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CHAPTER ONECHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC INTRODUCTION TO BASIC COMPUTER ARCHITECTURECOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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ContentsContents

• Architecture And OrganizationArchitecture And Organization

• Types of computer & its componentTypes of computer & its component

•   Interconnection structuresInterconnection structures

Computer Organization, Computer Computer Organization, Computer Design, Computer Architecture Design, Computer Architecture

• Computer Organization is concerned with the Computer Organization is concerned with the way the hardware computer operate and the way the hardware computer operate and the way they are connected together to form the way they are connected together to form the computer system. computer system.

• The various components are assumed to be in The various components are assumed to be in place and the task is to investigate the place and the task is to investigate the organizational structure to verify that the organizational structure to verify that the computer parts operation as intended. computer parts operation as intended.

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Computer Organization, Computer Computer Organization, Computer Design, Computer ArchitectureDesign, Computer Architecture

• Computer Design is concerned with the hardware Computer Design is concerned with the hardware design of the computer. design of the computer.

• Once the computer specification is formulated, it is Once the computer specification is formulated, it is the task of the designer to develop hardware for the the task of the designer to develop hardware for the system. system.

• Computer Design is concerned with the determination Computer Design is concerned with the determination of what hardware should be used and how the parts of what hardware should be used and how the parts should be connected. should be connected.

• This aspect of computer hardware is sometimes This aspect of computer hardware is sometimes referred to as computer implementation. referred to as computer implementation.

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Computer Organization, Computer Computer Organization, Computer Design, Computer ArchitectureDesign, Computer Architecture

• Computer Architecture is concerned with the Computer Architecture is concerned with the structure and behavior of the computer as structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. seen by the user.

• It includes the information formats, the It includes the information formats, the instruction set and techniques for addressing instruction set and techniques for addressing memorymemory

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Architecture & OrganizationArchitecture & Organization

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURECOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

• Attribute of a system Attribute of a system visible to a programmer visible to a programmer or, those attribute that or, those attribute that have direct impact on have direct impact on the logical execution of the logical execution of a program.a program.

• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.

COMPUTER ORGANIZATIONCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION

• Operational units and Operational units and their interconnection their interconnection that realize the that realize the architectural architectural specificationsspecifications

• Control signals, Control signals, interfaces, memory interfaces, memory technologytechnology

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Architecture & Organization Architecture & Organization

• All Intel x86 family share the same basic All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecturearchitecture

• The IBM System/370 family share the The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecturesame basic architecture

• This gives code compatibilityThis gives code compatibility– At least backwards

• Organization differs between different Organization differs between different versionsversions

Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

• Structure is the way in which components Structure is the way in which components relate to each otherrelate to each other

• Function is the operation of individual Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structurecomponents as part of the structure

• Both the structure and function is the Both the structure and function is the main function that a computer can main function that a computer can perform.perform.

History of ComputersHistory of Computers

• The first generation – Vacuum TubesThe first generation – Vacuum Tubes

• The von Neumann MachineThe von Neumann Machine

• IAS ModelIAS Model

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ENIAC ENIAC

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And ComputerElectronic Numerical Integrator And Computer• Started 1943 and finished 1946Started 1943 and finished 1946• Was the first general-purpose electronic computerWas the first general-purpose electronic computer• Eckert and MauchlyEckert and Mauchly• University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania• Trajectory tables for weapons Trajectory tables for weapons

– ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory

– Too late for war effort

ENIAC - detailsENIAC - details

• Decimal (not binary)Decimal (not binary)• 20 accumulators of 10 digits20 accumulators of 10 digits• Programmed manually by switchesProgrammed manually by switches• 18,000 vacuum tubes18,000 vacuum tubes• 30 tons30 tons• 15,000 square feet15,000 square feet• 140 kW power consumption140 kW power consumption• 5,000 additions per second5,000 additions per second

Von Neumann/TuringVon Neumann/Turing

• Stored Program conceptStored Program concept• Main memory storing programs and dataMain memory storing programs and data• ALU operating on binary dataALU operating on binary data• Control unit interpreting instructions from memory Control unit interpreting instructions from memory

and executingand executing• Input and output equipment operated by control unitInput and output equipment operated by control unit• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies - IASPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies - IAS• Completed 1952Completed 1952

Structure of von Neumann machineStructure of von Neumann machine

IASIAS• The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built The IAS machine was the first electronic computer built

by the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), in Princeton, by the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. New Jersey, USA.

