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Research Articles

Low Value Capacitance Measurements for Capacitive Sensors – A Review Prabhu Ramanathan, Sudha Ramasamy, Prateek Jain, Hardik Nagrecha, Saurav Paul, P.Arulmozhivarman, Rao Tatavarti ........................................................................................... 1 Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) Switches for Radio Frequency Applications - A Review Ashish Kumar Sharma, Navneet Gupta.................................................................................... 11 Measurement of Transient Surface Temperature of Conductive Solid Using Thermocouples with Different Junctions Zhiqiang Sun, Yu Chen, Xing Chen .......................................................................................... 22 Optical Force Sensor for the DEXMART Hand Twisted String Actuation System Gianluca Palli and Salvatore Pirozzi ......................................................................................... 28 Ultrasonic Tomography Imaging for Liquid-Gas Flow Measurement Muhammad Jaysuman Pusppanathan, Nor Muzakkir Nor Ayob, Fazlul Rahman Yunus, Khairul Hamimah Abas, Herlina Abdul Rahim, Leo Pei Ling, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Fatin Aliah Phang, Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman, Zulkarnay Zakaria ........................................................................... 33 Development of Ethernet Based Remote Monitoring and Controlling of MST Radar Transmitters using ARM Cortex Microcontroller Lakshmi Narayana Roshanna, Nagabhushan Raju Konduru, Rajendra Prasad Thommundru, Chandrasekhar Reddy Devanna, Chaitanya Pavan Kanchisamudram 40 A Portable Spectrophotometer for Water Quality Analysis Xiaomin Zhang, Yanjun Fang, Youquan Zhao.......................................................................... 47 MATLAB Graphical User Interface based Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Liquid Level Control System Immanuel J., Parvathi C. S., L. Shrimanth Sudheer and P. Bhaskar ....................................... 52 Method and Device for Image Coding & Transferring Based on Residue Number System Su Jun, Vasyl Yatskiv................................................................................................................ 60 Estimation of Emissivity with the Help of an Infrared Camera B. Chakraborty and B. K. Sinha ................................................................................................ 66 Simple and Robust Multipoint Data Acquisition Bus Built on Top of the Standard RS 232 Interface Alexey Pavluchenko, Alexander Kukla, Sergey Lozovoy. ........................................................ 72 Optimizing Micro-scale Thermoelectric Model using Finite Element Method Divya Jatain, Ajay Agarwal, Manoj Kumar ................................................................................ 83

A Portable Colloidal Gold Strip Sensor for Clenbuterol and Ractopamine using Image Processing Technology Yi Guo, Feng He, Youquan Zhao, Yanjun Fang, Zhuge Xi....................................................... 89 Multicomponent Liquids’ Research Petro Stolyarchuk, Maryna Mikhalieva, Vasyl Yatsuk, Yevhen Pokhodylo, Olena Basalkevych. .................................................................................................................. 95

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A Portable Colloidal Gold Strip Sensor for Clenbuterol and Ractopamine Using Image Processing Technology

1 Yi Guo, 1 Feng He, 1,* Youquan Zhao, 2 Yanjun Fang, 2 Zhuge Xi

1 College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, P. R. China 300072

Tel.: 86-13820413401 2 Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science,

1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin, P. R. China 300050 Tel.: 86-13920838035

E-mail: zhaoyouquan@tju.edu.cn, yanjunfang1973@163.com

Received: 2 September 2012 /Accepted: 24 January 2013 /Published: 31 January 2013 Abstract: A portable colloidal golden strip sensor for detecting clenbuterol and ractopamine has been developed using image processing technology, as well as a novel strip reader has achieved innovatively with this imaging sensor. Colloidal gold strips for clenbuterol and ractopamine is used as first sensor with given biomedical immunication reaction. After three minutes the target sample dropped on, the color showing in the T line is relative to the content of objects as clenbuterol, this reader can finish many functions like automatic acquit ion of colored strip image, quantatively analysis of the color lines including the control line and test line, and data storage and transfer to computer. The system is integrated image collection, pattern recognition and real-time colloidal gold quantitative measurement. In experiment, clenbuterol and ractopamine standard substance with concentration from 0 ppb to 10 ppb is prepared and tested, the result reveals that standard solutions of clenbuterol and ractopamine have a good secondary fitting character with color degree (R2 is up to 0.99 and 0.98). Besides, through standard sample addition to the object negative substance, good recovery results are obtained up to 98 %. Above all, an optical sensor for colloidal strip measure is capable of determining the content of clenbuterol and ractopamine, it is likely to apply to quantatively identifying of similar reaction of colloidal golden strips. Copyright © 2013 IFSA. Keywords: Biosensor, Portable strip reader, Image processing, Clenbuterol, Ractopamine. 1. Introduction

