

Majdi M. Alomari, Mohammad Sabati, Mohammad S. Widyan,Nafesah I. Alshdaifat

59501174-1185

Low-Voltage DC Microgrid Network: A Case Study forStandalone System

Abhimanyu Kumar Yadav, Abhijit Ray, Makarand M. Lokhande

59541186-1194

Performances of PV Systems in Tunisia: Establishment of NewDatabase

Fatma Ahmadi, Tahar Khir, Nabil Khalifa, Ammar Ben Brahim

59611195-1204

The Clean Development Mechanism as a Means to Assess theKyoto Protocol in Colombia

Eduardo Alexander Duque Grisales

59621205-1212

Evaluation on Cooling Effect on Solar PV Power Output UsingLaminar H2O Surface Method

Kartini Sukarno, Abd Hamid Ag Sufiyan, Halim Razali, JedolDayou

59661213-1218

Modelling and Optimization the Best Parameters of Rice HuskDrying and Carbonization Using Taguchi Method with MultiResponse Signal to Noise Procedure

Musabbikhah Musabbikhah, Harwin Saptoadi, SubarmonoSubarmono, Muhammad Arif Wibisono

59801219-1227

Investigation of Symmetrical Optimum PI Controller based onPlant and Feedback Linearization in Grid-Tie Inverter Systems

iwan setiawan, Mochammad Facta, Ardyono Priyadi, MauridhiHery Purnomo

59841228-1234

Prediction of Daily Global Solar Radiation Using Neural NetworksWith Improved Gain Factors and RBF Networks

N. Kumar, U. K. Sinha, S. P. Sharma, Y. K. Nayak

59881235-1244

Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converter Based Single-Phase GridConnected Photovoltaic System

RASHMI RANJAN BEHERA, Amar Nath Thakur

59951245-1249

Comparative Study of Two Small Scale Downdraft Gasifiers inTerms of Continuous Flammability Duration of Producer Gasfrom Rice Husk and Sawdust Gasification

Anak Agung Putu Susastriawan, Harwin Saptoadi, T.M.Purnomo

60131250-1257

LVRT Control Strategy of DFIG Based Wind Turbines Combinedthe Active and Passive Protections

Aboubakr EL MAKRINI, Yassir EL KARKRI, YounessBOUKHRISS, Hassane ELMARKHI, Hassan EL MOUSSAOUI

60141258-1269

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The impact of Active Distribution Network Cell (ADNC) on PowerSystem Oscillations

Khaled Alawasa, Hend Alawasa,

60241270-1280

An Overview On State-of-Art Energy Harvesting Techniques andChoice Criteria: a WSN Node for Goods Transport and StoragePowered by a Smart Solar- Based EH System

Paolo Visconti, Patrizio Primiceri, Roberto Ferri, MarioPucciarelli, Eugenio Venere

60521281-1295

Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable Energy andEnergy Efficiency: A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka,Bangladesh

Tahia Fahrin Karim, M S Hossain Lipu, Md. Sultan Mahmud

60581296-1306

Comparative Analysis between PI & Backstepping ControlStrategies of DFIG Driven by Wind Turbine

Mohamed Nadour, Ahmed Essadki, Tamou Nasser

60661307-1316

Hybrid Control of Microgrid with PV, Diesel Generator and BESSSwaminathan Ganesan, Ramesh V, Umashankar S

60701317-1323

Optimal Design and Verification of a PM Synchronous GeneratorFor Wind Turbines

Yucel Cetinceviz, Durmus Uygun, Huseyin Demirel

60761324-1332

Cotton Seed Biodiesel as Alternative Fuel: Production and ItsCharacterization Analysis Using Spectroscopic Studies

Hariram Venkatesan, Godwin John J, Seralathan Sivamani

60851333-1339

Intelligent Wind Turbine Power Curve Modelling Using the ThirdVersion of Cultural Algorithm (CA3)

arman goudarzi, Andrew G Swanson, Mehdi Kazemi, KeyouWang

60871340-1351

Wind Power Prediction Using a Hybrid Approach with CorrectionStrategy Based on Risk Evaluation

Mohammed Eissa, Yu Jilai, Wang Songyan, Peng Liu

60901352-1362

Seawater PHES to Facilitate Wind Power Integration in DryCoastal Areas – Duqm Case Study

