Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’...

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Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

Transcript of Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’...

Page 1: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

Psychological Disorders

L. Gonzalez

Create a Time Line ChartBC, AD, Century, Now

Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

Page 2: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

Set Up Time Line

Page 3: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

The Ancient World

China (200 BC) Chung Ching stated that both organ pathologies & stressful psychological situations were causes of mental disorders.

Greece Hippocrates (377-460 BC) believed mental illness was

the result of natural, as opposed to supernatural, causes.

Galen (130-200 AD) divided the causes of mental disorders into physical and psychological explanations.

Historical Perspectives on

Abnormal behavior

Page 4: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

Islamic countries- a. mental hospitals were

established (792 AD)b. Persian doctor Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine(medications).

Europe –abnormal behavior was most frequently viewed as demonic possession.

treatment entailed – prayer & exorcism.

Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)

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Spanish nun Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

established the conceptual framework that the mind can be sick.

Both Johann Weyer (1515-1588) of Germany and Scot (1538-1599) of England used scientific skepticism to refute the concept of demonic possession.

The Renaissance AD

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In France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) pioneered a

compassionate medical model for the treatment of the mentally ill & established a hospital in Paris.

In England, William Tuke (1732-1822) introduced trained nurses for the mentally ill & helped to change public attitudes regarding their treatment.

In US, Benjamin rush (1745-1813) founder of American Psychiatry, encouraged humane treatment of the mentally ill & hospitals.

Humanitarian Reforms (18th-19th century)

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Development in technology such as MRI and PET

scans have added to our knowledge of the biological bases of psychological disorder.

MRI PET Development in pscycho-pharmacology have

provided effective treatment for many psychological disorder.

Scientific Advances of the 20th Century

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Paraphrase on your own…

Article – Nearly 500,000 -- mentally ill men and women are serving time in U.S. jails and prisons.

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Abnormal Behaviors Perspectives &

Diagnoses

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The behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).

Abnormal Behavior Definition

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Definitions of Disorders-What does it mean? Rosenhan’s Experiment-What did it entail? Evolution of the DSM –What is it?

5 AXES – Write examples for each1. Clinical Disorders 2. Intellectual Disabilities & Personality Disorders 3. Medical conditions and physical disorders4. Social & Environmental Factors5. The Global Assessment of Functioning

Videos – Set up your notes

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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video

/flv/generic.html?s=frol02s496q73&continuous=1

Frontline Documentary

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Behavior Disorders Perspectives

Create Chart on back of time-line

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Perspective Explanation Treatment Example Illustration

Create Perspective Chart

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Explanation:

Focus on biological and physiological factors as causes of abnormal behavior .

Treated as a disease, or mental illness, and is diagnosed through symptoms and cured

through treatment. Treatment: Hospitalization and drugs are often

preferred methods of treatment rather than psychological investigation.

Example: Schizophrenia needs medication to quiet voices, hallucinations and level dopamine.

Medical Perspective

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Explanation: Evolved from Freudian psychoanalytic theory, which contends that psychological disorders are the consequence of anxiety produced by unresolved, unconscious conflicts(childhood).

Treatment: focuses on identification and resolution of the conflicts.

Example: Child neglected, no love will grow up to not love him/herself or others

Psychodynamic Perspective

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Explanation: Results from faulty or

ineffective learning and conditioning.

Treatments are designed to reshape disordered behavior and, using traditional learning procedures, to teach new, more appropriate, and more adaptive responses.

For example, a behavioral analysis of a case of child abuse might suggest that a father abuses his children because he learned the abusive behavior from his father and must now learn more appropriate parenting tactics

Behavioral/Learning Perspective

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Explanation: People engage in abnormal behavior because of particular thoughts and behaviors that are often based upon their false assumptions. This is how the information is being decoded and retrieved (interpreted or memory issues).

Treatments are oriented toward helping the maladjusted individual develop new thought processes and new values.

Therapy is a process of unlearning maladaptive habits and replacing them with more useful ones.

Example: Anger issues from low road to high road

Cognitive Perspective

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Explain: Abnormal behavior is learned within a social context ranging from the family, to the community, to the culture.

Treatment: Introducing and teaching the individual about in abnormal behavior within the culture by comparing and contrasting.