With the development of the modern Immunochromatography technology, more and more strips were manufactured in various materials and applied in field of food safety, clinical measurement and precision agriculture. Since it is in virtue of rapid, convenient and no need for chemical reagents, it is

suitable to detect in the field specially. A lot of professional research achievements are spring up in these decades. Wang S. developed colloidal gold immunoassays for the detection of the insecticide carbaryl [1]. Li K. reported using immunochromatographic assay to test chloramphenicol residues in aquaculture tissues [2]. Combined with GPS technology, Zhao F. J. pointed out the distribution of concentrations of lead in British

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wheat and barley grain [3]. The strips for detection of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat and maize would avoid cross interference of two materials [4]. So immune reactions of two substances happened in a dropped process, respectively.

In the measurement using strips independently, only qualitative results are obtained. Moreover, people will have different understand about the color information of the stained results. It is a significant shortcoming of strips test. Gold immunochromatography was deduced from ELISA. Worthy of learning is that micro plate reader will give quantitative results in ELISA test [5, 6]. The reader will quantize color information by spectroscopy [7, 8]. To read the color information, many works have been done in instrumentation field. Du M. designed a machine by the sensor of optical fiber [9]. The light was transmitted by its source and reflected by the testing strip. Optical fiber received the reflected light and microprocessor transformed it into quantitative number. But In which a structure of mechanical scanning was inevitable, the reader is not compact. Liu L. reported one-dimensional CCD-based detection system for immunity-chromatography test strip [10]. Fixed light source and detector simplified the equipment structure. But one-dimensional CCD only obtained the color information in a line. Signal to Noise Ratio will be decreased and the precision of instrument will be reduced too. A CMOS based bio-test strips reader with image processing technology was reported by Lin C. S. [11]. Algorithm of the equipment is a method of comparative threshold to gain a positive or negative result, furthermore, algorithm of FCM and ANN were applied into extracting the color information from strip image [12, 13]. However those algorithms were not suitable for programming into embedded system. Therefore, an inexpensive, simple and accurate strip reader embedded microcontroller C8051F340 has been designed and developed to measure T line color of the strip [14-16], in experimental, it is verified that this reader is capable of rapid quantative identifying the colored lines. 2. Systems 2.1. Fabrication of Sensor

Sensor is made up of a CMOS camera, darkroom, reflector, reflector fixing socket, and strip casket as shown in Fig. 1. The whole optical system is set up in the darkroom. In this way, stray light is resisted. What’s more, confined-space isolates the dust. In the darkroom, cuboids opening space was designed, where strip casket is able to insert into it. So different type of strips will be fixed in the same position and T line will appear at the same pixels in the pictures.

strip casket reflector darkroom

fixing device fix reflector fix casket

fix CMOS camera

Fig. 1. Modules of the sensor.

The reflector was set up into darkroom, which can be put together in a 45 angles with the strip casket. This design could cut a half optical imaging path, which can reduce the imaging box size to half so that the reader is compact, flexible and portable.

By taking a photo, a picture of the test strip will be captured as Fig. 2. This image is including a negative sample, only the control line appears and the test line is invisible. At the end of the sensor, there is a position switch to trigger the photo shutter, only if the target strip is in the right area of the image the start pulse will be snapped and microcontroller will send the command to capture the image, all the operation is finished automatically.

Fig. 2. A picture of strip in the sensor.

2.2. Instrumentation

A picture of the completely assembled instrument showed in the Fig. 3 (dimension is 2009050 mm). Two different strip modes are allowed: manual mode and automatic mode, the former is for the stained strip without waiting for the bioreaction, the latter is for a blank strip to be fixed in the sensor box and drop the target sample, and the reader will start to timer of fifteen minutes up to the bioreaction finished, then takes the photo of the object strip. Additional instrument technical specifications, not mentioned in the text, are reported in Table1.

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Table 1. Additional technical specifications of the strip reader.

Display LCD, 4 rows × 16 columns Keyboard Digital, six-keys equipped Reading time 7 s Data/Timer Date/time associated with the running analysis Interface Serial gate RS232 with conversion to USB Memory space 16 MB Power supply Power adapter(5V—1A) or four batteries (#7-1.5 V)

Fig. 3. Photo of the whole instrument.