Mohammed H. Albadi, A. S. Al-Busaidi, E. F. El-Saadany

60991363-1375

On The Strategies for the Diffusion of EVs: Comparison betweenNorway and Italy

Fabio Viola, Michela Longo

63681376-1382

Simulation and Experimental Validation of Multicarrier PWMTechniques for Three-phase Five-Level Cascaded H-bridge withFPGA Controller

Giuseppe Schettino, Salvatore Benanti, Concettina Buccella,Massimo Caruso, Vincenzo Castiglia, Carlo Cecati, AntoninoOscar Di Tommaso, Rosario Miceli, Pietro Romano, Fabio Viola

63701383-1394

Study of the energy performance of a PEM fuel cell vehiclebrahim mebarki, Boumediène Allaoua, Belkacem Draoui,Djamel Belatrache

52991395-1402

Diversity Diagnostic for New FPGA Based Controller ofRenewable Energy Power Plant

Kenichi Morimoto, Yuichiro Shibata, Yudai Shirakura, HidenoriMaruta, Masaharu Tanaka, Fujio Kurokawa

69731403-1412

Temperature and Catalyst Variations for Optimal Biodiesel OilProduction from Callophyllum Inophyllum using Esterificationand Transesterification (ESTRANS) Process

syamsir dewang, Bannu Abdul Samad, Diana Diana, Eka SriLestari, Wira Bahari Nurdin

PDF1413-1418

Advanced Modeling of CSP Plants with Sensible Heat Storage:Instantaneous Effects of Solar Irradiance

Behnam Mostajeran Goortani, Hossein Heidari

58221419-1425

Policy Making for Generation Expansion Planning by means ofPortfolio Theory; Case Study of Iran

Farid Adabi, Babak Mozafari, Ali Mohammad Ranjbar,Soodabeh Soleymani

58511426-1435

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System ( ANFIS ) Based DirectTorque Control of PMSM driven centrifugal pump

V.K. Arun Shankar, S. Umashankar, SanjeevikumarPadmanaban, S. Paramasivam

58851436-1447

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Assessment of Solar Water Heating In Cyprus: Utility,Development and Policy

Olusola Olorunfemi Bamisile, Akinola A. Adeyinka Babatunde,Mustafa Dagbasi, Ifeoluwa Wole-Osho

58861448-1453

New Approach to Establish a Clear Sky Global Solar IrradianceModel

zaiani mohamed

58951454-1462

A Comparative Study of Energy Control Strategies for aStandalone PV/WT/FC Hybrid Renewable System

Yousef Allahvirdizadeh, Mustafa Mohamadian, Mahmoud-RezaHaghiFam

59231463-1475

The Effect of Using Hot and Cold Water Separator Plates inEvacuated Tubes of a Solar Water Heaters

Ahmad Jalali, Jamshid Khorshidi

60571476-1483

Evaluation of Well-Being Criteria in Presence of Electric VehiclesConsumption Increase and Load Shifting on Different LoadSectors

mohammad naseh hassanzadeh, Abdol-Baset Badakhsh

48191484-1494

Study of Energy Control Strategies for a Standalone PV/FC/UCMicrogrid in a Remote

Yousef Allahvirdizadeh, Mustafa Mohamadian, Mahmoud-RezaHaghiFam

59031495-1508

Online ISSN: 1309-0127

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Editorial BoardProf. Dr. Ilhami COLAK, Gazi University, Editor-in-Chief, IJRER, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Seref Sagiroglu, Gazi University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Frede Blaabjerg, Aalborg University Department of Energy Technology,Denmark

Prof. Dr. Fujio Kurokawa, Nagasaki University, Japan

Prof. Adel M. Nasiri, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Masmoudi, Chairman of EVERMONACO Conference, Tunisia

Prof. Dr. João Martins, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

Prof. Dr. Halil Ibrahim BULBUL, Gazi University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Ishwar Sethi, Oakland University, United States

Prof. Dr. Birol Kilkis, Baskent University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Omer Faruk Bay, Gazi University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Jian-Xin Shen, Zhejiang University, China

Prof. Dr. Yunus Cengel, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Andreas Hornung, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom

Prof. Dr. Sergey Ryvkin, Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences RussianAcademy of Sciences, Russian Federation

Prof. Dr. Zi-Qiang Zhu, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

Prof. Dr. Brayima Dakyo, Université du Havre, France

Prof. Dr. Silviu Ionita, University of Pitesti, Romania

Professor Erdal Irmak, Gazi University, Turkey

Professor Mamadou Lamine Doumbia, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres,Canada