Example: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are psychological disorders found mostly in Western cultures, which value the thin female body

Social-Cultural Perspective

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Views abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause, such as genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities or imbalances, structural abnormalities

within the brain, and/or infections Agrees that physical causes are of central importance

but also recognizes the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors in the study,

identification, and treatment of psychological disorders

Biological Perspective

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States Psychologists contend that ALL behavior, whether called normal or disordered arises from the interaction of nature and nurture.

The bio-psycho-social perspective is a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

Bio-Psych-Social Perspective

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Frontline Documentary Part 2

& 3

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1. What is the disorder?2. Explain the disorder.

1. What causes it? (age)2. Symptoms3. Treatment 4. An example of a case with someone having the

disorder5. Common or not?

Abnormal Behavior Disorders – pairs of 3/computer lab Wednesday-Turn in outline/present Friday to peers

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PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

Mood Disorders-Bipolar

Depressed state Manic state Depressed state

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PET Scan of brain of

person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder

High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

Anxiety Disorders

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DSM-IV

American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Hand out

Psychological Disorders- Etiology

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add Borderline Personality disorder

Take out disorder sheet

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Mental disorders

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Schizophrenia

literal translation “split mind” a group of severe disorders

characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions

Schizophrenia

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Delusions false beliefs, often of torture or

greatness, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as seeing

something without any external visual stimulus

Schizophrenia

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Test next class period

A few more points to consider… for the

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Schizophrenia

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of

another’s speech or movements

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types

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Schizophrenia

Lifetime riskof developingschizophrenia

for relatives of a schizophrenic

40

30

20

10

0 Generalpopulation

Siblings Children Fraternaltwin

Childrenof two

schizophrenia victims

Identicaltwin

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Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think

rationally and function socially Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of

dealing with anxiety Psychotic disorder

person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted

perceptions

Psychological Disorders- Etiology

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Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive

behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder

person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or

situation

Anxiety Disorders

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Common and uncommon fears

Anxiety Disorders

Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it

Beingclosed in,

in a smallplace

Being alone

In a house

at night

Percentageof peoplesurveyed

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Snakes Being

in high,exposedplaces

Mice Flyingon an

airplane

Spidersand

insects

Thunderand

lightning

Dogs Drivinga car

Being In a

crowdof people

Cats

Page 37: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts

(obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Panic Disorder

marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

Anxiety Disorders

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Anxiety Disorders

Common Obsessions and Compulsions AmongPeople With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Thought or Behavior Percentage*Reporting Symptom

Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)

Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40

Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40

Symmetry order, or exactness 24

Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85or grooming

Compulsions (repetitive behaviors)

Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51up/down from a chair)Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46car brake, homework

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Mood Disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person,

for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mood Disorders

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Manic Episode a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,

wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

formerly called manic-depressive disorder

Mood Disorders

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Mood Disorders-Depression

Percentageof population

aged 18-84experiencing

majordepression

at somepoint In life

20

15

10

5

0 USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand

Around the worldwomen are more

susceptible todepression

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Mood Disorders-Depression

12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+

Age in Years

10%

8

6

4

2

0

Percentagedepressed

Females

Males

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Mood Disorders- Suicide

15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+

Suicides per100,000 people

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Males Females

The higher suicide rateamong men greatly increases in late adulthood

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Increasing rates of teen suicide

Mood Disorders-Suicide

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year

12%

10

8

6

4

2

0

Suicide rate,ages 15 to 19(per 100,000)

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Altering any one

component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

Mood Disorders-Depression

Brainchemistry

Cognition

Mood

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A happy or

depressed mood strongly influences people’s ratings of their own behavior

Mood Disorders-Depression

Negative Positivebehaviors behaviors

Self-ratings

35%

30

25

20

15

Percentage ofobservations

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The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

Mood Disorders-Depression

1Stressful

experiences

4Cognitive and

behavioral changes

2Negative

explanatory style

3Depressed

mood

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Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated

(dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person

exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

formerly called multiple personality disorder

Dissociative Disorders

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Personality Disorders

disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

Personality Disorders

Page 50: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Personality Disorders

Page 51: Psychological Disorders L. Gonzalez Create a Time Line Chart BC, AD, Century, Now Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY.

PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex

Personality Disorders

Normal Murderer

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Personality Disorders

Percentageof criminaloffenders

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Total crime Thievery Violence

Childhoodpoverty

Obstetricalcomplications

Both poverty and obstetrical complications

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Rates of Psychological

DisordersPercentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders

Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals

Ethnicity Gender

Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8%

Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8

Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3

Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6

Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8

Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5

Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6


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