• It is sometimes called the von Neuman machine, since It is sometimes called the von Neuman machine, since the paper describing its design was edited by John von the paper describing its design was edited by John von Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton Neumann, a mathematics professor at both Princeton University and IAS. University and IAS.

• The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under The computer was built from late 1945 until 1951 under his direction.his direction.

• The general organization is called Von Neumann The general organization is called Von Neumann architecture, even though it was both originated and architecture, even though it was both originated and implemented by others.implemented by others.

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IAS - detailsIAS - details

• 1000 x 40 bit words1000 x 40 bit words– Binary number– 2 x 20 bit instructions

• Set of registers (storage in CPU)Set of registers (storage in CPU)– Memory Buffer Register– Memory Address Register– Instruction Register– Instruction Buffer Register– Program Counter– Accumulator– Multiplier Quotient

Structure of IASStructure of IAS

Generations of ComputerGenerations of Computer

• Vacuum tube - 1946-1957Vacuum tube - 1946-1957• Transistor - 1958-1964Transistor - 1958-1964• Small scale integration - 1965 onSmall scale integration - 1965 on

– Up to 100 devices on a chip• Medium scale integration - to 1971Medium scale integration - to 1971

– 100-3,000 devices on a chip• Large scale integration - 1971-1977Large scale integration - 1971-1977

– 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip• Very large scale integration - 1978 to dateVery large scale integration - 1978 to date

– 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip• Ultra large scale integrationUltra large scale integration

– Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Computer GenerationsComputer Generations

Generation Year Technology Typical Speed (Second)

1 1946-1957 Vacuum Tube 40,000

2 1958-1964 Transistor 200,000

3 1965-1971 Small and medium scale integration

1,000,000

4 1972-1977 Large Scale Integration 10,000,000

5 1978-1991 Very Large Scale Integration 100,000,000

6 1991- onwards Ultra Large Scale Integration 1,000,000,000

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History of ComputerHistory of Computer

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Categories of Computer systemCategories of Computer system

• Computer comes in sizes from tiny to monstrous, in Computer comes in sizes from tiny to monstrous, in both appearance and power.both appearance and power.– Personal Computers (PC)

• Most often called microcomputers or desktop computers.

• Price from RM1000 to RM3000.– Minicomputers

• Also known as midrange computers.• Less expensive and are generally limited in their

storage capability.

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Categories of Computer system Categories of Computer system

– Mainframes• Capable of processing data at very high speeds –

billions of instructions per second.• Price from several hundred to millions dollar.

– Supercomputers• The mightiest computer and the most expensive.• The fastest – can process trillions of instruction per

second.

Interconnection StructureInterconnection Structure

• A computer consists of a set of components or A computer consists of a set of components or modules of three basic types that communicate modules of three basic types that communicate with each other.with each other.

• In effect, a computer is a network of basic In effect, a computer is a network of basic modules.modules.

• Thus, there must be paths for connecting the Thus, there must be paths for connecting the modules.modules.

• The collection of paths connecting the various The collection of paths connecting the various modules is called the modules is called the Interconnection StructureInterconnection Structure..

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Computer ModulesComputer Modules

SummarySummary

• Define the following terms:Define the following terms:– Computer Architecture– Computer Design– Computer Organization

• Computer Types and ComponentsComputer Types and Components– ENIAC– Von Neuman Model– IAS Model

• Interconnection StructureInterconnection Structure© Prepared By:

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