2.3. Algorithm of the Image Processing

After taking photograph, a picture of 240320 pixels is obtained, showed as Fig. 4. The image pass the step of smooth and denoising, edge extraction and localizing T line. So as to find the positions of T line and C line, which is in a rectangle area. As the Fig. 4 shown, area of T line which contain TuTv pixels is divided into n blocks (n=MN). To wipe out the influence of fuzzy color of the T line edge, each block will be counted in grayscale. Complementally there are xy ( x=Tu/N, y=Tv/M) pixels in every block. Add up all pixels in a block, Gi_div will be got. In the equation (1), Gxy is the grayscale value of each pixel. Finally, Gi of n blocks is summed up together and shown as equation (3). And GT will be calculated. In the same method, GC and GB will be gained too. , (1)

, (2)

, (3)

TuT

v

y

x

Tu/N

Tv/M

Fig. 4. Diagram of the division of color area. 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Measurement Principle

The strip for detection of clenbuterol and ractopamine was designed by competitive method. The more high concentration of the objective substance, the less immune response happens. So T line doesn’t fully color. Content of determinand is determined by variation of the color. It infers that the quantitative determination follow the Lambert-Beer's law. In law, optical density is equal to the ratio of the log of the intensity of the incident and emergent light. To avoid complex light route design, white LED and CMOS camera are arranged as light source and receiver respectively. , (4)

In the formula (4), GT GC GB stands for the gray

scale of the T line, C line and background of the strip. The concentration of determinand is determined by the value of TOD. Refer to Fig. 5. 3.2. Experimental Methods

The strip for detection of clenbuterol and ractopamine were purchased from Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shenzhen, China). Standard substance of clenbuterol was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China) and standard substance of ractopamine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (Beijing,

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China). In experiment, phosphate buffer (4 mmol/l PH6.8) was obtained from institute of hygiene and environmental medicine, academy of military medical science (Tianjin, China), which acted as dissolvent. Two standard substances were prepared for 50 ng/ml stock solutions, respectively. Moreover, reagent solution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 ng/ml were made by stock solutions and phosphate buffer. Phosphate buffer was used as 0 ng /ml, by the way.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Instrumental Performance

Fig. 6 shows the color strip of clenbuterol. The magenta line at below is the control line. And the test

line is above. In the picture, the edge of C line is clear and easily differentiated from the background area. However, the more saturated color of T line, the less concentration of the reagent solution. When the content greater than 3ng/ml, T line almost appear no color. At that time, the reagent solution is surely determined as positive sample. Strips, ractopamine strips color similarly the same as the clenbuterol.

To test instrumental repeatability, colored strip was inserted into machine and obtained 5 results on a strip. As shown in Fig. 7, blue boxes mean COD values of C line. And pink boxes mean TOD values of T line. In figure, the mark ‘+’ stands for measurement results at one time. The height of the bar is determined by the average five values.

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of light reflex of strip microstructure.

Fig. 6. (a)-(h) Strip images of 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 ng/ml standard clenbuterol solutions.

Fig. 7. Repeatability of the instrument.

The concrete data was listed in Table 2. In statistics analysis, every standard deviation belongs to the results of concentrations from 0 to 4 ng/ml is less than 1.5 %. Coefficient of variation is 2.72 % at most. In

addition, LOD, which is equal to triple the standard deviation of responses of many blank experiments, stands for the content of minimum component which is able to be tested. The instrumental limit of detection is 0.045 ng/ml.

The sensor measured the concentration from 1 to 8 ng/ml both clenbuterol and ractopamine. The various contents were dropped onto the strip, and the final results plotted in the Fig. 8. Two curves have the similar trend. In the inset, five points (1 2 3 4 and 5 ng/ml) draw two second order fitting curves using MATLAB. The curve of clenbuterol obtained a fitting equation: f(x) = 0.03643x2 - 0.3436x + 1.026(R2=0.99); the curve of ractopamine got a fitting equation: f(x) = 0.02x2 - 0.204x +1(R2= 0.98). Both of them have a good fitting character.

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Table 2. Precision of the measurement.

Clenbuterol Concentration (ng/ml)

COD

Mean±S.D. C.V. (%)

TOD Mean±S.D.