Prof. Dr. Slobodan Mircevski, Chairman of EPE-PEMC 2010, Ss. Cyril andMethodius Univ., Macadonia

Prof. Dr. Athanasios N. Safacas, University of Patras,Electromechanical EnergyConversion Laboratory, Greece

Dr. Jorge Guillermo Calderón-Guizar, Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas,Mexico

International Journal ofRenewable Energy Research-IJRER

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Prof. Dr. Miguel A. Sanz - Bobi, Comillas Pontifical University, Spain

Prof. Dr. Goce Arsov, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Macadonia

Associate Prof. Dr. Youcef Soufi, University of Tabessa, Algeria

Prof. Dr. Bakhyt Matkarimov, Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan

Prof. Dr. Constantin Filote, University of Suceava, Romania

Prof. dr. sc. Marija Mirosevic, University of Dubrovnik Department of ElectricalEngineering and Computing, Croatia

Prof. Dr. Vitor Pires, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal

Assoc. Prof. Juan I Arribas, Univ. Valladolid, Spain

Professor Ramazan Bayindir, Gazi University, Faculty of Technology, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Sevki Demirbas, Gazi University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Ramon Blasco-Gimenez, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain

Associate Prof. Dr. İbrahim Sefa, Gazi University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Javier Bilbao, University of Basque Country, Spain

Prof. Dr. Gheorghe-Daniel Andreescu, Politehnica University of Timisoara,Romania

Prof. Dr. Juan W. Dixon, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile

Associate Prof. Dr. Ersan Kabalcı, Nevsehir University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Rosario Miceli, UniNetLab, Universita di Palermo, Italy

Prof. Dr. Zdenek Cerovsky, Technical University of Prague, Czech Republic

Associate Prof. Dr. Mohamad Taha, Rafik Hariri University, Lebanon

Dr. Nagi Fahmi, Aston University, United Kingdom

Associate Prof. Dr. Hamdi Tolga Kahraman, Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey

Dr. Hector Zelaya de la Parra, ABB, Sweden

Prof. Dr. Dan M. Ionel, University of Kentucky, United States

Prof. Dr. Vladimir Katic, NoviSad University, Serbia

Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Yesilbudak, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Turkey

Prof. Shubhransu Sekhar Dash, Srm University, Chennai, India

Online ISSN: 1309-0127

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

Comparative Study of Two Small-Scale Downdraft

Gasifiers in Terms of Continuous Flammability

Duration of Producer Gas from Rice Husk and

Sawdust Gasification

A.A.P. Susastriawan*‡, Harwin Saptoadi**‡, Purnomo**

*Doctoral student of Depart. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada,

Indonesia **Depart. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

(agung589E@akprind.ac.id; harwins@ugm.ac.id; purnomo_tm@yahoo.com)

‡ Corresponding Author; A.A.P. Susastriawan, Depart.of Mechanical Engineering, Institut Sains & Teknologi AKPRIND,

Jl. Kalisahak No. 28 Komplek Balapan, Yogyakarta 55222, Indonesia, agung589E@akprind.ac.id ‡ Corresponding Author; Harwin Saptoadi, Depart. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No.2, DI Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia, harwins@ugm.ac.id

Received: 02.02.2017 Accepted:03.03.2017

Abstract- In this work, two small scale throat-less downdraft gasifiers (gasifier I & gasifier II) are tested on feedstocks of rice

husk and sawdust at different setup. The test aims to compare the two gasifiers in terms of continuous flammability duration of

producer gas during one hour batch operation. The result shows that maximum 32 minutes continuous flammability duration is

obtained from setup C (Rice husk gasification; primary air at 1st stage tuyer; secondary air induced at top hole of gasifier lid)

for the gasifier I and maximum 30 minutes continuous flammability duration is achieved from setup I (Rice husk-sawdust

blend gasification, primary air at 5th stage tuyer; gasification initiation at 1st stage tuyer) for the gasifier II. For closed top setup,

the gasifier II is more stable than the gasifier I in terms of continuous flammability duration of producer gas, either for rice

husk or sawdust gasification. The maximum continuous flammability duration are 6 minutes and 8 minutes for rice husk and

sawdust gasification in closed top gasifier I. Meanwhile, it reaches 32 minutes for rice husk gasification and 16 minutes for

sawdust gasification in closed top gasifier II.

Keywords- downdraft, gasifier, flammability, duration, producer gas.

