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Postoperative carePostoperative care- -

Post Anesthesia Care UnitPost Anesthesia Care Unit

“PACU”“PACU”

PACU

• Design should match function

• Location:• Close to the operating suite.

• Access to x-ray, blood bank & clinical labs.

• Monitoring equipment

• Emergency equipment

• Personnel

Admission to PACU

• Coordinate prior to arrival,

• Assess airway,

• Administer oxygen,

• Apply monitors,

• Obtain vital signs,

• Receive report from anesthesia personnel.

PACU - ASA Standards

1. Standard IAll patients should receive appropriate care

2. Standard IIAll patients will be accompanied by one of anesthesia team

3. Standard IIIThe patient will be reevaluated & report given to the nurse

4. Standard IVThe patient shall be continually monitored in the PACU

5. Standard VA physician will signing for the patient out of the PACU

Patient Care in the PACU

• Admission

• Apply oxygen and monitor

• Receive report

• Monitor & Observe & Manage

To Achieve

• Cardiovascular stability

• Respiratory stability

• Pain control

• Discharge from PACU

Monitoring in the PACU

• Baseline vital signs.

• Respiration• RR/min, Rythm• Pulse oximetry

• Circulation• PR/min & Blood pressure• ECG

• Level of consciousness

• Pain scores

Initial Assessment

1. Color

2. Respiration

3. Circulation

4. Consciousness

5. Activity

Aldrete Score

Score Activity Respiration Circulation Consciousness Oxygen Saturation

2Moves all

extremitiesBreaths

deeply and coughs

freely.

BP + 20 mm of

preanesth. level

Fully awake Spo2 > 92%

on room air

1Moves 2

extremitiesDyspneic, or

shallow breathing

BP + 20-50 mm of

preanesth. level

Arousable on calling

Spo2 >90%

With suppl. O2

0

Unable to move

extremities

Apneic BP + 50 mm of

preanesth. level

Not responding Spo2 <92%

With suppl. O2

Common PACU Problems

• Airway obstruction

• Hypoxemia

• Hypoventilation

• Hypotension

• Hypertension

• Cardiac dysrhythmias

• Hypothermia

• Bleeding

• Agitation

• Delayed recovery

• “PONV”

• Pain

• Oliguria

Airway Obstruction

• Most common tongue in

posterior pharynx

• May be foreign body

• Inadequate relaxant reversal

• Residual anesthesia

Management of Airway Obstruction

• Patient’s stimulation,

• Suction,

• Oral Airway,

• Nasal Airway,

• Others:• Tracheal intubation• Cricothyroidotomy• Tracheotomy

Hypoventilation

• Residual anesthesia• Narcotics• Inhalation agent• Residual Relaxant

• Post oper - Analgesia• Intravenous• Epidural

Hypoventilation Treatment

• Close observation,

• Assess the problem,

• Treatment of the cause:

• Reverse relaxant

• Reverse narcotic

• Reverse midazolam

Hypertension

• Common causes: e.g. • Pain• Full Bladder

• Hypertensive patients

• Fluid overload

• Excessive use of vasopressors

Hypertension Treatment

• Effective pain control

• Sedation

• Anti-hypertensives:• Beta blockers• Alpha blockers• Hydralazine (Apresoline)• Calcium channel blockers

Hypotension

• Decreased venous return

• Hypovolemia, fluid intake losses

• Bleeding

• Sympathectomy,

• 3rd space loss,

• Left ventricular dysfunction

Treatment of Hypotension

• Initially treat with fluid bolus,

• + Vasopressors,

• + Correction of the cause

Dysrhythmias

• Secondary to

• hypoxemia

• hypercarbia

• Acidosis

• Catecholamines

• Electrolyte abnormalities

• Hypothermia

Dysrhythmia Treatment

• Identify and treat the cause,

• Assure oxygenation,

• Pharmacological

Urine Output

• Oliguria• Hypovolemia,• Surgical trauma,• Impaired renal function,• Mechanical blocking of catheter.

• Treatment:• Assess catheter patency• Fluid bolus• Diuretics e.g. Lasix

Post op Bleeding

Causes:• Usually surgical problem• Coagulopathy

Treatment:• Start i.v. lines push fluids• Blood sample,

- Cross matching, CBC,

- Coagulopathy

• Notify the surgeon,• Correction of the cause

Hypothermia

• Most of patients will arrive cold

• Treatment:

• Get baseline temperature

• Actively rewarm

• Administer oxygen if shivering

• Take care for: • Pediatric,

• Geriatric.

Altered Mental Status

• Reaction to drugs?• Drugs e.g. sedatives, anticholinergics• Intoxication / Drug abusers

• Pain

• Full bladder

• Hypoventilation

• Low COP

• CVA

Treatment of Altered Mental Status

• Reassurances,

• Always protect the patient,

• Evaluate the cause,

• Treatment of symptoms,

• Sedatives / Opioids if necessary.

Delayed Recovery

• Systematic evaluation

• Pre-op status

• Intraoperative events

• Ventilation

• Response to Stimulation

• Cardiovascular status

Delayed Recovery

• The most common cause:

• Residual anesthesia Consider reversal

• Hypothermia,

• Metabolic e.g. diabetic coma,

• Underlying psychiatric problem

• CVA

Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting “PONV”

• Risk factors

• Type & duration of surgery,

• Type of anesthesia,

• Drugs,

• Hormone levels,

• Medical problems,

• Autonomic involvement.

Prevention of PONV

• NPO status

• Droperidol,

• Metoclopramide,

• H2 blockers,

• Ondansetron,

• Acupuncture

++ Multidisciplinary: Multidisciplinary:• Adjuvant therapy.Adjuvant therapy.

• Psychotherapy.Psychotherapy.

• Physioltherapy.Physioltherapy.

• Causal diag. & ttt.Causal diag. & ttt.

WHO class I PNSAIDs

WHO class II Weak opioids

WHO III Strong opioids

WHO Algorithm for Management of Pain

++ Adjuvant therapy Adjuvant therapy

++ Adjuvant therapy Adjuvant therapy

++ Adjuvant therapy Adjuvant therapy

Regional Blocks

• Local infiltration

• Peripheral nerve blocks

• Plexus block:• UL: Brachial PB• LL: Lumbar PB

• Thoracic: Intercostal, Interpleural, Paravertebral

• Epidural:• Thoracic• Lumbar• Caudal

PACU Discharge Criteria

• Fully Awake,

• Patent airway,

• Good respiratory function,

• Stable vital signs,

• Patency of tubes, catheters, IV’s

• Pain free,

• Reassurance of surgical site.

Postanesthesia Discharge Scoring System

Vital Signs

(PR & ABP)

Activity PONV Pain Surgical Bleeding

2: Within 20% of preoperative baseline

2: Steady gait, no dizziness

2: Minimal: treat with PO meds

2: Acceptable control per the patient; controlled with PO meds

2: Minimal: no dressing changes required

1: 20-40% of preoperative baseline

1: Requires assistance

1: Moderate: treat with IM medications

1: Not acceptable to the patient; not controlled with PO medications

1: Moderate: up to 2 dressing changes

0: >40% of preoperative baseline

0: Unable to ambulate

0: Continues: repeated treatment

0: Severe: more than 3 dressing changes

Thank YouThank YouThank YouThank You

Post-operative Care “PACU”Post-operative Care “PACU”Post-operative Care “PACU”Post-operative Care “PACU”