{ Psychology in Action (9e) Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders.
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Transcript of { Psychology in Action (9e) Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders.
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{
Psychology in Action (9e)
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Studying Psychological Disorders
Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion, thought, & action considered pathological for one or more of four reasons:
• statistical infrequency • disability or dysfunction • personal distress • violation of norms
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Studying Psychological Disorders: Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
Page 476 of text
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Culture-General Symptoms: shared symptoms across cultures
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Culture-Bound Symptoms: unique symptoms that differ across cultures
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Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)
Historical perspectives: In ancient times, people believed
demons were the cause of abnormal behavior, & boring holes in the skull (trephining) allowed evil spirits to escape.
In the 1790s, Pinel & others emphasized disease & physical illness, which led to the medical model & later to modern psychiatry.
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Studying Psychological Disorders (Continued)
Modern psychology includes seven major perspectives on abnormal behavior.
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Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR):
• provides detailed symptom descriptions
• contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories & five dimensions (or axes)
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Five Axes of DSM-V-TR (guidelines for making decisions about symptoms; attempts to address the ‘whole person’ )
• Axis I (principal disorder needing immediate attention)
• Axis II (personality disorders contributing to the above disorder)
• Axis III (general medical information relevant to above disorder)
• Axis IV (psychosocial & environmental problems contributing to disorder)
• Axis V (global assessment of level of functioning – how are they coping?)
Studying Psychological Disorders: Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont.)
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Labelling with the DSM While the DSM is the accepted manual for
diagnosing mental disorders, there are many who argue its limitations
Biggest argument – definitions are too vague For example: Manic depressive or bipolar
Mood Disorders are characterized by dramatic "mood swings" or episodes of Mania or Major Depression.
Is there still an advantage to using the guide?
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Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorder: overwhelming apprehension & fear accompanied by autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal
Five Major Types:1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder2. Panic Disorder3. Phobias4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
(Discussed in Chapter 3)
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Five Types of Anxiety Disorders
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: persistent, uncontrollable, & free-floating anxiety
2. Panic Disorder: sudden & inexplicable panic attacks
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Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
3. Phobia: intense, irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object or situation
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4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): intrusive, repetitive, fearful thoughts (obsessions), with urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic, behaviors (compulsions), or both
5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): anxiety disorder following extraordinary stress (discussed in Chapter 3)
Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
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Explanations of Anxiety DisordersPsychological--faulty cognitions, maladaptive learning
Biological--evolution, genetics, brain functioning, biochemistry
Sociocultural—environmental stressors, cultural socialization
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Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
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Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders: characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states
Two Main Types of Mood Disorders:• Major Depressive Disorder: long-lasting
depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest in life
• Bipolar Disorder: repeated episodes of mania & depression
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Mood Disorders (Continued)
Note how major depressive disorders differ from bipolar disorders on this hypothetical graph.
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Explanations of Mood Disorders
Biological--brain functioning, neurotransmitter imbalances, genetics, evolution
Psychosocial--environmental stressors, disturbed interpersonal relationships, faulty thinking, poor self-concept, learned helplessness, faulty attributions
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Mood Disorders (Continued) Gender & Cultural
Diversity: Culture-general
symptoms for depression (e.g., sad affect, lack of energy)
Women more often depressed. Why? Combination of biological, psychological, & social forces (biopsychosocial model)
Social Psychological
Biological
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia: group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality
Five areas of major disturbance:1. Perception (hallucinations) 2. Language (word salad, neologisms) 3. Thoughts (psychosis, delusions) 4. Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect)5. Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy,
waxy flexibility)]
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Subtypes of Schizophrenia
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Explanations of Schizophrenia:
Biological: genetic predisposition, disruptions in neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities
Psychosocial: diathesis-stress model, disturbed family communication
Schizophrenia (Continued)
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Genetics & Schizophrenia
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Note the differing amounts of brain activity in the normal, schizophrenia, and depressed brains. (Warmer colors = more activity)
Disturbed Brain Activity in Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia (Continued)
Gender & Cultural Diversity: Numerous culturally general symptoms, but significant differences exist in:
• prevalence • form • onset • prognosis
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Other DisordersSubstance-related disorder (abuse of,
or dependence on, a mood- or behavior-altering drug)
Two general groups: Substance abuse (interferes with social
or occupational functioning) Substance dependence (causes physical
reactions, such as tolerance & withdrawal)
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Other Disorders: Substance-Related Disorder
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Other Disorders (Continued) People with substance-related disorders also commonly suffer other psychological disorders, a condition known as comorbidity.
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Other Disorders (Continued)
Dissociative Disorders: splitting apart (dis-association) of experience from memory or consciousness
Types of Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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Other Disorders (Continued)
Best known dissociative disorder: Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID): presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same person at different times (previously known as multiple personality disorder)
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Personality Disorder: inflexible, maladaptive personality traits causing significant impairment of social & occupational functioning
Two types of personality disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder
(BPD)
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound disregard for, & violation of, the rights of others
Key Traits: egocentrism, lack of conscience, impulsive behavior, & superficial charm
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Explanations of Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Biological: genetic predisposition, abnormal brain functioning
• Psychological: abusive parenting, inappropriate modeling
Other Disorders (Continued)
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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):
impulsivity & instability in mood, relationships, & self-image
Explanations of BPD:• Psychological--childhood history of
neglect, emotional deprivation, abuse • Biological--genetic inheritance,
impaired brain functioning
Other Disorders (Continued)