1. Introduction

Since combustion of producer gas is cleaner than direct

combustion of biomass, gasification technology got more

attention for developing biomass conversion energy system

[1] and more important in the future [2]. Downdraft gasifier,

one of fixed bed gasifiers, is a promising technology for

converting biomass waste into combustible gas (producer

gas). Low tar content in producer gas and relative simple

construction are also the reasons in selection of downdraft

gasifier. Downdraft gasifier is more suitable for small-scale

applications [3], [4], [5]. Typically, downdraft gasifiers have

a capacity of 10 kW–1 MW [6]

In downdraft gasifier, biomass is fed from the top of

gasifier and flows downward during gasification. Sequences

processes of drying, pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction

occur during gasification as shown in Fig. 1. Typically,

temperature in drying zone is about 100-2000C [7].

Conversion of moisture to water vapor occurs during drying

process. The conversion takes place due to heat transfer

between hot gases from the oxidation zone to biomass in the

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

1251

drying zone. During pyrolysis, biomass molecules are

decomposed into condensable gases, tar, and char at

temperatures between 200 and 7000C in the absence of

oxygen. The condensable gases in turns are decomposed into

non-condensable gases (CO, CO2, H2, and CH4), liquid, and

char [6]. The decomposition occurs between gas-gas phase

(homogeneous reaction) and gas-solid phase (heterogeneous

reaction). The condensable vapor is cracked into non-

condensable permanent gases (CO and CO2) [6]. In oxidation

zone, partial oxidation as well as total oxidation take place.

The oxidation temperature is about 800-14000C [6]. Partial

oxidation of char (C) produces carbon monoxide and heat,

while total oxidation of char produces carbon dioxide and

more heat. Amount of heat released during total oxidation is

three times more than during partial oxidation. Partial

oxidation releases 111 kJ/mol heat and total oxidation results

394 kJ/mol heat. Heat released during oxidation is used for

drying, pyrolysis, and other endothermic reactions during

reduction. Main gasification reactions occur during reduction

process [6]. Combustible gases in producer gas are formed

during reduction through Bouduard, Water-Gas, Water-Gas

Shift, and Methane reaction. For air gasification, the

producer gas contains mainly a combustible gases such as

CO, H2, and CH4 and non-combustible gases such as CO2

and N2.

Fig 1. Gasification in downdraft gasifier

The process of drying, pyrolysis, oxidation (partial and

total) and reduction (Bouduard, Water-Gas, Water-Gas Shift,

and Methane reaction) are formulated as follows [6]:

Drying

)()( 22 gOHlOH mm (1)

Pyrolysis

gas cba

zyxpmn

CharOHOHC

liq OHCHeat

BiomassOHC

2

(2)

Partial oxidation

kJ/molCOOC 11121

2 (3)

Total oxidation

kJ/molCOOC 39422 (4)

Bouduard reaction

kJ/molCOCOC 17222 (5)

Water-Gas reaction

kJ/molHCOOHC 13122 (6)

Water-Gas Shift reaction

kJ/mol.HCOOHCO 241222 (7)

Methane reaction

kJ/mol.CHHC 8742 42 (8)

With the use of equation given in [8] and elemental

composition of rice husk (33.25% C, 5.11%H, 33.49% O)

and sawdust (45.48% C, 5.11% H, 46.38% O) from [9],

global gasification reaction of rice husk and sawdust

gasification can be written as follows:

Global gasification reaction of rice husk

22241.084.1 76.3 NOmOwHOCH

23221 COxCOxHx

24524 76.3 mNCHOH xx (9)

Global gasification reaction of sawdust:

22257.035.1 76.3 NOmOwHOCH

23221 COxCOxHx

24524 76.3 mNCHOH xx (10)

For downdraft gasifier, there is a limitation in the range

of biomass size [10]. It has been recognized that small size

biomass significantly increases the energy efficiency of

gasification process [11]. Small size biomass yields more

producer gas than larger size biomass for particular

gasification time. Heat transfer area increases with reduction

in particle size, hence increases releasing rate of biomass

volatile during pyrolysis process [1]. Gasification of small

size biomass may have high pressure drop problem as well as

high dust content in producer gas. Problem of unsuitable

build up gasification bed in the reduction zone was also

found as a problem of small size and low density biomass

[12]. On the other hand, larger particle size tends to reduce

reactivity of biomass feedstock, causing in start up and

bridging problem [1] hence reducing production rate of

producer gas [13]. Besides, homogeinity of biomass size

also affects performance of gasifier. The more homogeneous

the size, the more effective the gasification, hence increasing

efficiency of gasifiers [14]. Various biomasses have been

utilized for feedstock of gasifier, i.e. woody biomass [15],

microalgae [16] and [17], Munipical Solid Waste [18], cow

dung [19], and many more.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

1252

From many downdraft gasifiers have been developed

and reported, only a few gasifiers were used for biomass with

low density such as rice husk and sawdust. Yoon et al. [20]

