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Transcript of __________ _____________ ____________ ORGANISMSPOPULATIONSCOMMUNITY BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine;...
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___________________________________ORGANISMS POPULATIONS COMMUNITY
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall;2006
SAME SPECIESLIVING TOGETHERIN AN AREA
Ex: “herd”
DIFFERENT POPULATIONS LIVING TOGETHER IN AN AREA
ECOLOGY
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_______________________ _____________ECOSYSTEMS BIOMES
IMAGE SOURCES: see last slide
All the organisms that live in a place together with their NON-living environment
Group of ecosystemsthat have same climate and similar communities
BIOSPHERE
The portion of the planet in which all life exists
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The scientific study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment = ______________
The portion of the planet in which all life exists = _________________(includes land, water, atmosphere)
ECOLOGY
BIOSPHERE
http://jaeger.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/Images/Topographic/Whole_Earth/Earth_100.jpg
Extends from about 8 km above the Earth’s surfaceto 11 km below the ocean’s surface
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WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM?
__________________ All the living things an organism interacts with
__________________All the non-living things that
affect an organism
Ex: climate, temperature, sunlightsoil, humidity, wind
BIOTIC FACTORS
ABIOTIC FACTORS
Images from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
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Habitat vs. Niche• Habitat= the area where an
organism lives.• Niche= physical and biological
conditions necessary for an organism to live; also, what it eats and who eats it.
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The Earth is SOLAR POWERED!
_____________ is the main source of energy for life on Earth.
http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17
SUNLIGHT
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
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AUTOTROPHS = PRODUCERSCan make their own food
Most autotrophs use _______________ to capture solar energy Main producers on land
= green plants
In water = algaeBIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ALL LIVING THINGS USE ENERGY
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HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
________________ = eat only plants
________________ = eat only animals
________________ =eat both plants & animalshttp://gallery.hd.org/_exhibits/natural-science/_more2003/_more09/elephant-eating-greenery-in-Addo-Park-Eastern-Cape-South-Africa-2-WL.jpghttp://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gifhttp://www.rodsguide.com/bears/eating.jpg
HERBIVORES
CARNIVORES
OMNIVORES
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HETEROTROPHS = CONSUMERS
________________ = feed on plant & animal remains EX: mites, earthworms,
snails, crabs
________________ = break down and absorb
organic matterEX: bacteria & fungi
http://montereybayphotos.com/images/nature/2.jpghttp://www.fwnp.com/bracket-fungi.htm
DETRITIVORES
DECOMPOSERS
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Each step in a food chain or web =
_______________
______________ALWAYSmake up the________ trophic level.
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
TROPHIC LEVEL
PRODUCERS
FIRST
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Lower levels must be
bigger to support the
level above.
Only about_____ of the energy fromeach level is
passedon.
http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
10%
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Some energy is used
for life processessuch as growth,development,movement,metabolism,transport, andreproduction.
The rest islost as ________http://home.insightbb.com/~g.mager/Pond/Ecosystem.htll
HEAT
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Ways organisms interact______________________
Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Compete with each other for available resources
__________________________Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs
__________________________Between SAME kind of organismsLive together and help each other
__________________________Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms live in close association with another kind of organism
COMPETITION
PREDATION
SYMBIOSIS
COOPERATION
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COMPETITION
Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources:
Food Shelter Mates
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COMPETITIONIf resources are scarce, some organisms
will starve and populations will decrease.
If resources become more plentiful, populations will increase.
Competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser
. . . SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST!
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If a nutrient is in _____________OR __________________it will LIMIT the growth of thepopulation= _____________LIMITING FACTOR
SHORT SUPPLY
CYCLES SLOWLY
http://www.wspa-international.org/exhibition/gallery/large_DeadKenyan%20droughtSPANA.jpg
During this drought, there was not enough food available and many kangaroosstarved.
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Food Chain: simple model of how energy and matter pass through an ecosystem
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Food Web: series of interrelated food chains
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Trophic Level: each “level” in a food chain
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How organisms obtain their energy
• Organisms that produce their own food are called autotrophs
• Autotrophs include organisms that complete photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
• Organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms are called heterotrophs
• Heterotrophs include those that eat only autotrophs and those that eat other heterotrophs
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Producers• Autotrophs- organisms that capture energy from sunlight
or chemicals and use that energy to produce food.• Photosynthesis-
use light energy to create high
energy sugars. • Chemosynthesis-
use chemical energy to produce sugars. (bacteria do this)
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Food Chains• A food chain is a series of
steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating, and being eaten.
• Energy always flows in one direction from autotrophs to heterotrophs.
• Arrows show direction of energy flow!
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Food Webs• When the feeding relationships
in an ecosystem form a network of complex interactions.
• Trophic level- each step in a food chain or food web. Producers make up the first trophic level, consumers make up the second, third, or fourth. 1P
1C
2C
3C
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• Biomass Pyramid- Represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem.
• Biomass- The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level. Measured as grams of organic matter per unit area.
• Pyramid of Numbers- Based on the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level.
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• Energy Pyramid- Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.
• Energy consumed is lost from lifeprocesses and as heat.
100%
10%
1%
Ecological Pyramids
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Growth Curves• Logistic
growth occurs when a populations growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth.
•Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.
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Carrying Capacity• Represents the largest number of
individuals that the environment can support.
• Often labeled “K”
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Limiting Factors• Limiting factor is a factor that causes a
population growth to decrease.
• Density Dependent limiting factors depend on population size.ex: competition, predation, parasitism
• Density Independent limiting factors affect all populations, regardless of population size.ex: weather, natural disasters, clear cutting
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Human Population Growth
• Demography is the study of human population growth statistics
• Demographers study growth rate, age structure, and geographic distribution
• Unlike other organisms, humans are able to reduce environmental effects on growth by eliminating competition for food, increasing food production, and controlling disease organisms
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Effects of birthrates and death rates
• In the United States, declining death rates have a greater effect on total population growth than increasing birthrates
• When fertility rates are high, there is higher human population growth unless the death rate is also high
• The birthrate, death rate, and fertility rate provide clues to determining population growth rate
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Other factors that affect population growth
• Age Structure affects population growth because if most people are out of their child bearing years, the fertility rate is low
• Immigration (moving in) and Emigration (moving out) do not affect the total worldwide population but, does affect national population growth rates
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