C.V.(%)

0 0.816±0.011 1.40 0.724±0.015 2.09 1 0.794±0.009 1.13 0.488±0.013 2.67 2 0.810±0.010 1.23 0.298±0.004 1.50 3 0.796±0.009 1.12 0.260±0.007 2.72 4 0.806±0.009 1.11 0.208±0.004 2.15

4.2. The Influence of Dropping Volume of the

Reagent Solution The values of OD are depended on how much objective antigen combine with colloidal gold. So the volume of reagent solution contained objective antigen play a significant role in strip color. In experiment, the ractopamine solutions (4 ng/ml) of 20 40 60 80 100 ul were dropped into strips. When the volume is less than 40 ul, the liquid is not enough to wet the colloidal gold pad. So chromatography reaction could not happen. When the volume is higher than 60ul, the more capacity of the solution dropped, the less results of TOD gained and COD nearly unchanged, shown as Table 3. The phenomenon can

be explained that increased volume would bring more clenbuterol antigen conjugated with antibody at T line, and less competitive antigen which is combined with nanogold particles do that. So less nanogold particles fix on the T line. It is more light-colored.

Table 3. The results of different dropping volume.

Volume (ul) TOD COD

60 0.81 0.70 80 0.79 0.45

100 0.81 0.31

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ... 80.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Concentration(ng/ml)

TO

D

ClenbuterolRactopamine

1 2 3 4 5

0.4

0.6

0.8

Concentration(ng/ml)

TO

D

RAC vs. CONT fit 1CLB vs. CONT fit 2

Fig. 8. The instrument response curve for clenbuterol and ractopamine Inset: The diagram of second order fitting curve.

5. Conclusion There is an increasing demand worldwide for low cost, fast and reliable methods for food safety monitoring. The sensor offers all these advantages since it can be easily used both in laboratory and field applications. The object of this work was to build a sensor which can be easily adopted for clenbuterol and ractopamine analysis. The miniaturized system realized is innovative, being designed to be flexible, modular and small, with rapid measurement system and automatic timing system. The most significant innovation brought about is capable of high precision in measurement of different species’ strips simultaneously. Experimental measurements with

clenbuterol and ractopamine have been successfully conducted and reported. The sensor proposed for legislation in China and is suitable for use as rapid simultaneous screening tests for clenbuterol and ractopamine. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to financial support from the National Science and Technology Programme "Research & Development on Suitable Key Technologies of the Village Environmental Monitoring (2012BAJ24B01)".

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Aims and Scope Sensors & Transducers is a peer reviewed international, interdisciplinary journal that provides an advanced forum for the science and technology of physical, chemical sensors and biosensors. It publishes original research articles, timely state-of-the-art reviews and application specific articles with the following devices areas: Physical, chemical and biosensors; Digital, frequency, period, duty-cycle, time interval, PWM, pulse number output sensors and transducers; Theory, principles, effects, design, standardization and modeling; Smart sensors and systems; Sensor instrumentation; Virtual instruments; Sensors interfaces, buses and networks; Signal processing and interfacing; Frequency (period, duty-cycle)-to-code converters, ADC; Technologies and materials; Nanosensors; Microsystems; Applications. Further information on this journal is available from the Publisher's web site: http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/Submission.htm Subscriptions An annual subscription includes 12 regular issues and some special issues. Annual subscription rates for 2013 are the following: Electronic version (in printable pdf format): 400.00 EUR Printed with b/w illustrations: 640.00 EUR Printed full color version: 760.00 EUR 40 % discount is available for IFSA Members. Prices include shipping costs by mail. Further information about subscription is available through IFSA Publishing's web site: http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/Journal_Subscription.htm Advertising Information If you are interested in advertising or other commercial opportunities please e-mail sales@sensorsportal.com and your enquiry will be passed to the correct person who will respond to you within 24 hours. Please download also our Media Planner 2013: http://www.sensorsportal.com/DOWNLOADS/Media_Planner_2013.pdf Books for Review Publications should be sent to the IFSA Publishing Office: Ronda de Ramon Otero Pedrayo, 42C, 1-5, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain. Abstracting Services This journal is cited, indexed and abstracted by Chemical Abstracts, EBSCO Publishing, IndexCopernicus Journals Master List, ProQuest Science Journals, CAS Source Index (CASSI), Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, Scirus, Google Scholar, etc. Since 2011 Sensors & Transducers journal is covered and indexed (including a Scopus, Embase, Engineering Village and Reaxys) in Elsevier products. Instructions for Authors Please visit the journal web page http://www.sensorsportal.com/HTML/DIGEST/Submission.htm Authors must follow the instructions very carefully when submitting their manuscripts. Manuscript must be send electronically in both: MS Word 2003 for Windows (doc) and Acrobat (pdf) formats by e-mail: editor@sensorsportal.com

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