developed throat-less downdraft gasifier for rice husk and

rice husk pellet. For rice husk gasification, feedstock

consumption rate and air flow rate were 40-45 kg/h and 60-

75 Nm3/h, respectively. Producer gas has heating value of

1084 kcal/Nm3. The gasifier was coupled to 10 kW gas

engine. A 350 kW demonstrative downdraft gasifier for

gasification of rice husk and vine pruning was reported by

[12]. Amount of feedstock was maintained constant in

reactor with level control mechanism. Air was injected above

restriction area of reactor. For rice husk gasification, heating

value of producer gas was 2.5-3.8 MJ/m3 at equivalence ratio

of 0.4. A bench scale throat-less downdraft gasifier have

been designed and tested on rice husk [21]. The gasifier has a

diameter of 4 inch and total height of 18 inch. In order to run

10 kW IC engine, it was required rice husk consumption rate

of 28 kg/h. Rice husk was also used for feedstock of throat-

less downdraft gasifier [22]. At optimum equivalence ratio of

0.211, producer gas heating value and cold gas efficiency

were 4.44 MJ/Nm3 and 80.85%, respectively.

Meanwhile, Wander et al. [23] worked on pine sawdust

gasification in downdraft gasifier. The gasifier has a capacity

of 12 kg/h, internal diameter of 270 mm, and height of 1100

mm. The gasifier was also has additional LPG burner.

Channeling and bridging were found as a main problem

during sawdust gasification. The problems may due to low

density of sawdust. In order to encounter that problems,

sawdust was pelletized prior to be used as feedstock of

downdraft gasifier. Sawdust pellet was used as feedstock of

throat type downdraft gasifier by [24] and [25]. Other work

in gasification of agro residue briquette was performed by

Pareek et al [26]. The gasifier was coupled to power

generation system. However, the use of pelletized feedstock

resulted high pressure drop and residue fragmented and also

required additional processing cost for pelletizing a low

density biomass.

Air, steam, and oxygen can be used as gasification

agent. Mostly, air is used as gasification agent due to its

availability and cost consideration. Important process

parameter regarding air gasification is equivalence ratio.

Equivalent ratio is defined as a ratio of actual air used in

gasification to stoichiometry air [3]. For effective

gasification, typically equivalent ratio is in the range of 0.2 to

0.4 [10]. Gasification is dominated by pyrolysis for

equivalent ratio lower than 0.2 and on the other hand,

gasification is dominated by combustion for equivalent ratio

higher than 0.4 [27]. Air as gasification agent is supplied into

oxidation zone through air nozzle (tuyer) by means of blower

or induced draft fan. In order to enhance performance of

gasifier, multi-stage air supply systems have been developed.

For example, Galindo et al. [28] who developed two stage air

supply system (primary and secondary air). Better quality of

producer gas is obtained with the use of double stage air. The

use of two stage air supply increases pyrolysis temperature.

As temperature of pyrolysis zone increases, much lighter

compounds are formed during feedstock devolatilization in

the pyrolysis zone. The compounds are more easily cracked

when entering the combustion zone [28]. Others researchers

[29] and [30] reported gasifier with three-stage air supply

system. The use of three-stage air supply gave high and

uniform temperature in the oxidation and the reduction

zones, thus better tar cracking is obtained [29].

For heating application, producer gas is burnt in a

burner. Aerated naturally aspirated burner for producer gas

has been designed by [31]. Three important parameters have

to be considered in designing producer gas burner are

producer gas flow rate, pressure different between producer

gas and ambient, and buoyancy effect due to relatively high

temperature of producer gas entering the burner. Modified

premixed LPG burner for producer gas was reported by [32].

The burner can be operated at 30.5–39.4 kWth with thermal

efficiency within 84-91% and flame temperature in the range

of 1200 0C - 1260 0C. The optimum efficiency of the burner

was obtained at producer gas flow rate and equivalence ratio

of 24.3 Nm3/h and 0.84, respectively. In order to stabilize the

flame, bluff body is used in premixed burner and the burner

was tested on open core throat-less downdraft gasifier [33].

The stable and uniform flame was obtained with the use of

conventional bluff body with blockage ratio of 0.65 and

flammability limit of the burner was established in the range

of 40-45%. In more recent work, an integrated biomass

gasification-gas turbine system has been modeled by [34].

The model showed that total energy efficiency of the

combined cycle was found to be 58.9%.

Stability of gasifier can be observed from continuous

production of flammable producer gas during gasification

process. Flammable producer gas means that generated

producer gas from gasification is flammable in the flare. The

continuous flammability duration is defined as continuous

time of producer gas flaming in the flare. The longer the

duration of continuous producer gas flame, the more stable

the gasification process. Hence, the continuous flammability

duration of producer gas may be used for indication of

gasifier stability. The flammability of producer gas is

affected by composition of flammable gases in producer gas

which in turns the generated flammable gases is dependent

on gasification parameters, such as air flow. In downdraft

gasifiers with induced draft fan, the air flow is affected by

bed porosity, gasifier height, and also capacity of the fan.

In this work, two small-scale throat-less downdraft

gasifiers are compared in terms of continuous flammability

duration of producer gas flame from rice husk and sawdust

gasification. Although the gasifiers are similar type

(downdraft type with induced draft fan), but the gasifiers

have differences in height, tuyer diameter, and also distance

between tuyer-stage as shown in Fig.2. Height, tuyer

diameter, and tuyer distance above the grate may have

influences on air flow into the reactor. Besides, bed porosity

also plays important role in self-regulating nature of induced

air in downdraft gasifier. For induced downdraft gasifier, air

flow rate to the oxidation zone differs during gasification

which is depended on bed porosity and suction fan capacity.

The variation of air flow alters heat released during oxidation

process thus gasification temperature oscillated [35]. The

temperature oscillation affects the stability of gasification

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

1253

process, thus impacts on producer gas flammability. Hence,

it is reasonable for conducting this comparative study of the

downdraft gasifiers in order to figure out flammability

duration of producer gas. The result is used for preliminary

evaluation of the gasifier stability for fully closed and

induced draft operation. Gasifier with better stability will be

used for more comprehensive investigation of the effect of

some principle parameters on the performance of selected

gasifier for gasification of rice husk and sawdust feedstock.

2. Methods

2.1. Description of the gasifiers

Fig. 2 shows the design of downdraft gasifier I and

downdraft gasifier II, respectively. Detail specification of the

gasifiers are shown in Table 1. The gasifier I is made from

Stainless Steel plate of 3 mm thickness. The plate is rolled

and welded to cylindrical form. The gasifier has internal

diameter of 300 mm and height of 950 mm. The gasifier is

insulated with insulator cement of 25 mm thickness. The

gasifier has five stages tuyer which 3 tuyers for each stage.

The tuyer has a diameter of ¾ inch. Meanwhile, the gasifier

II is made from Mild steel pipe which internal diameter of

300 mm and height of 725 mm. The gasifier is insulated with

glass-wool of 50 mm thickness. Both gasifiers use perforated

Steel grate with hole diameter of 20 mm.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. Design of (a) gasifier I and (b) gasifier II (unit in mm)

Table 1. Specification of the gasifiers

Specification Gasifier I Gasifier II

Model Throat-less

downdraft

Throat-less

downdraft

Internal dia. 300 mm 300 mm

Height 950 mm 725 mm

Tuyer 5 stages,

¾ inch diameter

5 stages,

1 inch diameter

Material Stainless steel Mild steel

2.2. Running the gasifiers

The gasifiers are tested on feedstock of rice husk and

sawdust for different setup. Four setups are performed for the

gasifier I (setup A, B, C, and D), and five setups are done for

gasifier II (setup E, F, G, H, and I) as shown in Table 2.

Fully closed top operation of gasifier I is performed for rice

husk and sawdust gasification in setup A and D, respectively.

Meanwhile, gasifier II is run in fully closed top mode for all

setup.

Table 2. Test setup

Gasifier Setup

Gasifier I

A Rice husk gasification; closed top;

primary air at 1st stage tuyer

B

Rice husk gasification; primary air

at 1st stage tuyer; secondary air at

top hole of gasifier lid using blower

C

Rice husk gasification; primary air

at 1st stage tuyer; secondary air

induced at top hole of gasifier lid

D Sawdust gasification; closed top;

primary air at 1st stage tuyer

Gasifier II

E

Rice husk gasification; closed top;

primary air at 5th stage tuyer;

gasification initiation at 1st stage

tuyer

F

Rice husk gasification; closed top;

primary air at 5th stage tuyer;

gasification initiation at 2nd stage

tuyer

G

Rice husk gasification; closed top;

primary air at 5th stage tuyer;

gasification initiation at 3rd stage

tuyer

H

Sawdust gasification, closed top;

primary air at 5th stage tuyer;

gasification initiation at 1st stage

tuyer

I

Rice husk-sawdust blend

gasification, closed top; primary air

at 5th stage tuyer; gasification

initiation at 1st stage tuyer

2.3. Measurement of flammability duration of producer gas

flame

Fig. 3 displays schematic diagram of the downdraft

gasifier system, feedstocks (rice husk and sawdust), and

producer gas flame. The system consists of the downdraft

gasifier, globe valve, induced draft fan, and flare. Procedure

for running the gasifiers as follows: set the intended setup;

load the feedstock into the gasifier; switch ON the suction

fan and ignite the feedstock in the gasifier by means of

torching through tuyer; and flaring producer gas in flare.

After first flame in flare is obtained, do a record of flare

condition (flaming or inflaming) every 5 minutes.

Continuous flammability duration is obtained from

continuous flaming condition of flare during gasification.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

1254

The procedure is performed for all setups and the achieved

result of flammability duration are compared. In order to

observe the self-regulating nature of induced air flow during

gasification as reported by [35], measurement of air velocity

during rice husk gasification in the gasifier II for the setup E,

F, and G are also performed.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic diagram of the gasifier system,

(b) rice husk and sawdust, (c) flame of producer gas in flare

3. Results and Discussion

Fig. 4 shows continuous flammability duration of

producer gas from rice husk gasification in gasifier I for

different air supply setup. The continuous flammability

duration of producer gas is achieved within 6 minutes for the

use of only primary air and fully closed top condition.

Aspirated air by induced draft fan (suction fan) through 1st

tuyer is insufficient for stable gasification process.

Gasification occurs in very slow rate and produces

discontinuous producer gas. In order to increase the amount

of air for gasification, additional secondary air is supplied,

either with the use of blower or induced air through hole on

the top of the gasifier. The use of the top blower increases

continuous flammability duration of producer gas up to 16

minutes. This indicates that gasification is better than the use

of only primary air. However, the use of the top blower

causes gasification rate increases significantly which reduces

batch operation time.

Meanwhile, maximum 32 minutes continuous

flammability duration is achieved for the use of primary air

at 1st stage tuyer and secondary air induced through top hole

of gasifier lid. The maximum duration can be obtained with

the use of additional secondary air. Unlikely with the use of

top blower secondary air, no excessive air velocity occurs

when top hole aspirated air is used. Hence, optimum

continuous flammability duration of rice husk producer gas

is achieved in the latest setup

Fig. 4. Continuous flammability duration of producer gas

from rice husk gasification in gasifier I.

The continuous flammability duration of producer gas

from sawdust gasification is longer than from rice husk

gasification for the use of only primary air and fully closed

top operation as shown in Fig. 5. The continuous

flammability duration of producer gas are 6 minutes from

rice husk gasification and 8 minute from sawdust

gasification. However, it is required more works during

sawdust gasification. The channeling and bridging in reactor

bed is found during sawdust gasification. The same

phenomena were also reported by [23]. The problem causes

blocking of ash flow downward to ash pit. To encounter the

problem, sawdust bed in the reactor is pocked during

sawdust gasification in this work.

Fig. 5. Continuous flammability duration of producer gas

from rice husk and sawdust gasification in fully closed top

operation of gasifier I.

Fig. 6 indicates the continuous flammability duration of

producer gas obtained from rice husk gasification in gasifier

II. The runs are performed with primary air at 5th stage tuyer

and gasification initiation at various stage tuyer (1st, 2nd, 3rd

stage). The continuous flammability duration of producer gas

are 21, 25, and 22 minutes for 1st, 2nd, 3rd stage tuyer

initiation, respectively. The longest duration is achieved for

initiation at 2nd stage tuyer. For 2nd stage tuyer initiation, air

intake during gasification is the lowest within first half of

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

1255

stable flame duration as shown in Fig. 7. This outcomes on

the continuous flammability duration. The graph also

indicates that air velocity reduces during first half of stable

producer gas flame and turns to increase for the next half.

This is likely due to alteration in bed porosity of downdraft

gasifier during gasification process as reported by [35]

Fig. 6. Continuous flammability duration of producer gas

from rice husk gasification in gasifier II

Fig. 7. Air inlet velocity at 5th stage tuyer during rice-husk

gasification in gasifier II

Fig. 8 presents the comparison of continuous

flammability duration of producer gas between gasifier I and

gasifier II at fully closed top operation. The gasifier II is

better than gasifier I for rice husk and sawdust gasification in

terms of continuous flammability duration of producer gas.

The continuous flammability duration of producer gas from

rice husk gasification are 6 minutes and 30 minutes in

gasifier I and gasifier II, respectively. Meanwhile, continuous

flammability duration of producer gas from sawdust

gasification are 8 minutes and 16 minutes in gasifier I and

gasifier II, respectively. For fully closed top mode,

gasification of rice husk and sawdust is more stable in

gasifier II. It is because sufficient air entering gasifier by

means of induced draft fan. The sufficient amount of air in

gasifier II is likely due to shorter the height of the gasifier II

than gasifier I (725 mm : 950 mm) and also may due to

larger tuyer diameter of gasifier II than gasifier I (1 inch : 3/4

inch). In addition, the gasifier II also produces good

continuous flammability duration of producer gas from

gasification of rice husk-sawdust blend (1:1 by vol.), even

the duration is the longest. The result indicates that the

difficulty of sawdust gasification can be overcome by

utilization of sawdust as additional feedstock to rice husk.

Fig. 8. Continuous flammability duration of producer gas

from gasification of rice husk, sawdust and rice husk-

sawdust blend in fully closed top operation of gasifier I and

gasifier II

Fig. 9 displays the picture of typical uncontrolled

producer gas flame in the flare which is observed in this

work. According to vertical buoyant jet theory given in [31],

the flame may divided into three different zone (jet

dominated zone, jet-plume zone, and plume dominated

zone). In the jet dominated zone, flame core is observed due

to high producer gas velocity at this zone. Producer gas

velocity decreases as increasing height, thus flame start to

spread as seen in the jet-plume zone. The flame stretches

more in the plume dominated zone. In order to obtain more

detailed flame characteristic, experimental work with the use

of control system is required which enable to control

combustion parameters, such as air to fuel ratio.

Fig. 9. Different zone of producer gas flame

4. Conclusions

Two model throat-less downdraft gasifiers are tested on

feedstock of rice husk and sawdust for different setup. The

two gasifiers are compared in terms of continuous

flammability duration of producer gas. For the gasifier I, the

maximum flammability duration is obtained from setup C

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH A.A.P. Susastriawan et al., Vol.7, No.3, 2017

1256

(Rice husk gasification; primary air at 1st stage tuyer;

secondary air induced at top hole of gasifier lid). Meanwhile

for the gasifier II, the maximum flammability duration is

achieved from setup I (Rice husk-sawdust blend gasification,

primary air at 5th stage tuyer; gasification initiation at 1st

stage tuyer). For fully closed top setup, the gasifier II is more

stable than the gasifier I in terms of continuous flammability

duration of producer gas, either for rice husk or sawdust

gasification. It is recommended that the gasifier II is suitable

for more comprehensive study of rice husk and sawdust

gasification.

Acknowledgements

The first author is grateful to Ministry of Research,

Technology, and Higher Education (Kemenristekdikti) -

Republic of Indonesia for providing scholarship to pursue

Doctoral study at Department of Mechanical and Industrial

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah

Mada.

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Comparative Study of TwoSmall-Scale Downdraft Gasifiers

in Terms of ContinuousFlammability Duration of

Producer Gas from Rice Huskand Sawdust Gasification

by A.A.P. Susastriawan

Submission date: 09-Aug-2019 01:48PM (UTC-0500)Submission ID: 1158937347File name: IJRER_1_Agung_S.pdf (581.51K)Word count: 5124Character count: 27206

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FINAL GRADE

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Comparative Study of Two Small-Scale Downdraft Gasifiers inTerms of Continuous Flammability Duration of Producer Gasfrom Rice Husk and Sawdust GasificationGRADEMARK REPORT

GENERAL COMMENTS

Instructor

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